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Effects and tolerability of endovenous administered tramadol in horses
No full textControl of painful conditions is becoming an increasingly important part of veterinary medicine. Many of the available analgesics are considered effective for a variety of painful conditions in horses, but their use may be limited for various reasons. The development of unwanted side effects are a major factor that limits their use. Tramadol has only recently gained significant attention as an analgesic in animals despite its having been used in humans in Germany since 1977.\ud
Tramadol hydrochloride, (1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol hydrocloride, is a centrally acting analgesic that has been used clinically for the two decades to treat acute and chronic pain in humans. Tramadol produces its antinociceptive effect in animals and analgesic effect in humans by both opioid and non-opioid mechanism of action. Tramadol is available as a racemic mixture composed of (+) and (-) enantiomers in equal proportions. The racemic mixture produces analgesia by synergistic action of two enantiomers and their main O-desmethylated metabolites (M1). In fact (+)M1 has been demonstrated to have an affinity to µ-opioid receptors that is 200 times greater than that of the parent compound. On the other hand, the monoaminergic component in tramadol analgesia is mediated by (-)tramadol, by means of an inhibition of the re-uptake of the neurotransmitters serotonina and norepinephrine. The therapeutic use of tramadol has not been associated with significant adverse effects, such as respiratory depression, constipation or sedation, and the drug has been used successfully in humans and many animals to produce analgesia in peri-operative and post-operative periods. \ud
The pharmacokinetics of tramadol have been investigated in several animal species and recently also in horse. After IV administration at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg in only two horses muscle twitching were observed and physical examination revealed decreased gastrointestinal sounds. Moreover, there are two studies that showed good analgesic effect after epidural administration of tramadol to horses without any significant influence on heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, body temperature and behaviour. Caudal epidural administration of tramadol was compared with morphine and both are potential drugs in management of perineal and lumbosacral pain in horse \ud
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and tolerability of systemically administered tramadol at two different dosages (1.0 mg/kg EV and 2.0 mg/kg EV) in the horse. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, body temperature, central nervous system excitement, head ptosis, arterial pH, PaO2 and PaCO2 were measured during 12-hour period and the different was statistically evaluated. Analgesia was not documented.\ud
Results of this study suggest that tramadol con be administered to horse systematically at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg.\u
Endovenous administered tramadol in horses
No full textControl of painful conditions is becoming an increasingly important part of veterinary
medicine. Many of the available analgesics are considered effective for a variety of
painful conditions in horses, but their use may be limited for various reasons. The
development of unwanted side effects are a major factor that limits their use.
Tramadol has only recently gained significant attention as an analgesic in animals
despite its having been used in humans in Germany since 1977.
Tramadol hydrochloride, (1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1-(3-
methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol hydrocloride, is a centrally acting analgesic that has
been used clinically for the two decades to treat acute and chronic pain in humans.
Tramadol produces its antinociceptive effect in animals and analgesic effect in
humans by both opioid and non-opioid mechanism of action. Tramadol is available as
a racemic mixture composed of (+) and (-) enantiomers in equal proportions. The
racemic mixture produces analgesia by synergistic action of two enantiomers and
their main O-desmethylated metabolites (M1). In fact (+)M1 has been demonstrated
to have an affinity to μ-opioid receptors that is 200 times greater than that of the
parent compound. On the other hand, the monoaminergic component in tramadol
analgesia is mediated by (-)tramadol, by means of an inhibition of the re-uptake of
the neurotransmitters serotonina and norepinephrine. The therapeutic use of tramadol
has not been associated with significant adverse effects, such as respiratory
depression, constipation or sedation, and the drug has been used successfully in humans and many animals to produce analgesia in peri-operative and post-operative
periods.
The pharmacokinetics of tramadol have been investigated in several animal species
and recently also in horse. After IV administration at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg in only two
horses muscle twitching were observed and physical examination revealed decreased
gastrointestinal sounds. Moreover, there are two studies that showed good analgesic
effect after epidural administration of tramadol to horses without any significant
influence on heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, body temperature and
behaviour. Caudal epidural administration of tramadol was compared with morphine
and both are potential drugs in management of perineal and lumbosacral pain in horse
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and tolerability of
systemically administered tramadol at two different dosages (1.0 mg/kg EV and 2.0
mg/kg EV) in the horse. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, body
temperature, central nervous system excitement, head ptosis, arterial pH, PaO2 and
PaCO2 were measured during 12-hour period and the different was statistically
evaluated. Analgesia was not documented.
Results of this study suggest that tramadol can be administered to horse
systematically at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg
Endovenous Administered Tramadol in Horse
No full textControl of painful conditions is becoming an increasingly important part of veterinary
medicine. Many of the available analgesics are considered effective for a variety of
painful conditions in horses, but their use may be limited for various reasons. The
development of unwanted side effects are a major factor that limits their use.
Tramadol has only recently gained significant attention as an analgesic in animals
despite its having been used in humans in Germany since 1977.
Tramadol hydrochloride, (1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1-(3-
methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol hydrocloride, is a centrally acting analgesic that has
been used clinically for the two decades to treat acute and chronic pain in humans.
Tramadol produces its antinociceptive effect in animals and analgesic effect in
humans by both opioid and non-opioid mechanism of action. Tramadol is available as
a racemic mixture composed of (+) and (-) enantiomers in equal proportions. The
racemic mixture produces analgesia by synergistic action of two enantiomers and
their main O-desmethylated metabolites (M1). In fact (+)M1 has been demonstrated
to have an affinity to μ-opioid receptors that is 200 times greater than that of the
parent compound. On the other hand, the monoaminergic component in tramadol
analgesia is mediated by (-)tramadol, by means of an inhibition of the re-uptake of
the neurotransmitters serotonina and norepinephrine. The therapeutic use of tramadol
has not been associated with significant adverse effects, such as respiratory
depression, constipation or sedation, and the drug has been used successfully in humans and many animals to produce analgesia in peri-operative and post-operative
periods.
The pharmacokinetics of tramadol have been investigated in several animal species
and recently also in horse. After IV administration at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg in only two
horses muscle twitching were observed and physical examination revealed decreased
gastrointestinal sounds. Moreover, there are two studies that showed good analgesic
effect after epidural administration of tramadol to horses without any significant
influence on heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, body temperature and
behaviour. Caudal epidural administration of tramadol was compared with morphine
and both are potential drugs in management of perineal and lumbosacral pain in horse
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and tolerability of
systemically administered tramadol at two different dosages (1.0 mg/kg EV and 2.0
mg/kg EV) in the horse. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, body
temperature, central nervous system excitement, head ptosis, arterial pH, PaO2 and
PaCO2 were measured during 12-hour period and the different was statistically
evaluated. Analgesia was not documented.
Results of this study suggest that tramadol can be administered to horse
systematically at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg
Studio comparativo sull'efficacia del tramadolo verso il meloxicam nel controllo del dolore ortopedico postoperatorio nel cane
No full textRiassunto
Lo studio monocentrico, randomizzato, in doppio cieco è stato intrapreso per valutare l’effetto analgesico postoperatorio del tramadolo (Contramal, Formenti) rispetto al meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim) in 16 cani (gruppo T, tramadolo: n=8; gruppo M, meloxicam: n=8) sottoposti a chirurgia ortopedica, che presentavano un dolore postoperatorio uguale o superiore a 66 mm in una scala analogica visuale (VAS) di 100 mm, 6 ore dopo intervento chirurgico. Il gruppo T è stato trattato con tramadolo per os 4 mg/kg una volta al dì per 5 giorni, mentre al gruppo M è stato somministrato meloxicam per os 0,2 mg/kg una volta al dì per lo stesso periodo.
L’effetto analgesico è stato valutato tutti i giorni ed alla fine del trattamento mediante la misurazione della VAS a 100 mm e di una scala semiquantitativa a 5 punti che prendeva in considerazione il tipo di risposta dell’animale alla palpazione della parte oggetto di intervento (0 = nessun dolore, 1 = dolore leggero, 2 = dolore moderato, 3 = dolore forte, 4 = dolore molto forte).
Il tramadolo e il meloxicam hanno significativamente ridotto la misura della VAS e della scala semiquantitativa del dolore (P < 0,01). L’effetto analgesico del tramadolo si è dimostrato significativamente superiore a quello indotto dal meloxicam, sia dopo la prima somministrazione, sia alla fine del trattamento (P < 0,01 e P < 0,05).
Nel gruppo trattato con tramadolo non è stata osservata l’insorgenza di alcuna reazione avversa, mentre nel gruppo trattato con meloxicam un soggetto ha manifestato sintomatologia gastrointestinale, risoltasi spontaneamente.
Summary
This monocentric, randomized, double blind trial was undertaken to assess the postoperative analgesic effect of oral tramadol compared with oral meloxicam in 16 dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery and having postoperative pain assessed as 66 mm or more on a 0-100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Tramadol (4 mg/kg) and meloxicam (0,2 mg/kg) were administered orally every day for 5 days. The analgesic effect was assessed at baseline (6 hours after surgery), before each treatment and 24 hours after the last administration, with VAS measurements, and using a five-point semiquantitative rating scale after palpation on the surgery site (0 = no pain, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = strong, 4 = very strong). Tramadol and meloxicam were well tolerated reducing both VAS and the semiquantitative rating scale (P < 0,01), but tramadol showed a more pronounced analgesic effect than meloxicam (P < 0,05). No adverse reactions were observed in the tramadol group, whereas one dog trea- ted with meloxicam showed gastrointestinal adverse effects which, however, resolved spontaneously
Studio preliminare sull'utilizzo della medetomidina in associazione con il tramadolo nella preanestesia del gatto
No full text
Evaluation of a Modified Formula to Perform Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution in Dogs Expected to Have Moderate/Severe Blood Loss During a Surgical Procedure
No full textRisparmio della quantità di pentothal necessaria all'intubazione orotracheale dopo premedicazione con una associazione di medetomidina e tramadolo nel cane.
No full textEffetti sedativi e cardiorespiratori della medetomidina a dose ridotta in associazione con il tramadolo nel gatto.
No full textERG Evaluation in Equidae: Horses vs Donkeys
No full textDespite the small number of animals, the analysis of the ERGs parameters performed has allowed to show that there are differences between the two Groups.
The ERG parameters, obtained by photopic or scotopic stimulation, show great amplitudes variability in the waves measured. This high variability can be attributed to
changes in the retinal illumination. In photopic environment, the I-max average values are obtained for the two groups, by intensity of between 3 cds/ m2 and 0,9 cds/m2.
That confirms the Photopic Hill is present in equines..
In scotopic environment, the ERG obtained by low-intensity stimulation after twenty minutes (T20) of retinal adaptability, both groups have reached average values of bwave
superimposed. This shows that the retinal scotopic adaptometry (SA) was obtained and it seems there are no differences in the number and activity of the rods
in both groups.
To the author knowledge, this project provided the first electroretinogram evaluation in healthy donkeys by ERG full field in animals maintained in gaseous anesthesia,
using mixture of oxygen and isoflurane
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