1,721,014 research outputs found
Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Albania: 2002 - 2005 Evidence
No full textThis paper studies the distribution of well being and, specifically, the degree of poverty and deprivation experienced in Albania, making use of the 2002 and 2005 Living Standard Measurement Surveys (LSMS). The distributional analysis is performed by using both one-dimensional and multidimensional methodologies. In addition the paper analyzes the interplay between economic growth, inequality and poverty in Albania, in particular seeking to highlight the role of redistributive policies
La distribuzione personale del reddito e la tassazione progressiva
No full textGli ultimi anni sono stati caratterizzati da un crescente interesse da parte economisti, media e
decisori politici sui temi della diseguaglianza e della redistribuzione dei redditi. È molto
frequente imbattersi in articoli di giornale o dibattiti pubblici nei quali si discute dell’aumento
delle diseguaglianze o degli effetti che questa avrebbe sulla crescita economica o
sull’orientamento politico dell’opinione pubblica. Si tratta di temi complessi rispetto ai quali
la letteratura scientifica non ha ancora raggiunto un consenso unanime. La complessità di
questi problemi non deriva soltanto dalla difficoltà di svelare nessi causali che legano la
diseguaglianza ad altri fenomeni. È il fenomeno stesso della diseguaglianza ad essere difficile
da descrivere e da misurare. Tutti abbiamo un’idea approssimativa di cosa sia la
diseguaglianza, ma è molto difficile pervenire ad una definizione rigorosa del fenomeno. La
prima parte di questo capitolo sarà dedicata a chiarire una serie di aspetti definitori e
metodologici che ci serviranno ad avere una comprensione esatta di cosa intendiamo quando
parliamo di diseguaglianza.
La diseguaglianza misura l’eterogeneità di un fenomeno, si può studiare la diseguaglianza
genetica di una popolazione o si può misurare la diseguaglianza nutrizionale nelle diete di
varie regioni. Fase propedeutica alla misurazione della disuguaglianza, dunque, è la scelta
dello spazio valutativo. Poiché il reddito è considerato una buona misura del benessere
dell’individuo e della sua capacità contributiva, la distribuzione del reddito è il fenomeno a
cui si è dedicata la maggior parte della letteratura economica. Si tratta, infatti, di un
fenomeno fondamentale sia per valutare quanto differenti siano le condizioni di vita degli
individui sia come siano ripartite le risorse a disposizione del governo per la redistribuzione.
Per questo motivo questo capitolo si concentrerà prevalentemente sul reddito come spazio
valutativo. Una buona parte degli aspetti metodologici presentati possono essere utilizzati
per misurare la diseguaglianza anche in altri spazi come la salute, l’istruzione o la ricchezza
The Measurement of Educational Inequality: Achievement and Opportunity
Full text linkThis paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its selection is informed by consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores that is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35 percent of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia, and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita gross domestic product. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools.educational inequality, educational achievement, inequality of opportunity
The measurement of educational inequality : achievement and opportunity
Full text linkThis paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. Its selection is informed by consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores that is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35 percent of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia, and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita gross domestic product. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools.Teaching and Learning,Secondary Education,Education For All,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Tertiary Education
The Measurement of Educational Inequality: Achievement and Opportunity
Full text linkThis paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. It is selected after careful consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the PISA sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores which is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35% of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita GDP. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools.Educational inequality ; Educational achievement ; Inequality of opportunity
Manuale di Scienza delle Finanze, Diritto finanziario e contabilità pubblica
No full textIl volume offre un’analisi ampia e rigorosa della finanza pubblica, considerata luogo di indagine di saperi disciplinari che troppo spesso comunicano poco tra loro (economia pubblica, scienza delle finanze, diritto finanziario e tributario, ragioneria e contabilità pubblica).
Curatori e Autori hanno inteso orientare la propria indagine sul complesso degli atti economici e giuridici che lo Stato e gli enti territoriali politici pongono in essere in ordine all'acquisizione, all'amministrazione ed all'erogazione di mezzi finanziari ai fini del perseguimento dei loro fini ed obiettivi (sia sul versante dell’entrata che della spesa)
Poverty rankings of opportunity profiles
Full text linkWe address the problem of ranking distributions of opportunity sets in terms of poverty. In order to accomplish this task, we identify a suitable notion of ‘multidimensional poverty line’ and we characterize axiomatically several poverty rankings of opportunity profiles. Among them, the Head-Count and the Opportunity-Gap poverty rankings, which are the natural counterparts of the most widely used income poverty indices.Poverty, opportunity sets, head-count, poverty-gap.
Ex-ante and ex-post measurement of equality of opportunity in health: a normative decomposition
No full textThis paper proposes and discusses two different approaches to the definition of inequality in health: the ex-ante and the ex-post approach. It proposes strategies for measuring inequality of opportunity in health based on the path-independent Atkinson equality index. The proposed methodology is illustrated using data from the British Household Panel Survey; the results suggest that in the period 2000–2005, at least one-third of the observed health equalities in the UK were equalities of opportunity
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