4,149 research outputs found
Covid-19 in Ländern mit niedrigem oder mittlerem Einkommen: Das Beispiel Indien
No full textZusammenfassungDie in Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen (LMICs) vorherrschenden Bedingungen, zum Beispiel ein schlechter Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung und eine unzureichende Gesundheitsinfrastruktur, können dort enorme menschliche und wirtschaftliche Schäden eines Covid-19-Ausbruchs hervorrufen. Aus diesem Grund haben LMICs mehrere präventive Maßnahmen ergriffen und folgen dabei häufig der Politik von Ländern mit hohem Einkommen. Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der Erwerbsbevölkerung, im Zugang zu sozialer Sicherheit und in den Lebensbedingungen könnten jedoch bedeuten, dass diese Maßnahmen für LMICs nicht geeignet sind. Nitya Mittal, Rupa Viswanath und Sebastian Vollmer untersuchen die in LMICs vorherrschenden Bedingungen, die sich auf die Morbidität und Mortalität im Zuge eines Covid-19-Ausbruchs auswirken könnten, und erörtern die Eignung der weit verbreiteten Präventionsmaßnahmen für LMICs
Inequality and growth: evidence from panel cointegration
Full text linkThis paper uses heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to estimate the long-run effect of income inequality on per-capita income for 46 countries over the period 1970-1995. We find that inequality has a negative long-run effect on income, both for the sample as a whole and for important sub-groups within the sample (developed countries, developing countries, democracies, and non-democracies). The effect is economically important, with a magnitude about half as high as the magnitude of an increase in the investment share
Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries
No full textObjectivesAntenatal care (ANC) is an essential part of primary healthcare and its provision has expanded worldwide. There is limited evidence of large-scale cross-country studies on the impact of ANC offered to pregnant women on child health outcomes. We investigate the association of ANC in low-income and middle-income countries with short- and long-term mortality and nutritional child outcomes.SettingWe used nationally representative health and welfare data from 193 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1990 and 2013 from 69 low-income and middle-income countries for women of reproductive age (15–49 years), their children and their respective household.ParticipantsThe analytical sample consisted of 752 635 observations for neonatal mortality, 574 675 observations for infant mortality, 400 426 observations for low birth weight, 501 484 observations for stunting and 512 424 observations for underweight.Main outcomes and measuresOutcome variables are neonatal and infant mortality, low birth weight, stunting and underweight.ResultsAt least one ANC visit was associated with a 1.04% points reduced probability of neonatal mortality and a 1.07% points lower probability of infant mortality. Having at least four ANC visits and having at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 0.56% and 0.42% points, respectively. At least one ANC visit is associated with a 3.82% points reduced probability of giving birth to a low birth weight baby and a 4.11 and 3.26% points reduced stunting and underweight probability. Having at least four ANC visits and at least once seen a skilled provider reduced the probability by an additional 2.83%, 1.41% and 1.90% points, respectively.ConclusionsThe currently existing and accessed ANC services in low-income and middle-income countries are directly associated with improved birth outcomes and longer-term reductions of child mortality and malnourishment.</jats:sec
A likelihood ratio test for bimodality in two-component mixtures with application to regional income distribution in the EU
No full textWe propose a parametric test for bimodality based on the likelihood principle by using two-component mixtures. The test uses explicit characterizations of the modal structure of such mixtures in terms of their parameters. Examples include the univariate and multivariate normal distributions and the von Mises distribution. We present the asymptotic distribution of the proposed test and analyze its finite sample performance in a simulation study. To illustrate our method, we use mixtures to investigate the modal structure of the cross-sectional distribution of per capita log GDP across EU regions from 1977 to 1993. Although these mixtures clearly have two components over the whole time period, the resulting distributions evolve from bimodality toward unimodality at the end of the 1970s
A Reversal in the Relationship of Human Development With Fertility?
No full textISSN:0070-3370ISSN:1533-7790ISSN:1533-779
Using an asset index to simulate household income
No full textCommonly available survey data for developing countries often do not include income or expenditure data. This data limitation puts severe constraints on standard poverty and inequality analyses. We provide a simple approach to simulate household income based on publicly available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and macroeconomic data. We illustrate our approach with DHS data for Bolivia, Indonesia and Zambia. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Long-run trends of human aging and longevity
Full text linkOver the last 200 years, humans experienced a huge increase of life expectancy. These advances were largely driven by extrinsic improvements of their environment (for example, the available diet, disease prevalence, vaccination, and the state of hygiene and sanitation). In this paper, we ask whether future improvements of life expectancy will be bounded from above by human life span. Life span, in contrast to life expectancy, is conceptualized as a biological measure of longevity driven by the intrinsic rate of bodily deterioration. In order to pursue our question, we first present a modern theory of aging developed by bio-gerontologists and show that immutable life span would put an upper limit on life expectancy. We then show for a sample of developed countries that human life span thus defined was indeed constant until the mid-twentieth century but increased since then in sync with life expectancy. In other words, we find evidence for manufactured life span
Rising top incomes do not raise the tide
No full textThis paper examines the long-run relationship between top income shares and economic growth for a panel of nine high-income countries over the period from 1961 to 1996. We use panel cointegration and causality techniques that are robust to omitted variables, slope heterogeneity, and endogenous variables. Our main findings are that an increase in the top decile of income share reduces growth, and that long-run causality also runs in the opposite direction from economic growth to top income shares. (C) 2013 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
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