1,721,069 research outputs found
Crittografia nel Paese delle Meraviglie
No full textL'analisi di sicurezza degli schemi crittografici, in passato, era spesso guidata dall'intuito e dall'esperienza. Nuovi schemi venivano ideati e, dopo qualche tempo, inevitabilmente, un nuovo attacco alla sicurezza veniva scoperto. Il paradigma della "sicurezza dimostrabile", introduce diverse tecniche per l'analisi formale di sicurezza dei crittosistemi: in questo modo è possibile fornire una dimostrazione matematica che un dato sistema è sicuro rispetto ad una certa classe di attaccanti (la più vasta possibile). Il libro ha lo scopo di guidare lo studente (oppure il giovane ricercatore) nel mondo crittografico, in modo che acquisisca le metodologie di base, preparandosi alla ricerca nell'area
Tampering in Wonderland
Full text linkPhD Thesis submitted for partial fullfilment of the PhD in Information and Communication Engineering (XXIV ciclo)CWI (Amsterdam
Non-malleable Fuzzy Extractors
No full textFuzzy extractors (Dodis et al. EUROCRYPT’04) allow to generate close to uniform randomness using correlated distributions outputting samples that are close over some metric space. The latter requires to produce a helper value (along with the extracted key) that can be used to recover the key using close samples. Robust fuzzy extractors (Dodis et al., CRYPTO’06) further protect the helper string from arbitrary active manipulations, by requiring that the reconstructed key using a modified helper string cannot yield a different extractor output. It is well known that statistical robustness inherently requires large min-entropy (in fact, m>n/2 where n is the bit length of the samples) from the underlying correlated distributions, even assuming trusted setup. Motivated by this limitation, we start the investigation of security properties weaker than robustness, but that can be achieved in the plain model assuming only minimal min-entropy (in fact, m=ω(logn)), while still being useful for applications. We identify one such property and put forward the notion of non-malleable fuzzy extractors. Intuitively, non-malleability relaxes the robustness property by allowing the reconstructed key using a modified helper string to be different from the original extractor output, as long as it is a completely unrelated value. We give a black-box construction of non-malleable fuzzy extractors in the plain model for min-entropy m=ω(logn), against interesting families of manipulations including split-state tampering, small-depth circuits tampering, and space-bounded tampering (in the information-theoretic setting), as well as tampering via partial functions (assuming one-way functions). We leave it as an open problem to establish whether non-malleability is possible for arbitrary manipulations of the helper string. Finally, we show an application of non-malleable fuzzy extractors to protect stateless cryptographic primitives whose secret keys are derived using fuzzy correlated distributions
Rate-limited secure function evaluation
Full text linkWe introduce the notion of rate-limited secure function evaluation (RL-SFE). Loosely speaking, in an RL-SFE protocol participants can monitor and limit the number of distinct inputs (i.e., rate) used by their counterparts in multiple executions of an SFE, in a private and verifiable manner. The need for RL-SFE naturally arises in a variety of scenarios: e.g., it enables service providers to “meter” their customers’ usage without compromising their privacy, or can be used to prevent oracle attacks against SFE constructions. We consider three variants of RL-SFE providing different levels of security. As a stepping
stone, we also formalize the notion of commit-first SFE (CF-SFE) wherein parties are committed to their inputs before each SFE execution. We provide compilers for transforming any CF-SFE protocol into each of the three RL-SFE variants. Our compilers are accompanied with simulation-based proofs of security in the standard model and show a clear tradeoff between the level of security offered and the overhead required. Moreover, motivated by the fact that in many client-server applications clients do not keep state, we also describe a general approach for transforming the resulting RL-SFE protocols into stateless ones. As a case study, we take a closer look at the oblivious polynomial evaluation (OPE) protocol of Hazay and Lindell, show that it is commit-first, and instantiate efficient ratelimited variants of it
Fiat–Shamir for highly sound protocols is instantiable
Full text linkThe Fiat–Shamir (FS) transformation (Fiat and Shamir, Crypto ‘86) is a popular paradigm for constructing very efficient non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) arguments and signature schemes from a hash function and any three-move interactive protocol satisfying certain properties. Despite its wide-spread applicability both in theory and in practice, the known positive results for proving security of the FS paradigm are in the random oracle model only, i.e., they assume that the hash function is modeled as an external random function accessible to all parties. On the other hand, a sequence of negative results shows that for certain classes of interactive protocols, the FS transform cannot be instantiated in the standard model. We initiate the study of complementary positive results, namely, studying classes of interactive protocols where the FS transform does have standard-model instantiations. In particular, we show that for a class of “highly sound” protocols that we define, instantiating the FS transform via a q-wise independent hash function yields NIZK arguments and secure signature schemes. In the case of NIZK, we obtain a weaker “q-bounded” zero-knowledge flavor where the simulator works for all adversaries asking an a-priori bounded number of queries q; in the case of signatures, we obtain the weaker notion of random-message unforgeability against q-bounded random message attacks. Our main idea is that when the protocol is highly sound, then instead of using random-oracle programming, one can use complexity leveraging. The question is whether such highly sound protocols exist and if so, which protocols lie in this class. We answer this question in the affirmative in the common reference string (CRS) model and under strong assumptions. Namely, assuming indistinguishability obfuscation and puncturable pseudorandom functions we construct a compiler that transforms any 3-move interactive protocol with instance-independent commitments and simulators (a property satisfied by the Lapidot–Shamir protocol, Crypto ‘90) into a compiled protocol in the CRS model that is highly sound. We also present a second compiler, in order to be able to start from a larger class of protocols, which only requires instance-independent commitments (a property for example satisfied by the classical protocol for quadratic residuosity due to Blum, Crypto ‘81). For the second compiler we require dual-mode commitments. We hope that our work inspires more research on classes of (efficient) 3-move protocols where Fiat–Shamir is (efficiently) instantiable
Fiat-Shamir for highly sound protocols is instantiable
Full text linkThe Fiat–Shamir (FS) transformation (Fiat and Shamir, Crypto '86) is a popular paradigm for constructing very efficient non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) arguments and signature schemes from a hash function and any three-move interactive protocol satisfying certain properties. Despite its wide-spread applicability both in theory and in practice, the known positive results for proving security of the FS paradigm are in the random oracle model only, i.e., they assume that the hash function is modeled as an external random function accessible to all parties. On the other hand, a sequence of negative results shows that for certain classes of interactive protocols, the FS transform cannot be instantiated in the standard model.
We initiate the study of complementary positive results, namely, studying classes of interactive protocols where the FS transform does have standard-model instantiations. In particular, we show that for a class of “highly sound” protocols that we define, instantiating the FS transform via a q-wise independent hash function yields NIZK arguments and secure signature schemes. In the case of NIZK, we obtain a weaker “q-bounded” zero-knowledge flavor where the simulator works for all adversaries asking an a-priori bounded number of queries q; in the case of signatures, we obtain the weaker notion of random-message unforgeability against q-bounded random message attacks.
Our main idea is that when the protocol is highly sound, then instead of using random-oracle programming, one can use complexity leveraging. The question is whether such highly sound protocols exist and if so, which protocols lie in this class. We answer this question in the affirmative in the common reference string (CRS) model and under strong assumptions. Namely, assuming indistinguishability obfuscation and puncturable pseudorandom functions we construct a compiler that transforms any 3-move interactive protocol with instance-independent commitments and simulators (a property satisfied by the Lapidot–Shamir protocol, Crypto '90) into a compiled protocol in the CRS model that is highly sound. We also present a second compiler, in order to be able to start from a larger class of protocols, which only requires instance-independent commitments (a property for example satisfied by the classical protocol for quadratic residuosity due to Blum, Crypto '81). For the second compiler we require dual-mode commitments.
We hope that our work inspires more research on classes of (efficient) 3-move protocols where Fiat–Shamir is (efficiently) instantiable
Efficient public-key cryptography with bounded leakage and tamper resilience
Full text linkWe revisit the question of constructing public-key encryption and signature schemes with security in the presence of bounded leakage and tampering memory attacks. For signatures we obtain the first construction in the standard model; for public-key encryption we obtain the first construction free of pairing (avoiding non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs). Our constructions are based on generic building blocks, and, as we show, also admit efficient instantiations under fairly standard number-theoretic assumptions.
The model of bounded tamper resistance was recently put forward by Damgård et al. (Asiacrypt 2013) as an attractive path to achieve security against arbitrary memory tampering attacks without making hardware assumptions (such as the existence of a protected self-destruct or key-update mechanism), the only restriction being on the number of allowed tampering attempts (which is a parameter of the scheme). This allows to circumvent known impossibility results for unrestricted tampering (Gennaro et al., TCC 2010), while still being able to capture realistic tampering attack
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