166 research outputs found
Quelques aspects du contrôle de la constitutionnalité des lois exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle de la République Fédérale d'Allemagne
No full textHaak Volker. Quelques aspects du contrôle de la constitutionnalité des lois exercé par la Cour constitutionnelle de la République Fédérale d'Allemagne. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 13 N°1, Janvier-mars 1961. pp. 78-88
Climate change underlies global demographic, genetic, and cultural transitions in pre-Columbian southern Peru
No full textSeveral archaeological studies in the Central Andes have pointed at the temporal coincidence of climatic fluctuations (both long- and short-term) and episodes of cultural transition and changes of socioeconomic structures throughout the pre-Columbian period. Although most scholars explain the connection between environmental and cultural changes by the impact of climatic alterations on the capacities of the ecosystems inhabited by pre-Columbian cultures, direct evidence for assumed demographic consequences is missing so far. In this study, we address directly the impact of climatic changes on the spatial population dynamics of the Central Andes. We use a large dataset of pre-Columbian mitochondrial DNA sequences from the northern Rio Grande de Nasca drainage (RGND) in southern Peru, dating from ∼840 BC to 1450 AD. Alternative demographic scenarios are tested using Bayesian serial coalescent simulations in an approximate Bayesian computational framework. Our results indicate migrations from the lower coastal valleys of southern Peru into the Andean highlands coincident with increasing climate variability at the end of the Nasca culture at ∼640 AD. We also find support for a back-migration from the highlands to the coast coincident with droughts in the southeastern Andean highlands and improvement of climatic conditions on the coast after the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku empires (∼1200 AD), leading to a genetic homogenization in the RGND and probably southern Peru as a whole.Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Wolfgang Haak, Bertil Mächtle, Florian Masch, Bastien Llamas, Elsa Tomasto Cagigao, Volker Sossna, Karsten Schittek, Johny Isla Cuadrado, Bernhard Eitel, and Markus Reinde
Brazilian Leadership in Open Research.pdf
No full textORCID`s Executive Director, Laure Haak, and Head of Memberships Latin America, Ana Heredia, co-author a document explaining how the ORCID API is supporting the interoperability in the integrated, collaborative, and sustainable Brazilian system of research information
Fluid systems in the crust: modelling intracrustal barriers
No full textTitel und Inhalt
* * *
Kap. 1. Zur Fragestellung dieser Arbeit 9
Kap. 2. Grundlagen und Numerik der Modellrechnungen 21
Kap. 3. Fluidsysteme in der Kruste: Modellrechnungen zur Rolle der
Quarzumverteilung 75
Kap. 4. Was bedeuten die Ergebnisse der Krustengeophysik? 133
Literatur
* * *In dieser Arbeit wurde versucht, durch numerische Modellrechnungen die
folgende Frage zu untersuchen: Kann die Umverteilung von gelöstem Material
durch Advektion die Permeabilitätsstruktur der Kruste beeinflussen? Dazu wurde
ein Modellierungsverfahren entwickelt, welches die gekoppelte Berechnung von
Fluidbewegung, Wärmetransport und Porositätsentwicklung auf Basis einer
advektionsdominierten Umverteilung von Quarz ermöglicht. Die
Transportgleichung läßt sich bei lokalem chemischen Gleichgewicht als
Zwangsbedingung für die Ausscheidung und Lösung deuten, die nur von Temperatur
und Druck abhängt. Diese Methode ist effizient und die geochemischen
Basisdaten sind in einen weiten Druck- und Temperaturbereich bekannt. Es
lassen sich bei Quarz prinzipiell zwei Regimes unterscheiden: Versiegelung
durch Transport bei sinkenden Temperaturen ist negativ rückgekoppelt. Der
umgekehrte Fall ist selbstbeschleunigend und führt zu Phänomenen der
Instabilität. Erzwungene Konvektion in der Kruste wird durch die Differenz von
litho- und hydrostatischem Druck angetrieben, so daß sie im wesentlichen von
hohen zu niedrigen Temperaturen verläuft und ist damit negativ rückgekoppelt.
Der schnelle Druckausgleich in den Bereichen hoher Durchlässigkeit führt dazu,
daß an vorhandenen lokalen Zonen verringerter Permeabilität ein großer Teil
der litho-hydrostatischen Druckdifferenz abfällt und der Druckgradient an
vorgegebenen Barrierezonen konzentriert wird. Hinreichend kurze
Versiegelungszeiten lassen sich jedoch nur durch unrealistisch große und
andauernde Fluidzufuhr erreichen. Dies ist in multidimensionalen Modellen
durch eine Kanalisierung möglich. Da eine stationäre freie Konvektion in
relevantem Umfang nur jenseits der kritischen Bedingungen vorkommt, ist sie an
hohe Permeabilitäten und Wärmeflüsse gebunden, die selten verwirklicht sind.
Die Heterogenität der Kruste erschwert die Bildung lateral ausgedehnter
Zellen, macht sie jedoch nicht unmöglich. Konvektion führt wegen der notwendig
gleichzeitigen Existenz positiv und negativ rückgekoppelter Prozesse
typischerweise zu einer lateralen Abfolge begrenzter Zonen erhöhter Porosität
und diffuseren Abdichtungszonen. Die Herausbildung einer horizontalen
Versiegelung ist jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen.In this thesis I tried to answer the following question: Does the
redistribution of solved material by advective fluid motions influence the
permeability of large scale systems significantly? To achieve this, a
numerical modelling technique was developed, which allows the coupled
simulation of fluid flow, energy transport and solution/deposition of solved
material. The transport equation can be used to calculate the solved mass,
once the equilibrium solubility is known as a function of pressure and
temperature. This technique is efficient, and the solubilities of quartz and
some other relevant materials are available. In the case of quartz two regimes
determine the behavior of the system: Sealing by transport to lower
temperatures implies negative feedback, while the reverse process is self-
amplifying and leads to instability. Forced convection in the crust is mainly
driven by the difference of hydro- and lithostatic pressure, thus leads to
upward transport and negative feedback. Fast relaxation in high-permeability
zones leading to concentration of the available pressure difference at
barriers, where very high gradients are possible. Sufficiently short sealing
times, however, can only be produced by unrealistically high fluid input. In
multidimensional models, this may be achieved by channelling of fluid flow.
Stationary free convection will only happen if the critical Rayleigh number of
the system is exceeded. In crustal scale it is thus only possible at
permeabilities and temperature conditions which are rarely realized. Crustal
heterogeneity inhibits the build-up of large lateral cells, but does not
exclude them. As free convection always implies coexisting areas of positive
and negative feedback, it leads to increased heterogeneity. Typically this
leads to a lateral sequence of localized high-permeability zones surrounded by
diffuse barriers. Horizontal sealing is not ruled out, however, though only
possible in special conditions
Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age
No full textIn 2005 four outstanding multiple burials were discovered near Eulau, Germany. The 4,600-year-old graves contained groups of adults and children buried facing each other. Skeletal and artifactual evidence and the simultaneous interment of the individuals suggest the supposed families fell victim to a violent event. In a multidisciplinary approach, archaeological, anthropological, geochemical (radiogenic isotopes), and molecular genetic (ancient DNA) methods were applied to these unique burials. Using autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal markers, we identified genetic kinship among the individuals. A direct child-parent relationship was detected in one burial, providing the oldest molecular genetic evidence of a nuclear family. Strontium isotope analyses point to different origins for males and children versus females. By this approach, we gain insight into a Late Stone Age society, which appears to have been exogamous and patrilocal, and in which genetic kinship seems to be a focal point of social organization.Wolfgang Haak, Guido Brandt, Hylke N. de Jong, Christian Meyer, Robert Ganslmeier, Volker Heyd, Chris Hawkesworth, Alistair W. G. Pike, Harald Meller, and Kurt W. Al
FUTURE OF DIPLOMATIC SERVICE
No full textAutor analizira budućnost diplomatske službe u uvjetima globalizacije. Pritom se oslanja na njemačka iskustva te knjigu Wem dient der Auswärtige Dienst?. Autor napominje da vanjsku politiku određuju gospodarska pitanja tako da nema svrhe razdvajati sigurnosno-političke i gospodarsko-političke aspekte i nadležnosti u nekoj vladi. To isto važi i za diplomatsko osoblje koje ne može biti oslobođeno gospodarskih zadataka. Voditelji diplomatskih predstavništava danas moraju u gospodarskim pitanjima biti partneri u razgovoru o politici i gospodarstvu zemlje domaćina. Razmatrajući ulogu nevladinih organizacija, autor smatra da one ne mogu zamijeniti državu i njezine službenike. Za komuniciranje s njima u vanjskopolitičkoj su službi potrebniji “generalisti” nego “specijalisti”. Ključna vrijednost buduće vanjskopolitičke službe sastoji se od ukupnog pregleda bilateralnih odnosa sa zemljom domaćinom, koji diplomatu i nadalje daje ključnu ulogu u umrežavanju različitih aktera i područja. Uz pravno-konzularni, gospodarski, kulturni i sigurnosno- politički rad, predstavništva kontinuirano obavljaju dijalog i suradnju sa zemljom domaćinom i na posebnim stručnim područjima, kao što su obrana, znanost, socijalna pitanja, poljoprivreda.The author analyses the future prospects of diplomatic service in the era of globalization. In his analysis he draws from the German experience and the book Wem dient der Auswärtige Dienst? The author claims that foreign policy is determined by economic issues so it is pointless to separate the security/political and the economic/political aspects and competences of a government. The same applies to diplomatic corps: they cannot be exempted from economic tasks. Heads of diplomatic offices today have to be partners regarding economic topics when discussing politics and economy of the host country. Concerning the role of nongovernmental organizations, the author thinks that they cannot replace the state and its civil servants. For communicating with them, foreign service needs “generalists” more than “specialists”. The key value of the future foreign service includes an overall review of the bilateral relations with the host country; this envisages that diplomats are to retain their central role in the networking of various actors and areas. Besides the legal/consular, economic, cultural and security/political tasks, diplomatic offices regularly maintain contacts and cooperate with the host country in specialized fields such as defense, science, social issues, and agriculture
Electrical double‐dipole experiment in the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB)
No full textAmong the most important rationales to drill the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) borehole was the necessity to calibrate geophysical methods. Deep and hitherto inaccessible seismic reflectors, high-conductivity layers, and temperature belong to this group of deep crustal properties which can be predicted from surface measurements, but whose depth and nature are a matter of dispute, One problem is the unknown influence of inhomogeneous superficial layers on the determination and resolution of the model parameters. In the case of electrical resistivity a number of presite experiments had detected a high-conductivity layer of regional extent at a mean depth of similar to 10 km. Distorting superficial layers were expected to cause severe ambiguity in the interpretation of the specific properties of this layer, even feigning its existence at all, The drilling yielded direct evidence of high-conductivity material within the range of 8 km depth. After completion of the KTB a large-scale dipole-dipole experiment was carried out using a vertical electric receiver dipole with one of the electrodes in the main drill hole at 9065 m depth and a second in the earlier drill hole at 4000 m depth. The idea was to find out whether the buried electrode was close to a high-conductivity layer of regional extent. The surprising result was that the two apparent resistivity curves measured with the transmitter spread perpendicular and parallel to the NNW striking very highly conductive fracture zones are almost overlapping, even though these fracture zones are the cause of a strong structural anisotropy of the apparent resistivity measured with magnetotellurics. Such a strong anisotropy should also show up in the buried electrode experiment except when a high-conductivity layer close but above the buried electrode at 9000 m depth is introduced in the model, As a result, the interpretation of this experiment suggests a NE dipping electrically conductive fault system soling out into a high-conductivity horizontal layer at 7-8 km depth. The conductivity is increased due to graphite and high-salinity fluids, in a depth near the fossil Cretaceous brittle-ductile transition zone for quartz-rich rocks
ADOPTING ADOPTION: HISTORICAL CONTEXT & CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF HOMOSEXUAL ADOPTION IN FRANCE
No full text
- …
