1,721,391 research outputs found
Rational error in internal medicine
No full textEpistemologists have selected two basic categories: that of errors committed in scientific research, when a researcher devises or accepts an unfounded hypothesis, and that of mistakes committed in the application of scientific knowledge whereby doctors rely on knowledge held to be true at the time in order to understand an individual patient's signs and symptoms. The paper will deal exclusively with the latter, that is to say the mistakes which physicians make while carrying out their day-to-day medical duties. The paper will deal with the mistakes committed in medicine trying also to offer a classification. It will take into account also examples of mistakes in Bayesian reasoning and mistakes of reasoning committed by clinicians regard inductive reasoning. Moreover, many other mistakes are due to fallacies of deductive logic, logic which they use on a day-to-day basis while examining patients in order to envisage the consequences of the various diagnostic or physiopathologic hypotheses. The existence of a different type of mistakes that are part of the psychology of thought will be also pointed out. We conclude that internists often make mistakes because, unknowingly, they fail to reason correctly. These mistakes can occur in two ways: either because he does not observe the laws of formal logic, or because his practical rationality does not match theoretical rationality and so his reasoning becomes influenced by the circumstances in which he finds himself
The role of the endocannabinoid system in lipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism.
No full textEndocannabinoids (ECs) regulate energy balance by modulating hypothalamic circuits controlling food intake and energy expenditure. However, convincing evidence has accumulated indicating that the EC system is present also in peripheral tissues, in particular in adipose tissue. Fat cells produce and are targets of ECs. Glucose uptake and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, lipogenesis and adipogenesis are stimulated by ECs through cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors. Moreover, CB1 activation leads to a decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and function through inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). All these effects are blocked by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant, suggesting that the weight-reducing effect of CB1 blockade is due not only to the transient suppression of food intake and reduction of lipogenesis but also to an increased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism which counteracts the inhibitory effects of ECs, levels of which are increased in fat tissues of obese rodents and humans. This review focuses on the role of ECs in adipose tissue metabolism, adipokine production, and interactions between ECs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) during adipogenesis
Vademecum di medicina interna
No full textIl Vademecum di Medicina Interna è una raccolta sintetica delle principali
nozioni e procedure diagnostiche e terapeutiche che un medico può aver
bisogno di ricordare nella pratica clinica.
Il volume è nato come ausilio nella gestione delle urgenze e degli scenari che
si presentano quotidianamente nella gestione di pazienti affetti da un’ampia
gamma di patologie.
Il Vademecum di Medicina Interna è destinato sia al medico all’inizio del
percorso professionale che allo specialista esperto: al suo interno sono contenute sia indicazioni cliniche basate sulla più recente letteratura scientifica
che posologie e schemi terapeutici di innumerevoli farmaci di frequente utilizzo in ambito clinico ospedaliero e ambulatoriale
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