1,721,078 research outputs found
La Tunisie face aux changements climatiques
No full textThis report assesses climate risks and
opportunities and proposes actions. It provides a synthesis
of evidence of climate variability and change, impacts, and
uncertainties associated with climate change that may affect
Tunisia s water, land, agriculture, and coastal zones. The
report then provides a detailed analysis of the potential
impacts of climate change on food security and gross
domestic product (GDP) as well as on local populations
looking in particular at seven governorates. The report goes
on to discuss possible policy options for reducing human
vulnerability and for better adapting to climate variability
and change. The report provides guidance to policy makers in
Tunisia in three ways. First, it provides a Framework for
Action on Climate Change Adaptation, represented by an
adaptation pyramid. Second, it puts forward a typology of
policy approaches that are relevant to the region in order
to facilitate the formulation of effective policy responses
by decision makers. Finally, a matrix is provided, which
outlines key policy recommendations. Actions align with the
World Bank s 2012 Interim Strategy Note (ISN) for Tunisia,
which guides the World Bank investments in Tunisia over the
next two years and is focused on three main areas of
intervention: (1) sustainable growth and job creation, (2)
the promotion of social and economic inclusion by improving
access to basic services for underserved communities and
improving the efficiency of social safety net programs, and
(3) strengthening governance through improved access to
public information as the basis for increased social
accountability and transparency.En Tunisie et dans le monde, le changement climatique porte déjà préjudice aux moyens de subsistance et au bien-être des gens. Il est de plus en plus évident qu’il aura des impacts négatifs graves sur le développement économique et social en Tunisie puisqu’il menace de bloquer et inverser les progrès accomplis en matière de réduction de a pauvreté, d'amélioration de la santé, d'égalité des sexes et d'inclusion sociale. Ce rapport vise à évaluer les impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatiques afin de combler les lacunes en termes de connaissances et de répondre à la demande du Gouvernement tunisien en assistance technique pour la compréhension et l'identification des politiques et des programmes d'adaptation à succès. Cette analyse aidera le pays et son peuple à construire une résilience au changement climatique, en particulier pour les pauvres et les plus vulnérables. Ce rapport entend servir également de ressource pour commencer à évaluer les risques, les possibilités et les actions liés au climat. La méthodologie appliquée combine des approches quantitatives et qualitatives servant à l'évaluation des impacts du changement climatique et des comportements d'adaptation. Ce rapport comporte cinq chapitres. Le chapitre 1 expose la motivation et les instruments de lutte contre le changement climatique en Tunisie. Les scénarios et les impacts du changement climatique sur la Tunisie sont traités dans le chapitre 2. Les impacts économiques du changement climatique sur la Tunisie sont abordés dans le chapitre 3 et les impacts socio-économiques du changement climatique dans le Centre et le Sud de la Tunisie sont abordés dans le chapitre 4
Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries : A Case for Adaptation Governance and Leadership in Building Climate Resilience
No full textAdapting to climate change is not a new
phenomenon for the Arab world. For thousands of years, the
people in Arab countries have coped with the challenges of
climate variability by adapting their survival strategies to
changes in rainfall and temperature. Their experience has
contributed significantly to the global knowledge on climate
change and adaptation. But over the next century global
climatic variability is predicted to increase, and Arab
countries may well experience unprecedented extremes in
climate. Temperatures may reach new highs, and in most
places there may be a risk of less rainfall. Under these
circumstances, Arab countries and their citizens will once
again need to draw on their long experience of adapting to
the environment to address the new challenges posed by
climate change. This report prepared through a consultative
process with Government and other stakeholders in the Arab
world assesses the potential effects of climate change on
the Arab region and outlines possible approaches and
measures to prepare for its consequences. It offers ideas
and suggestions for Arab policy makers as to what mitigating
actions may be needed in rural and urban settings to
safeguard key areas such as health, water, agriculture, and
tourism. The report also analyzes the differing impacts of
climate change, with special attention paid to gender, as a
means of tailoring strategies to address specific
vulnerabilities. The socioeconomic impact of climate change
will likely vary from country to country, reflecting a
country's coping capacity and its level of development.
Countries that are wealthier and more economically diverse
are generally expected to be more resilient. The report
suggests that countries and households will need to
diversify their production and income generation, integrate
adaptation into all policy making and activities, and ensure
a sustained national commitment to address the social,
economic, and environmental consequences of climate
variability. With these coordinated efforts, the Arab world
can, as it has for centuries, successfully adapt and adjust
to the challenges of a changing climate
Economics of Climate Change in the Arab World : Case Studies from the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and the Republic of Yemen
No full textThis Economics of Climate Change in the
Arab World is presents detailed case studies on the impacts
of climate change in the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and
the Republic of Yemen that were summarized. The Arab region
is already being impacted by climate change through more
frequent cyclones, floods, and prolonged droughts. Thousands
of rural producers have seen their crops and herds
devastated by extreme conditions, and have been forced to
abandon their traditional way of life and migrate to crowded
urban areas. Those who stay behind in rural areas struggle
to cope with shortages of food and water. Climate change
affects countries' economies and households through a
variety of channels. Rising temperatures and changes in
rainfall patterns affect agricultural yields of both rainfed
and irrigated crops, and thus global and local food markets.
Adaptation is a process that will take place over decades as
new information makes policy makers reevaluate their climate
vulnerabilities. Still, by seizing the opportunity to act
now and act together, the Arab region can not only meet the
immense challenges of climate change but advance the
development of its entire people
What factors influence world literacy? is Africa different?
Full text linkNinety-five percent of the world’s illiterate people live in developing countries, and about 70 percent are women. Female illiteracy rates are particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Niger and Burkina Faso, for example, more than 90 percent of women are illiterate. This paper presents a model of literacy. It shows that the main determinants of worldwide literacy are enrollment rates, average years of schooling of adults, and life expectancy at birth. Income has a weak nonlinear effect, negatively affecting literacy until a threshold level of per-capita income of about $2200 a year is reached and positively affecting literacy thereafter. Finally, African countries do not have a significantly higher literacy rate when controlling for other factors.Public Health Promotion,Education Reform and Management,Nonformal Education,PrimaryEducation,Curriculum&Instruction,Primary Education,Gender and Education,Curriculum&Instruction,Education Reform and Management,Nonformal Education
Labor markets and income generation in rural Argentina
Full text linkThis paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers'income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men.Rural Poverty Reduction,Labor Markets,Population Policies,Work&Working Conditions
Factors impacting youth development in Haiti
Full text linkOf the 1.6 million Haitian youth aged 15-24, only 13 percent are content with their lives. More than half of 20-year-olds have not completed secondary education and nearly half of youth in the labor market are unemployed. This paper investigates protective and risk factors predisposing youth to positive and negative behaviors. These factors, including poverty, gender, education, labor market, migration, family, health, and violence, are examined by using statistics and probability models based on Haiti's first household living conditions survey. Key findings show that female youth need special attention because they are more likely than their male peers to drop out of school and to be unemployed or inactive. Role models, guidance, expectations, and contacts in the form of parents or household heads are decisive factors in keeping youth in school, and to some extent, in their finding employment. In addition, domestic migration has a negative impact on the probability of being unemployed or inactive (positive self-selection), while marriage, drug abuse, and domestic violence increase the probability of dropping out of school.Youth and Governance,Adolescent Health,Population Policies,Primary Education,Education For All
School drop-out and push-out factors in Brazil : the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty
Full text linkThis paper aims to identify the major drop-out and push-out factors that lead to school abandonment in an urban surrounding-the shantytowns of Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil. The authors use an extensive survey addressing risk factors faced by the population in these neighborhoods, which cover both in-school and out-of-school youth of both genders. They focus on the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty in pushing teenagers out of school. The potential endogeneity of some of the determinants is dealt with in the empirical analysis. The authors take advantage of the rich set of variables available and apply an instrumental variables approach. Early parenthood is instrumented with the age declared by the youngsters as the ideal age to start having sexual relationships. Work is instrumented using the declared reservation wage (minimum salary acceptable to work). Results indicate that early parenthood has a strong impact of driving teenagers out of school. Extreme poverty is another factor lowering school attendance, as children who have suffered hunger at some point in their lives are less likely to attend school. In this particular urban context, working does not necessarily have a detrimental effect on school attendance, which could be linked to the fact that dropping out of school leads most often to inactivity and not to work.Education For All,Youth and Governance,Population Policies,Tertiary Education,Street Children
Activities, employment, and wages in rural and semi-urban Mexico
Full text linkThe author addresses the labor markets in rural and semi-urban Mexico. The empirical analyses show that non-farm income shares increase with overall consumption levels and, also, with time. Rural-dwellers in lower quintiles of the consumption distribution tend to earn a larger share of their nonagricultural incomes from wage labor activities. For the poorest, low-productivity wage labor activities are important. The quantile wage regression analysis for rural Mexico shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the wage distribution on monthly wages. The author's findings reveal that education is key to earning higher wages, and that workers in more dispersed rural areas earn less than their peers in semi-urban rural areas (localities with less than 15,000 inhabitants). The rural non-farm sector is heterogeneous and includes a great variety of activities and productivity levels across non-farm jobs. Moreover it can reduce poverty in a couple of distinct but qualitatively important ways in rural Mexico. The analysis of non-farm employment in rural Mexico suggests that the two key determinants of access to employment and productivity in non-farm activities are education and location.Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Municipal Financial Management
The macro wage curve and labor market flexibility in Zimbabwe
Full text linkThere is little available information about what determines money wages in Sub-Saharan Africa--or indeed about whether there is a stable relationship between wages, productivity, GDP (gross domestic product), inflation, activity in the informal sector, policy changes, and unemployment. In studying how wages in Zimbabwe are affected by short- and long-run changes in variables, the author asks: Are wages affected by prices, unemployment, increased productivity, economic activity, or policy changes? Does a macro wage curve exist? Did structural adjustment cause a structural change in labor markets? She finds that a macro wage curve does exist, so wages are flexible both generally and in the manufacturing sector. So, the labor market is able to adjust to both positive and negative shocks. The main cause of falling real wages in Zimbabwe is reduced economic activity. In the short term, wages are affected by changes in the unemployment rate. They are also affected positively by increases in productivity, prices, and economic activity. The forecasting performance of the wage determination models shows that they are valid after the implementation of structural adjustment in 1991.Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Policies,Municipal Financial Management,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Youth and Governance
Activities, Employment, and Wages in Rural and Semi-Urban Mexico
No full textThe author addresses the labor markets in rural and semi-urban Mexico. The empirical analyses show that non-farm income shares increase with overall consumption levels and, also, with time. Rural-dwellers in lower quintiles of the consumption distribution tend to earn a larger share of their nonagricultural incomes from wage labor activities. For the poorest, low-productivity wage labor activities are important. The quantile wage regression analysis for rural Mexico shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the wage distribution on monthly wages. The author's findings reveal that education is key to earning higher wages, and that workers in more dispersed rural areas earn less than their peers in semi-urban rural areas (localities with less than 15,000 inhabitants). The rural non-farm sector is heterogeneous and includes a great variety of activities and productivity levels across non-farm jobs. Moreover it can reduce poverty in a couple of distinct but qualitatively important ways in rural Mexico. The analysis of non-farm employment in rural Mexico suggests that the two key determinants of access to employment and productivity in non-farm activities are education and location
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