1,721,168 research outputs found
The five factors of personality and personal values: an update with the refined theory
No full textA large body of research focused on the relationship between the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits and Schwartz's basic values. Existing studies, however, have considered Schwartz's theory in its classical form, which identifies 10 broad values. This is the first study to examine this relationship by using the recent refinement of the value theory, which adopts a finer partitioning of the motivational continuum. It examined the associations between the FFM, as measured by the NEO PI-R, and the 19 values in the refined theory (n = 296, 49 % male, 51 % female). Results appear to suggest that a more precise insight into how the five factors relate to the whole system of values can be attained by considering a narrower conceptualization of values. For example, Conscientiousness exhibited the strongest association with Conformity-Rules (i.e., compliance with rules and formal obligations) but was unrelated with Conformity-Interpersonal (i.e., avoidance of upsetting others). This latter correlated highly with Agreeableness. Failing to differentiate between the two Conformity subtypes may have weakened the correlation with traits in earlier studies. Findings were discussed regarding subtypes of the original 10 and newly defined values in the refined theory that showed distinct patterns of correlation with personality traits
Paralarval octopods of the Florida Current
No full textRoper, Clyde F.E., Gutierrez, A., Vecchione, M. (2013): Paralarval octopods of the Florida Current. Journal of Natural History 49 (21-24): 1281-1304, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.802046, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.80204
Basic personal values in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: A two-wave longitudinal study
No full textThis study investigated value change during two phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, one of the most affected countries in the world. The first wave of data was collected in summer 2020, when the virus was on the retreat. The second wave was collected in autumn, at the peak of the second pandemic wave (November 2020). We investigated how Schwartz’s higher-order values changed over the two waves of the study, using economic condition as a predictor of change. We also examined whether value change predicted subsequent value-expressive behavior. Results showed no mean-level change for self-enhancement, self-transcendence, conservation, and openness to change values, but significant interindividual differences in the amount of change for each of the four values. Economic condition emerged as a significant predictor of change in conservation values: Individuals with a decreasing income since the beginning of the pandemic were more likely to increase the importance assigned to these values with respect to individuals whose economic well-being has remained unchanged. Moreover, an increase in conservation and openness to change values predicted behaviors that are mostly expressive of these values, above and beyond value importance at Time 1. Results and their implications for the study of values are discussed
Mean-level change of perfectionism in late childhood: a 2-year longitudinal investigation
No full textWe examined patterns of mean-level change in striving for perfection, self-critical perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism over two years in late childhood. The study involved five waves of data and a total of 377 children (43% girls) with a mean age of 10.66 years (SD = 0.56) at time 1. Growth curve models were used to investigate the development trajectories of perfectionism and how they differ by gender. We also examined whether initial levels and rates of change in children’s perfectionism predict subsequent self-esteem and school engagement levels. Results indicated a small but significant decline in striving for perfection and socially prescribed perfectionism for both genders. Self-critical perfectionism also decreased significantly, but only among boys. The three development trajectories were positively interrelated, suggesting that children who increased over time in one aspect of perfectionism tended to increase also in the others. Nonetheless, different prospective associations with self-esteem and school engagement were found for the three dimensions. Initial levels of striving for perfection displayed positive effects on both variables at time 5, while initial levels of socially prescribed perfectionism had negative effects. Additionally, increasing levels of striving for perfection were related to higher school engagement, above and beyond initial levels of perfectionism. Increasing levels of socially prescribed perfectionism were related to lower self-esteem. Results are discussed and linked to earlier findings on patterns of change in perfectionism during childhood and adolescence
An Italian adaptation of the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: testing measurement invariance across grade levels and exploring associations with academic achievement
Full text linkThis study aims to examine the properties of an Italian version of the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS), one of the most widely used instrument for the assessment of self-oriented (SOP) and socially-prescribed (SPP) perfectionism in young people. The study was conducted on two large samples of middle (n = 379, Mage = 11.31) and high school (n = 451, Mage = 15.21) students. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the expected three-factor structure, comprising SOP-Striving, SOP-Critical, and SPP. Multigroup analyses provided evidence of configural, metric, and (partial) scalar measurement invariance across grade levels. Structural invariance (i.e., the invariance of factor variances and covariances) was also established. The scale scores exhibited a differentiated pattern of relations with personality traits and academic achievement, as measured by school grades: SOP-Critical and SPP were positively related to neuroticism and have adverse effects on grades of middle and high school students, respectively. SOP-Striving, by contrast, was positively related to conscientiousness and predicted higher grades. The SOP-Striving-achievement relation was consistent across grade levels and held even after controlling for individual differences in conscientiousness and neuroticism. In sum, results from this study establish sound psychometric properties for an Italian version of the CAPS, providing support for the dual nature of self-oriented perfectionism among adolescents of different ages
Dynamic Self-Esteem: Assessment, Correlates and Predictors
No full textOver the last two decades, research on short-term self-esteem dynamics has increased and the value of
considering the temporal expression of the construct has been widely documented (Alessandri et al.,
2016). As currently understood, state self-esteem fluctuates around a relatively fixed level because of
both the individual’s appraisal of situational factors, such as positive and negative events in daily life
(Greenier et al., 1999) and the possession of personality traits (e.g., emotional stability) that leads some
people to be more emotionally reactive than others (Watson et al., 2002). These fluctuations carry
important consequences for individuals’ health and physiological adjustment (Alessandri et al., 2023).
This special issue has been conceived as an answer to the need to map the status of research in dynamic
self-esteem expression
Propensione al rischio e investimenti: un contributo alla validazione italiana della declared risk-taking scale e della investment risk- taking scale
No full textValues and tourists' sustainable behaviours: An overview of studies and discussion of some theoretical, methodological and management issues
No full textThis conceptual paper offers a theoretical and methodological analysis on the use of values for understanding and managing tourists' environmentally sustainable choices. The aim is to provide a deeper discussion of the limits identified by recent reviews of the literature and to suggest additional ones. Moreover, we show how research in social and environmental psychology can help tourism scholars and practitioners to deal more effectively with them. Particular attention is paid to identifying the key aspects that characterize the different concepts and measures of values that are relevant to this topic. Suggestions for improving the effective use of this construct for research and management applications are provided. Possible avenues for consolidating, as well as broadening, the theoretical and practical foundations of this concept's use in the domain of tourists' sustainable behaviour are also discussed
Resilient, Undercontrolled, and Overcontrolled Personality Types across Cultures
No full textIn this chapter, we review the recent literature exploring the generality of the Resilient, Under-controlled, and Over-controlled (RUO) types in describing individual personality, using measures of the Big Five factors of personality. The theoretical roots of the three types are delineated with special attention to the classical person-centered approach. Then we focus our attention on studies attesting the existence and the value of the RUO types across different cultures. We will argue that, despite some incongruence among studies, cross-cultural studies clearly attest to the recurrence of three reliable configurations of the Big Five personality traits that generally correspond to the RUO types. In the second part of the chapter, we offer a broad perspective on the current status of research on the RUO types. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and heuristic value of types, critically evaluating empirical proofs sustaining the temporal stability and the replicability of the three types across different samples and cultures. The role of typological approaches within the contemporary debate on the objectives of personality psychology is also discussed
Development and validation of a short version of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ-S)
No full textWe conducted three studies (total n = 998) aimed at developing and validating a shortened version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (i.e., the RST-PQ-S). In Study 1 (n = 341), twenty-two items were selected from the original RST-PQ, based on both theoretical and empirical criteria. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on this short-form supported the six-factor structure comprising: FFFS, BIS, and four BAS components (Reward Interest, Goal Drive-Persistence, Reward Reactivity, and Impulsivity). The six scale scores showed adequate levels of internal consistency. Construct validity was supported by correlations with established personality measures. In Study 2 (n = 340), CFA results were cross-validated in an independent sample and construct validity was supported by correlations with BIS/BAS scales. In Study 3 (n = 317) test-retest correlations showed acceptable-to-good levels of temporal stability over a four-week interval. Results revealed a substantial overlap with original, full-length RST-PQ, providing evidence for the comparability of the two versions. Latent State-Trait analyses showed that the items of the RST-PQ-S mostly capture interindividual differences that are stable across situations. Taken together, findings indicate that the RST-PQ-S provides an efficient, valid and reliable alterative to the longer RST-PQ
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