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One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean
No full textLeduc, Daniel, Verschelde, Dominick (2013): One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3609 (3): 274-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.
Desmodoridae
No full textFamily DESMODORIDAE Filipjev, 1922 Diagnosis (from Lorenzen 1981 and Decraemer & Smol 2006). Desmodoroidea. Cuticle with coarse annulations, at least in anterior body region, or striated. Specialised somatic setae such as adhesion tubes or ambulatory setae absent. Gubernaculum without dorsal apophyses. Vulva usually posterior to middle of body. Tail conical.Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2013, One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean, pp. 274-290 in Zootaxa 3609 (3) on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21663
Pseudonchinae
No full textSubfamily PSEUDONCHINAE Gerlach & Riemann, 1973 <p> <b>Diagnosis</b> (from Decraemer & Smol 2006). Buccal cavity bilaterally symmetrical, large, tubular, subdivided with ventrosublateral teeth at junction of subdivisions.</p>Published as part of <i>Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2013, One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean, pp. 274-290 in Zootaxa 3609 (3)</i> on page 284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/216636">http://zenodo.org/record/216636</a>
Stygodesmodora Blome 1982
No full textGenus Stygodesmodora Blome, 1982 Type species Stygodesmodora epixantha Blome, 1982. Emended diagnosis (modified from Blome 1982) Cuticle with coarse annulations; numerous long somatic setae may be present; annulated head region (sometimes intraspecific variation, with the head of some specimens only partially annulated in dorsal and ventral regions). Amphid unispiral or spiral located on amphideal plate; small to medium sized buccal cavity with dorsal tooth and (usually) smaller subventral teeth. Pharynx with rounded or pyriform posterior bulb, without cuticularised lumen. Pre-cloacal supplements present or absent; spicules short, arcuate, and with well-developed capitulum; gubernaculum present. Valid species S. bacillicauda (Gerlach, 1963) S. epixantha Blome, 1982 S pecies inquirenda S. rotundicephala (Cobb, 1920)Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2015, New Spirinia and Stygodesmodora species (Nematoda, Spiriniinae) from the Southwest Pacific, and a revision of the related genera Spirinia, Chromaspirina and Perspiria, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 118 on page 15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.118, http://zenodo.org/record/377943
Spiriniinae
No full textSubfamily SPIRINIINAE Gerlach & Murphy, 1965 Diagnosis (from Decraemer & Smol 2006). Desmodoridae. Body cuticle finely striated. Head not demarcated as a cephalic capsule. Amphideal fovea a simple spiral, usually located far anteriorly on the body. Buccal cavity small, from minute to medium-sized, with a distinct or a minute dorsal tooth; two small ventrosublateral teeth may be present or absent. List of valid genera (Cavalcanti et al. 2009) Alaimonema Cobb, 1920 Chromaspirina Filipjev, 1918 Metachromadora Filipjev, 1918 Onyx Cobb, 1891 Papillonema Verschelde et al., 1995 Parallelocoilas Boucher, 1975 Perspiria Wieser and Hopper, 1967 Polysigma Cobb, 1920 Pseudometachromadora Timm, 1952 Sigmophoranema Hope & Murphy, 1972 Spirinia Gerlach, 1963 Spirodesma Cavalcanti et al., 2009Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2013, One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean, pp. 274-290 in Zootaxa 3609 (3) on page 276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21663
Pseudonchus
No full textKey to all known species of Pseudonchus 1 Male amphideal fovea 30 % of cbd or less................................................................. 2 - Male amphideal fovea more than 30 % of cbd.............................................................. 4 2 Male with pre-cloacal supplements...................................................................... 3 - Male with no supplement or genital setae.............................................. P. kosswigi Murphy, 1964 a 3 Male with prominent swollen pre-cloacal supplements and genital setae................ P. symmetricus De Coninck, 1942 - Male with pre-cloacal ventral ala and 7–10 tubular pre-cloacal supplements................... P. j e n s e n i Murphy, 1964 b 4 Male amphideal fovea circular or cryptocircular............................................................ 5 - Male amphideal fovea unispiral or multispiral............................................................. 6 5 Male amphideal fovea circular, body slender (a = 50), one large double-jointed pre-cloacal papilla............................................................................................... P. northumbriensis Warwick, 1969 - Male amphideal fovea cryptocircular, body stout (a = 20), five short pre-cloacal setae.................. P. virginiae sp. n. 6 Male amphideal fovea multispiral................................................. P. rotundicephalus Cobb, 1920 - Male amphideal fovea unispiral......................................................................... 7 7 Male with tubular pre-cloacal supplements, spicules with rounded capitulum..................................... 8 - Male with no supplements, spicules with squared capitulum.................. P. gerlachi (Gerlach, 1953) Warwick, 1969 8 Cephalic setae> 10 Μm long, caudal setae present........................................................... 9 - Cephalic setae 3.0 mm, tail ~ 2 abd long............................................. P. pachysetosus Blome, 1982Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2013, One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean, pp. 274-290 in Zootaxa 3609 (3) on page 288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21663
Spiriniinae Chitwood 1936
No full textSubfamily Spiriniinae Chitwood, 1936 Type genus Spirinia Gerlach, 1963 (synonym: Spira Bastian, 1865). Diagnosis (from Decraemer & Smol 2006) Member of Desmodoridae. Body cuticle with fine annulations. Head not demarcated as a cephalic capsule. Amphideal fovea usually a simple spiral. Buccal cavity small or large, with a distinct or a minute dorsal tooth; two small ventrosublateral teeth may be present or absent. Differential diagnosis This subfamily is similar to the Desmodorinae but can be differentiated from the latter by the absence of a head capsule. Remarks The tribe Spirinacea was originally established by Chitwood (1936), before being raised to subfamily, family and superfamily rank by De Coninck (1965). According to the Principle of Coordination (ICZN, 1999, Article 36), “a name established for a taxon at any rank in the family group is deemed to have been simultaneously established for nominal taxa at all other ranks in the family group; (…). The name has the same authorship and date at every rank.” The appropriate authorship for Spiriniinae should therefore be attributed to Chitwood (1936), and not Gerlach & Murphy (1965), as is often done (e.g., Armenteros et al. 2014). Valid genera (Cavalcanti et al. 2009; Armenteros et al. 2014) Alaimonema Cobb, 1920 Chromaspirina Filipjev, 1918 Metachromadora Filipjev, 1918 Onyx Cobb, 1891 Papillonema Verschelde et al., 1995 Paradesmodora Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950 Parallelocoilas Boucher, 1975 Perspiria Wieser & Hopper, 1967 Polysigma Cobb, 1920 Pseudometachromadora Timm, 1952 Sigmophoranema Hope & Murphy, 1972 Spirinia Gerlach, 1963 Spirodesma Cavalcanti et al., 2009 Stygodesmodora Blome, 1982 We provide emended diagnoses and updated lists of valid species for Chromaspirina, Spirinia, and Perspiria below to clarify the distinctions between them. These lists are based on the original and any subsequent descriptions; as many of the original descriptions (especially early ones) lack type material, we often had to rely on short descriptions and/or illustrations.Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2015, New Spirinia and Stygodesmodora species (Nematoda, Spiriniinae) from the Southwest Pacific, and a revision of the related genera Spirinia, Chromaspirina and Perspiria, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 118 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.118, http://zenodo.org/record/377943
Desmodoridae Filipjev 1922
No full textFamily Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922 Type genus Desmodora de Man, 1889 (synonym: Mastodex Steiner, 1921). Emended diagnosis (modified from Lorenzen 1981 and Decraemer & Smol 2006) Member of Desmodoroidea. Cuticle with coarse annulations, at least in anterior body region, or striated. Specialised somatic setae, such as adhesion tubes (Draconematidae) or ambulatory setae (Epsilonematidae) not present. Amphideal fovea usually spiral, unispiral, cryptospiral, or cryptocircular, and sometimes loop- or pore-shaped. Buccal cavity with small to large dorsal tooth and smaller or indistinct subventral teeth. Pharynx usually with round muscular posterior bulb, with or without cuticularised lumen; sometimes bulb is pyriform, elongated, or indistinct. Gubernaculum without dorsal apophyses. Males usually monorchic, except in Onepunema Leduc & Verschelde, 2013 (diorchic). Vulva usually posterior to middle of body. Tail conical. Remarks Armenteros et al. (2014) recently argued that the genus Onepunema Leduc & Verschelde, 2013 is more closely related to the Microlaimidae than to the Desmodoridae because of the presence of two testes (a feature common in the former but not found in the latter). The Microlaimidae, however, are characterised by the presence of outstretched ovaries, while Onepunema possesses reflexed ovaries, a characteristic of the Desmodoridae. This trait, in combination with the presence of a cephalic capsule in Onepunema (an important characteristic for the classification of supraspecific taxa within the Desmodorida and never found within the Microlaimoidea) suggests closer affinities with the Desmodoridae (and Desmodorinae in particular) than with the Microlaimidae. Armenteros et al. (2014: 26) incorrectly stated that “… the presence of reflexed ovaries […] suggest a relationship with Bolbolaimus Cobb, 1920, Calomicrolaimus Lorenzen, 1976 and Microlaimus de Man, 1880 ”. Reflexed ovaries are not found in any of these genera; perhaps Bolbolaimus was confused with Bolbonema Cobb, 1920 (see comments under Chromaspirina longisetosa Jensen, 1985 below), which belongs to the Desmodoridae due to the presence of reflexed ovaries and a globular cephalic capsule.Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2015, New Spirinia and Stygodesmodora species (Nematoda, Spiriniinae) from the Southwest Pacific, and a revision of the related genera Spirinia, Chromaspirina and Perspiria, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 118 on page 3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.118, http://zenodo.org/record/377943
Onepunema Leduc & Verschelde, 2013, gen. n.
No full textGenus Onepunema gen. n. Diagnosis. Body cylindrical with blunt head region. Thick, annulated cuticle, with annuli extending from posterior edge of amphideal aperture to near the tail tip. Though longitudinal rows of pores are distinct, somatic setae are unclear or hardly distinguishable in the pharyngeal region, and totally absent along the rest of the body except for the tail region where there can be a few pairs of pre-, para-, and/or postcloacal somatic setae. Striated head capsule separated into labial and main head regions. Six outer labial setae located close to four cephalic setae at junction of labial and main head regions. Cryptocircular amphideal fovea surrounded by fine striation in outer cuticle, giving the false impression of the presence of an amphideal plate; circular amphideal aperture. Buccal cavity small, teeth inconspicuous, presumably absent. Slender pharynx with conspicuous rounded terminal bulb, not partitioned. Males with two opposed, outstretched testes. Short, arcuate spicules and complex arcuate gubernaculum, which can show a broad median part (cuneus) and lateral crurae. Four or five pre-cloacal supplements present. Females with vulva situated slightly anterior to middle of body. Short conical tail with spinneret. Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Maori word onep ū (= sand) and Greek word nema (= thread; gender neutral). Remark. Onepunema gen. n. shows characters of both Desmodorinae (thick cuticle, presence of head capsule) and Spiriniinae (small buccal cavity with inconspicuous teeth). Whilst head capsules are never found in species of Spiriniinae, some species of Desmodorinae possess buccal cavities with small or inconspicuous teeth, such as Zalonema myrianae Verschelde & Vincx, 1996 and Echinodesmodora moensi Verschelde & Vincx, 1996, and large teeth are found in some genera within the Spiriniinae, such as in Chromaspirina and Metachromadora. Because the size of the teeth varies considerably within each subfamily, we assign Onepunema gen. n. to the subfamily Desmodorinae based on the presence of a head capsule. Differential diagnosis. Onepunema n. gen. can be differentiated from all other genera of the family Desmodoridae by the presence of a striated head capsule, and the presence of two outstretched testes. The latter trait is unique within the entire superfamily Desmodoroidea, the holophyly of which was established based on a yellowish to brownish colour of the body in glycerine preparations, and the presence of only one anterior testis (Lorenzen 1981). Onepunema gen n. resembles Metadesmodora (Desmodorinae) in the presence of a small buccal cavity without distinct teeth, but differs from the latter in the absence of a cuticularised amphideal plate and in the presence of a slender pharynx with conspicuous rounded terminal bulb. Onepunema gen. n. is similar to Zalonema (Desmodorinae) in the presence of a relatively narrow head capsule (vs broad head capsule in genera such as Desmodora), but differs from the latter in amphideal fovea shape (cryptocircular vs multispiral), absence of somatic setae (present in Zalonema), and indistinct teeth (small to large teeth in Zalonema). Onepunema gen. n. resembles Spirinia and Chromaspirina (Spiriniinae) in the general shape of the head region, small size of buccal cavity, as well as structure of pharynx and spicules, but can be distinguished from them by the absence of distinct teeth in the buccal cavity and absence of somatic setae along the body. Onepunema gen. n. is also similar to Spirodesma in general body shape, thick cuticle, slender pharynx with conspicuous rounded terminal bulb, shape of amphideal fovea, and structure of the spicules. Onepunema gen. n. differs from the latter in the presence of head capsule (absent in Spirodesma), and buccal cavity without teeth (three equal teeth in Spirodesma). Type species. Onepunema enigmaticum gen. et sp. n.Published as part of Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2013, One new genus and two new free-living nematode species (Desmodorida, Desmodoridae) from the continental margin of New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean, pp. 274-290 in Zootaxa 3609 (3) on page 277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/21663
Perspiria Wieser & Hopper 1967
No full textGenus <i>Perspiria</i> Wieser & Hopper, 1967 Type species <p> <i>Perspiria hamata</i> Wieser & Hopper, 1967.</p> <p> <b>Emended diagnosis</b> (modified from Vincx & Gourbault 1989)</p> <p> As for <i>Spirinia</i> (see below), but amphids almost never completely surrounded by body annulations (seldom more than half of amphids surrounded by body annulations), amphids are entirely surrounded by annuli in some rare cases; tail conico-cylindrical to filiform. Precloacal supplements usually present.</p> Valid species <p> <i>P. elongata</i> (Castro <i>et al.</i>, 2006) comb. nov. (synonym: <i>Spirinia elongata</i> Castro <i>et al.</i>, 2006). Main diagnostic characters: “...one very small subventral tooth and two small dorsal teeth.” The drawings show amphids completely surrounded by body annulations, but the authors describe a conico-cylindrical tail with annuli which are more evident in the tail region compared to those along the rest of the body; thus, we transfer this species to <i>Perspiria</i> (Castro <i>et al.</i> 2006: figs 3c, 4).</p> <p> <i>P. flagellata</i> Vitiello, 1971. Main diagnostic characters: “Amphid situated anterior to cuticle striations or partially surrounded by them”; very long and slender, almost filiform tail (Vitiello 1971: fig. 29).</p> <p> <i>P. hamata</i> Wieser & Hopper, 1967. Drawing shows amphids only partially located within the body annuli; long and slender, almost filiform tail (Wieser & Hopper 1967: fig. 18).</p> <p> <i>P. lara</i> (Silva <i>et al.,</i> 2009) comb. nov. (synonym: <i>Spirinia lara</i> Silva <i>et al.</i>, 2009). Main diagnostic characters: “Buccal cavity with one dorsal tooth and two minute ventrosublateral teeth” and “Cuticle with transverse striae..., less obvious in head region than in tail.” Drawing shows amphid with annulations to mid-level of amphid only, and tail is described as conico-cylindrical. This species is therefore transferred to <i>Perspiria</i> (Silva <i>et al.</i> 2009: figs 2–3).</p> <p> <i>P. megamphida</i> Vincx & Gourbault, 1989. Drawing shows substantial portion of the amphids is located on the non-annulated lip region; conico-cylindrical tail with more prominent annuli (Vincx & Gourbault 1989: fig. 1).</p> <p> <i>P. mokii</i> Coles, 1987. Main diagnostic character: ‘‘...cuticle appears smooth…’’, hence amphids are not surrounded by annuli; long and slender filiform tail (Coles 1987: fig. 5).</p> <p> <i>P. papillata</i> Vincx & Gourbault, 1989. Drawing shows anterior half of amphids on non-annulated lip region and posterior half located within the annulated head region; long, conico-cylindrical tail (Vincx & Gourbault 1989: fig. 2).</p> <p> <i>P. septentrionalis</i> (Cobb, 1914) comb. nov. (synonyms: <i>Spirinia septentrionalis</i> (Cobb, 1914) and <i>Spira septentrionalis</i> Cobb, 1914). Main diagnostic characters: ‘‘From the anus the tail tapers for two-thirds of its length, then becomes cylindroid to the swollen terminus…’’ Drawings by Wieser (1954: fig. 126) clearly show the amphids in the head region with only their posterior half within the body annulations,</p> <p> leaving the anterior half on the non-annulated head region. The tail is conico-cylindrical. Thus, this species is transferred to the genus <i>Perspiria</i>.</p> <p> <i>P. striaticaudata</i> (Timm, 1962). Tail long (11–17 abd) and slender with distinct annuli; thus it is transferred to <i>Perspiria</i>. Synonym: <i>Spirina striaticaudata</i> Timm, 1962.</p> <i>Species inquirenda</i> <p> <i>Perspiria sabulicola</i> (Filipjev, 1918/1921) comb. nov. (synonym: <i>Spirina sabulicola</i> Filipjev, 1918 / 1921). This species was described with a ‘long tail (length 4 × width)’ and hence should be transferred to the genus <i>Perspiria</i>. However, as the species was described based on only one female, it is regarded as a <i>species inquirenda</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Leduc, Daniel & Verschelde, Dominick, 2015, New Spirinia and Stygodesmodora species (Nematoda, Spiriniinae) from the Southwest Pacific, and a revision of the related genera Spirinia, Chromaspirina and Perspiria, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 118</i> on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.118, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3779432">http://zenodo.org/record/3779432</a>
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