160 research outputs found
Reliability Modeling and Mitigation for Embedded Memories
No full textComplementary Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology scaling enhances the performance, transistor density, functionality, and reduces cost and power consumption. However, scaling causes significant reliability challenges both from a manufacturing and operational point of view. Obtaining reliable memories require accurate understanding of the impact of aging (such as Bias temperature instability (BTI)) on individual memory components and how they interact with each other. In this dissertation, two types of challenges are addressed, which are related to BTI aging and partially to mitigation schemes: one related to the aging of sense amplifier and another one to the aging of read path and write path. Analysis of aging impact on different memory sense amplifiers - The analysis of BTI impact on various memory sense amplifier (SA) designs was performed, while taking into account two BTI models (i.e., Atomistic and RD model), different technology nodes (i.e., 90, 65, 45, 32, 22, and 16 nm), and different workloads. First, the analysis and comparison of RD and Atomistic models impact on the SA were performed. The results show that the atomistic trap-based BTI model is more accurate than the RD model. Second, the investigation of BTI impact on the drain-input latch type SA for various technology nodes and supply voltages was performed. The result shows that as technology scales down, the impact of BTI on sensing delay increases, while the sensing voltage decreases, causing less robust and reliable memory sense amplifier. The result also shows that increase in supply voltage compensates the BTI degradation. Third, an accurate technique was proposed and characterized for the integral impact of BTI and voltage temperature variation on the memory standard latch type SA for various technology nodes and workloads. The results show that the degradation is strongly dependent on workload and temperature. Fourth, in addition to the latter, the impact of process variation at timezero was incorporated and analyzed. The results show that the SA sensing delay degradation is more significant at lower nodes and could lead to read failures at lower power supply. This reveals that there must be a tradeoff between performance and reliability. Fifth, an accurate methodology was proposed to quantify the impact of variability on the memory SA offset-voltage for both time-zero and time-dependent variability. The results show that the impact on the offset voltage specification is significant for aging time-dependent variability. Sixth, on top of the latter, the sensitivity of the SA and its failure rate were analyzed for five process corners (i.e., Nominal, Fast-Fast, Fast-Slow, Slow-Fast, and Slow-Slow). The results show that balanced workloads result in a significant low offset voltage specification. Finally, the impact of aging was analyzed and compared, while considering different supply voltages, temperatures, and SA designs. The results show that the High Performance SA degrades faster than other SA types, irrespective of the workload, supply voltage, and temperature. Investigation of read path aging - Adequate techniques was proposed to estimate and mitigate the impact of aging on the read path of a high performance SRAMmemory. The mitigation techniques are based on the re-sizing of the pull-down transistors of the cell’s and the SA’s designs. The results show that the SA mitigation is more effective for the SRAM read path (i.e., SA) than cell mitigation. Investigation of write path aging - The analysis of BTI impact on the SRAM write driver was performed for various supply voltages, temperatures, and technology nodes. The result shows that the impact of BTI increases the write delay and widen its distribution, when the technology scales down.Computer Engineerin
The Important Research on the topic of Jurisdictional Immunity of States (review of the book “Jurisdictional Immunity of States” by I.O. Khlestova)
No full textThe author of this book is Doctor of laws, who is also a well-known scholar in the sphere of international private law. She is a leading expert on the issue of jurisdictional immunity of states and moreover took part in drafting of national laws related to this issue.This question is of high both theoretical and practical importance. The topic is very acute for Russia as due to the fact that the tendency is shifting from the concept of absolute immunity to the concept of limited immunity. This increases the number of lawsuits in international courts against Russia.The book by I.O. Khlestova is a successful endeavor to conduct the fullscale research of the issue of jurisdictional immunity as this issue requires the elaboration of the new approach to the solution of the existing problems. The author offers an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of this issue and apart from this also makes convincing conclusions and interesting suggestions.The research conducted by I.O Khlestova is the best in our doctrine of international private law in respect of the issues of jurisdictional immunity on the contemporary level
Olympic Legacy Development, the Road to Success
No full textThe legacy of the Olympic Games proofs to be problematic for many former host cities. A legacy most of the cities were after when bidding for the Games, only with a different outcome in mind. Large-scale urban areas within cities with empty stadiums and Olympic parks as a result. The post – Olympic period offers to little demand for the created venues and public space. Liveliness in these public spaces is far to be found and the vitality of the Olympic accommodations was an experience short lived. Planning of the Games succeeded in the part of organising the Olympic Games but failed to generate a legacy with long-term perspectives. This research investigates how future Olympic host cities can create their legacy before hand and control its outcome after the Games. This has resulted in this master thesis which presents further deepening of the understanding ‘legacy’ with its three main pillars of social – cultural, financial – economic and physical – environmental aspects. Further focus on the more tangible physical – environmental pillar with the identification of 5 key variables. Variables that create footing for liveliness and vitality to arise derived from urban planning perspectives. These variables are urban planning, mobility, routing, scale and programme. Apart from identifying these variables a model is presented that connects these variables with the process of urban area development and Olympic development with the organisation to control the overall realisation of legacy development.Real Estate & HousingArchitectur
The Influence of Network Topology on the Operational Performance of the Low Voltage Grid
No full textThe present Low Voltage (LV) grid, which until recently was mainly composed of passive electrical components (consumers), is being gradually overrun by active electrical components (prosumers), who not only consume but also generate and share power locally. This development is introducing changes in the operational dynamics of the LV grid that could result in voltage stability problems and the violation of infrastructural constraints if not well managed. A re-design of the present LV grid is, therefore, imperative to enable it meet these new requirements. This thesis was aimed at studying the influence of topological metrics on the operational performance of the LV grid in view of current developments in energy consumer behaviour with a view to proposing the topological changes and/or modifications in network architecture that would yield optimal outcomes. We modelled the present LV grid as a radial network, and compared it to three other network models -random, small-world and scale-free networks- under different loading scenarios. We proposed novel structural and operational metrics that are suitable for the LV grid, and analysed the networks in terms of these metrics. We also compared their robustness under different attack scenarios and demonstrated the correlation between the structural and the operational metrics, thus, identifying important structural metrics that need to be optimized to improve the future LV grid performance. Finally, we then investigated the possible modifications of the radial network model of the present LV grid that would yield similar results. The results highlighted the structural weaknesses of the present LV grid under futuristic and simultaneous loading conditions and presented the scale-free model as the most suitable architecture for the future LV grid as it out-performed all the other network models under similar loading conditions. They also showed that the insertion of additional links at critical positions in the radial network could achieve similar results. We therefore proposed this structural modification as a more cost-effective approach to improved operational performance of the LV grid.Network Architectures and ServicesComputer EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
Method of Modeling in Pedagogical Researches: History of Development and Modern Condition
No full textКотлярова Ирина Олеговна, доктор педагогических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры безопасности жизнедеятельности, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск, kotliarovaio @susu.ru. I.O. Kotlyarova, [email protected]
South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian FederationМоделирование является атрибутом современного педагогического исследования. В статье представлен ретроспективный анализ использования метода моделирования, прежде всего, в педагогических исследованиях. Обоснованы его особенности в зависимости
от развития других сфер человеческой жизнедеятельности, в частности, научной сферы.
Определены особенности применения метода в каждый из трех выявленных периодов:
с древних времен до XV в., с XV в. до конца XIX в., в современный период с начала XX в. по настоящее время. С учетом широкой разработанности вопроса о педагогическом моделировании и его содержательной вариативности автор рассматривает только отдельные,
недостаточно разработанные аспекты моделирования в современных педагогических исследованиях. Дана авторская трактовка моделирования как четырехстороннего отношения.
Охарактеризованы различные схемы моделирования в зависимости от целей исследования
и взаимосвязей моделирования с прогнозированием и проектированием. Определены
уровни моделирования: концептуальный, частно-научный, технологический, описаны особенности моделей каждого уровня. Modeling is an attribute of modern pedagogical research. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the use of the modeling method, primarily in pedagogical research. Dependence of modeling on the development of science and other spheres of human activity is discussed. The features of modeling from ancient times to the 15th century, from the 15th century till the end of the 19th century, during the modern period from the beginning of the 20th century until recent times are determined. The author considers only insufficiently developed aspects of modeling
in modern pedagogical research. The author's interpretation of modeling as a four-sided relation
is given. Various modeling schemes, depending on the objectives of the research and the links of modeling with forecasting and design are constructed. The levels of modeling are defined: conceptual, scientific, technological ones. The features of models of each level are described
Cross-cultural collaboration in Arabic construction projects: An exploration in claims, conflicts and delays
No full textArchitectur
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