1,721,013 research outputs found
Cracks in the wall: Habit discontinuities as vehicles for behaviour change
No full textThere are periods where we undergo a significant change, such as transitions from school to work, starting a family, moving house, or retirement. This chapter discusses the idea that these moments of change provide opportunities for more effective behaviour change interventions; people may be more sensitive to helpful information, or simply ‘in the mood for change’. We first discuss situations where behaviour changes due to changing circumstances. We then turn to studies that experimentally investigated the Habit Discontinuity Hypothesis, that is, interventions that explicitly capitalize on context change. In the final section, we discuss three mechanisms that may play key roles in these discontinuity effects, namely the ‘unfreezing’ of old habits, information acquisition and processing, and the role of value activation and value change
The measurement of habit
No full textRebar, A ORCiD: 0000-0003-3164-993XIn this chapter, we define habit as the process by which a person’s behaviour is influenced from a prompt to act based on well-learned associations between cues and behaviours (Gardner, 2015a; Rebar, 2017; Wood & Neal, 2016; Wood & Rünger, 2016). Habit is the process that determines behaviour, and habitual behaviour is the output of that process (Rebar, Gardner, & Verplanken, 2018). Whereas the habit process is automatic and spontaneously elicited, habitual behaviour can be inhibited through exertions of self-control or other motivational influences, which suppress the translation of impulse into action (Gardner, 2015b). For example, people with strong habits to eat junk food when stressed will tend to act on their temptation. However, if there are internal or external influences also acting on their behaviour, say for example a goal to avoid junk food, with vigilant monitoring, they may be able to inhibit the behaviour (Quinn, Pascoe, Wood, & Neal, 2010). Several areas of the habit field are subject to debate. Controversy surrounds whether people can be aware of their habits, how habit is distinct from behaviour frequency, and whether and how the influence of habit might be disentangled from that of other forms of motivation. At the core of these controversies are issues of measurement, specifically the construct validity of habit measures; that is, are existing measures adequate for capturing the habit process? This chapter aims to meet these challenges
Communal narcissism
No full textAn agency-communion model of narcissism distinguishes between agentic narcissists (individuals satisfying self-motives of grandiosity, esteem, entitlement, and power in agentic domains) and communal narcissists (individuals satisfying the same self-motives in communal domains). Five studies supported the model. In Study 1, participants listed their grandiose self-thoughts. Two distinct types emerged: agentic ("I am the most intelligent person") and communal ("I am the most helpful person"). In Study 2, we relied on the listed communal grandiose self-thoughts to construct the Communal Narcissism Inventory. It was psychometrically sound, stable over time, and largely independent of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-the standard measure of agentic narcissism. In Studies 3 and 4, agentic and communal narcissists shared the same self-motives, while crucially differing in their means for need satisfaction: Agentic narcissists capitalized on agentic means, communal narcissists on communal means. Study 5 revisited the puzzle of low self-other agreement regarding communal traits and behaviors. Attesting to the broader significance of our model, this low self-other agreement was partly due to communal narcissists: They saw themselves as high, but were seen by others as low, in communion
Modelling Habit Formation and Its Determinants
No full textHabitual actions are elicited automatically in associated settings, bypassing conscious motivation. This has prompted interest in habit formation as a mechanism for sustaining behaviour change when conscious motivation erodes. Promoting habit depends on understanding how habit develops. This chapter reviews theory and evidence around the habit formation process. First, we describe the few, recent studies that have explicitly sought to study habit development for meaningful activities in humans. Next, we outline a framework for understanding the habit formation process, and narratively review evidence regarding the factors that may directly facilitate or impede habit development, generating hypotheses for future studies. We offer practical suggestions for optimal modelling of habit formation and its determinants
Habits and Autism: Restricted, Repetitive Patterns of Behaviour and Thinking in Autism
Full text linkENLITEN focus group data
Full text linkA series of 5 focus groups and one interview were undertaken in April 2013 in Exeter UK. The participants were tenants and leaseholders of Exeter City Council (ECC) social housing. Participants were recruited by the resident involvement officer at ECC.
The focus groups involved three tasks:
1. A card sort task (see associated card sort dataset record)
2. A discussion about energy consumption in the home
3. A branding exercise where participants were told about plans to run a large monitoring study (see ENLITEN project databases) asked their opinions on various potential aspects of the study. Each focus group was recorded and the audio files were edited so that all relevant information to tasks 1 & 2 (psy1-6), and 3 (rec 1-6) were separated. The information relevant to tasks 1 & 2 was transcribed, however the information relevant to task 3 was thematically analysed directly from the audio files and a draft internal report was created contained this data (ENLITEN branding focus group results). One session was an interview as only one participant turned up. Further details about the focus groups can be found in the focus group materials and interview schedules document attached.Focus groups took place at a community center in Exeter in April 2013. The sessions were audio recorded. For further details see interview schedule and materials
Habits and Autism: Restricted, Repetitive Patterns of Behaviour and Thinking in Autism
Full text linkResearch materials for "Factors contributing to the experience of shame and shame management: Adverse childhood experiences, peer acceptance, and attachment styles"
Full text linkPrevious research has firmly established that some individuals experience shame more frequently than others. This set of research materials includes questionnaires from a study that employed a cross-sectional design to explore factors that are related to the experience of shame. In this study, 240 participants completed self-reported assessments of parental care and expectations, maternal attitudes towards negative emotions, peer acceptance during childhood, attachment styles, and shame management.The methodology used in this study is reported in full in the methods section of the associated paper
ENLITEN card sorting data [for the paper "Householders' Mental Models of Domestic Energy Consumption: Using a Sort-and- Cluster Method to Identify Shared Concepts of Appliance Similarity"]
Full text linkTwo data sets containing the results of two card sorting tasks which aim to reveal mental models of home energy consumption and food items, alongside data sets which detail the participant’s demographic information is stored. Details of the data sets can be found in the card sort documentation file. The data has been written up as a paper and the manuscript submitted to PLOSone is attached. Further details of the nature of the study can be found in the Instructions and methodology document, details of the briefing, consent and debriefing procedure can be found in the materials documents for each task.See attached PDF documents for details of methodolog
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