389 research outputs found
Effects of maternal corticosterone and stress on behavioral and hormonal indices of formalin pain in male and female offspring of different ages
No full textIn previous studies, we showed for the first time that prenatal stress in rats produces long-term alterations of formalin-induced pain behavior that are dependent on age and sex, and we demonstrated an important role of the serotonergic system in mechanisms of prenatal stress (Butkevich, I.P. and Vershinina, E.A., 2001; Butkevich, I.P. and Vershinina, E.A., 2003; Butkevich, I.P., Mikhailenko, V.A., Vershinina, E.A., Khozhai, L.I., Grigorev, I.P., Otellin, V.A., 2005; Butkevich, I.P., Mikhailenko, V.A., Khozhai, L.I., Otellin, V.A., 2006). In the present study, we focus on the influence of the maternal corticosterone milieu and its role in the effects of stress during pregnancy on formalin-induced pain and the corticosterone response to it in male and female offspring of different ages. For this purpose, we used adrenalectomy (AD) in female rats 3-4 weeks before mating (as distinct from AD typically performed at the beginning of pregnancy). Since AD is considered a reliable method to treat hypercortisolism, researches on the effects of long-term AD in dams on the systems responsible for adaptive behavior in offspring are important (such studies are not described in the literature). The results demonstrate that the differences in the corticosterone response to injection of formalin and saline are obvious in 90-day-old (adult) female offspring but masked in 25-day-old ones. AD promoted the corticosterone response to formalin-induced pain but not to injection of saline in prenatally non-stressed female offspring of both ages. Prenatal stress canceled the differences in corticosterone response to injection of formalin and saline in 25-day-old offspring of AD dams and in adult offspring of sham-operated (SH) dams but caused similar differences in adult offspring of AD dams. Sex differences were found in basal corticosterone levels in AD prenatally stressed rats of both age groups, with a higher level in females, and in the corticosterone response to formalin-induced pain in the adult rats of all groups investigated, with higher corticosterone levels in females. In regard to pain behavior, AD induced significant changes in flexing+shaking in prenatally non-stressed adult offspring and canceled the differences in this behavior between non-stressed and stressed 25-day-old offspring. There were sex differences in pain behavior of the adult rats: greater flexing+shaking in AD non-stressed males but in SH non-stressed females; greater licking in prenatally-stressed AD and SH females. These results indicate that the long-term influences of maternal corticosterone on formalin-induced pain and the corticosterone response to it are determined by the sex and age of the offspring and suggest that other mechanisms, including serotonergic ones revealed in our previous studies, are involved in the effects of prenatal stress on inflammatory pain behavior
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DISORDERS ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ODESSA REGIONAL CHARITY FUND FOR THE REHABILITATION OF DISABLED CHILDREN "FUTURE" / ФІЗИЧНА РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЯ ДІТЕЙ З РУХОВИМИ ПОРУШЕННЯМИ НА ДОСВІДІ ОДЕСЬКОГО ОБЛАСНОГО БЛАГОДІЙНОГО ФОНДУ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ ДІТЕЙ-ІНВАЛІДІВ «МАЙБУТНЄ»
No full textMikhailenko V. E., Mikhailenko V. L., Osipenko A. S. PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DISORDERS ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ODESSA REGIONAL CHARITY FUND FOR THE REHABILITATION OF DISABLED CHILDREN “FUTURE”. Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини / Actual problems of transport medicine / 2019;4(58):72-81. ISSN 1818-9385
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3594879
http://aptm.org.ua
PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR
DISORDERS ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ODESSA REGIONAL
CHARITY FUND FOR THE REHABILITATION OF DISABLED
CHILDREN “FUTURE”
V. E. Mikhailenko, V. L. Mikhailenko, A. S. Osipenko
Odessa Regional Charitable Foundation for Rehabilitation disabled children
“Future”, Odessa, Ukraine
Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
Reference
The majority of children with musculoskeletal disorders are children with cerebral palsy (89 %). The prevalence of cerebral palsy in Ukraine is 2.5 % per 1,000 newborns. At present, many methods of treatment and rehabilitation of children with central and peripheral nervous system lesions have been proposed, which leads to pronounced motor disorders, but researchers have not reached the common view for optimal selection and combination of rehabilitation methods. The purpose of our work was to trace and identify the most effective methods of physical rehabilitation for children with organic lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system in the form of disorders of the musculoskeletal system of all ages and various motor disorders according to the international classification of large motor functions (GMFCS) that can be adapted and applied in the complex rehabilitation on the basis of the Odessa regional charitable fund for the rehabilitation of disabled children “Future”. We studied the following methods of physical rehabilitation: Vojta-therapy, Bobath-therapy, Neurokinetherapy (Smoljaninov A. method), Sensory integration (SI), Therapeutic physical culture, Rehabilitation cage, Tyrosolution, GEO — system, Lokomat, Lokosistema, Dynamic proprioceptive correction (DPC), Mechanotherapy, Hydrokinesiotherapy, Kinesio taping. It was traced for the rehabilitation of 2012 patients aged 2-16 years old with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy I, II, III, IV levels of motor disorders in the International Classification of Large Motor Functions (GMFCS) for 1 year. Patients during the course of rehabilitation (2 weeks) received complex rehabilitation, observations were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the course of treatment. We have developed and adapted for our center a protocol for the appointment of physical rehabilitation methods. Our conclusions — it is necessary to apply in the treatment of various methods of physical rehabilitation, which allows expanding the range of assistance to patients with damage to the central and peripheral nervous system, which leads to severe motor disorders.
Keywords: cerebral palsy, complex rehabilitation, methods of physical rehabilitation
Plasma Physics Reports V. 26, I. 02
No full textleave(s) : ill; 28 cm.Plasma Physics Reports -- February 2000
Volume 26, Issue 2, pp. 87-176
TOKAMAKS
Numerical Analysis of the Safety Factor and Effective Ion Mass in a Tokamak Plasma with the Help of the Discrete Alfv�n Wave Spectrum
A. Yu. Novikov and A. V. Dobryakov
pp. 87-108 Full Text: PDF (272 kB)
Evaluation of the Ion Temperature Profile from Measurements of the DD Fusion Products in the T-10 Tokamak
V. S. Zaveryaev, V. D. Maisyukov[dagger], S. V. Popovichev, A. V. Khramenkov, and A. P. Shevchenko
pp. 109-114 Full Text: PDF (86 kB)
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS
Formation of the Flow of Fast Electrons in the Plasma of the AMBAL-M Device
S. Yu. Taskaev
pp. 115-118 Full Text: PDF (52 kB)
PLASMA OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Resonance of the Larmor Drift with Plasma Oscillations
A. V. Timofeev
pp. 119-128 Full Text: PDF (127 kB)
PLASMA DYNAMICS
Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Energy of Deuterium Ions Accelerated in the Collision of Magnetosonic Shock Waves
G. N. Dudkin, B. A. Nechaev, and V. N. Padalko
pp. 129-132 Full Text: PDF (63 kB)
Self-Consistent Electron and Ion Motion in a High-Current Plasma Channel
G. V. Karpov
pp. 133-138 Full Text: PDF (75 kB)
PLASMA INSTABILITY
Decay Instability of a Lower Hybrid Wave
D. I. Maslennikov, V. S. Mikhailenko, and K. N. Stepanov
pp. 139-146 Full Text: PDF (113 kB)
PLASMA TURBULENCE
Polarization of Electromagnetic Radiation at the Second Harmonic of the Electron Gyrofrequency in a Turbulent Plasma
V. V. Tirskii, V. G. Ledenev, and V. M. Tomozov
pp. 147-151 Full Text: PDF (70 kB)
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
Measurements of the Electron Distribution Function in the AMBAL-M Startup Plasma by an Electrostatic Analyzer
T. D. Akhmetov, V. I. Davydenko, and S. Yu. Taskaev
pp. 152-156 Full Text: PDF (74 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMAS
Transition of a Multipin Negative Corona in Atmospheric Air to a Glow Discharge
Yu. S. Akishev, M. E. Grushin, I. V. Kochetov, A. P. Napartovich, M. V. Pan'kin, and N. I. Trushkin
pp. 157-163 Full Text: PDF (160 kB)
Kinetic Theory of a Gas-Discharge Positive Column and Wall Sheath
S. A. Dvinin, V. A. Dovzhenko, and A. A. Kuzovnikov
pp. 164-173 Full Text: PDF (128 kB)
Optical Characteristics of the Plasma of a Transverse Volume Discharge in a Ne/Ar/SiH4 Mixture
A. K. Shuaibov
pp. 174-176 Full Text: PDF (39 kB)The content contained herein is maintained and curated by the Preservation Department.This record is revised and maintained by the content administrators from the Cataloging & Metadata Department
Plasma Physics Reports V. 26, I. 02
No full textPlasma Physics Reports -- February 2000
Volume 26, Issue 2, pp. 87-176
TOKAMAKS
Numerical Analysis of the Safety Factor and Effective Ion Mass in a Tokamak Plasma with the Help of the Discrete Alfvén Wave Spectrum
A. Yu. Novikov and A. V. Dobryakov
pp. 87-108 Full Text: PDF (272 kB)
Evaluation of the Ion Temperature Profile from Measurements of the DD Fusion Products in the T-10 Tokamak
V. S. Zaveryaev, V. D. Maisyukov[dagger], S. V. Popovichev, A. V. Khramenkov, and A. P. Shevchenko
pp. 109-114 Full Text: PDF (86 kB)
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS
Formation of the Flow of Fast Electrons in the Plasma of the AMBAL-M Device
S. Yu. Taskaev
pp. 115-118 Full Text: PDF (52 kB)
PLASMA OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Resonance of the Larmor Drift with Plasma Oscillations
A. V. Timofeev
pp. 119-128 Full Text: PDF (127 kB)
PLASMA DYNAMICS
Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Energy of Deuterium Ions Accelerated in the Collision of Magnetosonic Shock Waves
G. N. Dudkin, B. A. Nechaev, and V. N. Padalko
pp. 129-132 Full Text: PDF (63 kB)
Self-Consistent Electron and Ion Motion in a High-Current Plasma Channel
G. V. Karpov
pp. 133-138 Full Text: PDF (75 kB)
PLASMA INSTABILITY
Decay Instability of a Lower Hybrid Wave
D. I. Maslennikov, V. S. Mikhailenko, and K. N. Stepanov
pp. 139-146 Full Text: PDF (113 kB)
PLASMA TURBULENCE
Polarization of Electromagnetic Radiation at the Second Harmonic of the Electron Gyrofrequency in a Turbulent Plasma
V. V. Tirskii, V. G. Ledenev, and V. M. Tomozov
pp. 147-151 Full Text: PDF (70 kB)
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
Measurements of the Electron Distribution Function in the AMBAL-M Startup Plasma by an Electrostatic Analyzer
T. D. Akhmetov, V. I. Davydenko, and S. Yu. Taskaev
pp. 152-156 Full Text: PDF (74 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMAS
Transition of a Multipin Negative Corona in Atmospheric Air to a Glow Discharge
Yu. S. Akishev, M. E. Grushin, I. V. Kochetov, A. P. Napartovich, M. V. Pan'kin, and N. I. Trushkin
pp. 157-163 Full Text: PDF (160 kB)
Kinetic Theory of a Gas-Discharge Positive Column and Wall Sheath
S. A. Dvinin, V. A. Dovzhenko, and A. A. Kuzovnikov
pp. 164-173 Full Text: PDF (128 kB)
Optical Characteristics of the Plasma of a Transverse Volume Discharge in a Ne/Ar/SiH4 Mixture
A. K. Shuaibov
pp. 174-176 Full Text: PDF (39 kB)Archived web conten
Plasma Physics Reports V. 26, I. 07
No full textPlasma Physics Reports -- July 2000
Volume 26, Issue 7, pp. 539-632
TOKAMAKS
Simulation of START Shots with the Canonical Profile Transport Model
Yu. N. Dnestrovskij, M. P. Gryaznevich, A. Yu. Dnestrovskij, J. W. Connor, S. E. Lysenko, K. N. Tarasyan, S. V. Cherkasov, and M. J. Walsh
pp. 539-549 Full Text: PDF (146 kB)
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS
Pseudosymmetry Near a Magnetic Surface in a Plasma Confinement System
A. A. Skovoroda
pp. 550-559 Full Text: PDF (119 kB)
PLASMA DYNAMICS
Formation of Current Sheets in Structurally Stable and Structurally Unstable Magnetic Configurations with Two Null Lines
S. V. Bulanov, E. Yu. Echkina, I. N. Inovenkov, F. Pegoraro, and V. V. Pichushkin
pp. 560-574 Full Text: PDF (597 kB)
PLASMA TURBULENCE
Parametric Turbulence–Sustained Gas Discharges
A. I. Akhiezer, V. S. Mikhailenko, V. V. Ol'shansky, and K. N. Stepanov
pp. 575-585 Full Text: PDF (167 kB)
DUSTY PLASMA
Analysis of the Formation of Ordered Dust-Grain Structures in a Thermal Plasma
A. A. Samarian, O. S. Vaulina, A. P. Nefedov, and O. F. Petrov
pp. 586-591 Full Text: PDF (89 kB)
PLASMA ELECTRONICS
Tunable Plasma Relativistic Microwave Amplifier
A. V. Ponomarev, P. S. Strelkov, and A. G. Shkvarunets
pp. 592-597 Full Text: PDF (99 kB)
Generation of Broadband Radio Pulses by a New-Type Reflex Triode with a Virtual Cathode
S. V. Bulychev, A. E. Dubinov, V. S. Zhdanov, I. L. L'vov, S. A. Sadovoy, V. D. Selemir, and V. N. Khaldeev
pp. 598-601 Full Text: PDF (72 kB)
NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
Thomson Scattering in a Plasma Created by a Short Intense Laser Pulse
M. V. Chegotov
pp. 602-605 Full Text: PDF (55 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA
Negative-Polarity Fast Ionization Wave in Molecular Gases: Electric Field, Electron Density, and Energy Branching
N. B. Anikin, S. M. Starikovskaia, and A. Yu. Starikovskii
pp. 606-616 Full Text: PDF (220 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in Crossed Laser Beams
É. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 617-620 Full Text: PDF (73 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in a Gravitational Field
É. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 621-625 Full Text: PDF (88 kB)
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Ion Separation by a Curved Magnetic Field in a Multicomponent Plasma
A. V. Timofeev
pp. 626-627 Full Text: PDF (32 kB)
Pair Correlation Function for a Dusty Plasma
S. A. Maiorov
pp. 628-631 Full Text: PDF (49 kB)
NEW BOOKS
New Textbook on Plasma Electrodynamics: A. F. Aleksandrov and A. A. Rukhadze, Course on Electrodynamics of Plasmalike Media (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1999)
p. 632 Full Text: PDF (15 kB)Archived web conten
Plasma Physics Reports V. 26, I. 07
No full textdc.description[en_US]Plasma Physics Reports -- July 2000
Volume 26, Issue 7, pp. 539-632
TOKAMAKS
Simulation of START Shots with the Canonical Profile Transport Model
Yu. N. Dnestrovskij, M. P. Gryaznevich, A. Yu. Dnestrovskij, J. W. Connor, S. E. Lysenko, K. N. Tarasyan, S. V. Cherkasov, and M. J. Walsh
pp. 539-549 Full Text: PDF (146 kB)
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS
Pseudosymmetry Near a Magnetic Surface in a Plasma Confinement System
A. A. Skovoroda
pp. 550-559 Full Text: PDF (119 kB)
PLASMA DYNAMICS
Formation of Current Sheets in Structurally Stable and Structurally Unstable Magnetic Configurations with Two Null Lines
S. V. Bulanov, E. Yu. Echkina, I. N. Inovenkov, F. Pegoraro, and V. V. Pichushkin
pp. 560-574 Full Text: PDF (597 kB)
PLASMA TURBULENCE
Parametric Turbulence���Sustained Gas Discharges
A. I. Akhiezer, V. S. Mikhailenko, V. V. Ol'shansky, and K. N. Stepanov
pp. 575-585 Full Text: PDF (167 kB)
DUSTY PLASMA
Analysis of the Formation of Ordered Dust-Grain Structures in a Thermal Plasma
A. A. Samarian, O. S. Vaulina, A. P. Nefedov, and O. F. Petrov
pp. 586-591 Full Text: PDF (89 kB)
PLASMA ELECTRONICS
Tunable Plasma Relativistic Microwave Amplifier
A. V. Ponomarev, P. S. Strelkov, and A. G. Shkvarunets
pp. 592-597 Full Text: PDF (99 kB)
Generation of Broadband Radio Pulses by a New-Type Reflex Triode with a Virtual Cathode
S. V. Bulychev, A. E. Dubinov, V. S. Zhdanov, I. L. L'vov, S. A. Sadovoy, V. D. Selemir, and V. N. Khaldeev
pp. 598-601 Full Text: PDF (72 kB)
NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
Thomson Scattering in a Plasma Created by a Short Intense Laser Pulse
M. V. Chegotov
pp. 602-605 Full Text: PDF (55 kB)
LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA
Negative-Polarity Fast Ionization Wave in Molecular Gases: Electric Field, Electron Density, and Energy Branching
N. B. Anikin, S. M. Starikovskaia, and A. Yu. Starikovskii
pp. 606-616 Full Text: PDF (220 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in Crossed Laser Beams
�. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 617-620 Full Text: PDF (73 kB)
Continuous Optical Discharge in a Gravitational Field
�. B. Kulumbaev and V. M. Lelevkin
pp. 621-625 Full Text: PDF (88 kB)
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Ion Separation by a Curved Magnetic Field in a Multicomponent Plasma
A. V. Timofeev
pp. 626-627 Full Text: PDF (32 kB)
Pair Correlation Function for a Dusty Plasma
S. A. Maiorov
pp. 628-631 Full Text: PDF (49 kB)
NEW BOOKS
New Textbook on Plasma Electrodynamics: A. F. Aleksandrov and A. A. Rukhadze, Course on Electrodynamics of Plasmalike Media (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1999)
p. 632 Full Text: PDF (15 kB)dc.description.contributor[en_US]dc.description.contributor[en_US
Heterogeneity of the infant stage of rat development: inflammatory pain response, depression-related behavior, and effects of prenatal stress
No full textThe infant stage of rat development is a very important period for potential correction of adverse consequences produced by negative prenatal events. However the age limit for this correction needs to be investigated. The last prenatal and first two weeks after birth are "critical" for maturation of the nociceptive and emotional systems. Clinical observations suggest a correlation between persistent pain response and emotional behavior. In infant male rats of different ages, we studied indices of the inflammatory pain response (the number of flexes+shakes in the formalin test), depression-related behavior (immobility in the forced swim test) and the relations between them, as well as the effects of prenatal stress on these indices. Furthermore, we assessed the trend of body weight and the relations between body weight and the depression- and pain-related behaviors. We demonstrate heterogeneity of the infant stage: control prenatally non-stressed rat pups showed significantly lower immobility at 7 days of age than at 10 days; prenatal stress caused an increase of immobility and the number of flexes+shakes in 7-8-day-old pups but not in 10-11-day-olds. These findings should be taken into account in the treatment of abnormalities of emotional and inflammatory pain-related behaviors produced by prenatal stressful events. The present data and our previous findings indicate that the deficiency of body weight in prenatally stressed newborns may predict the development of abnormalities in inflammatory pain-related responses during postnatal ontogeny
20 лет итальянистике на Урале
No full textНа вопросы журнала отвечает декан факультета международных отношений Уральского государственного университета им. А. М. Горького, заслуженный деятель науки, доктор исторических наук, профессор Валерий Иванович Михайленко.Magazine questions are answered with the dean of faculty of the international relations of the Ural State University named after M.Gorky, the honored worker of a science, the doctor of historical sciences, professor Valery Ivanovich Mikhailenko
Fe3+ distribution and Fe3+/sigma Fe-Oxygen fugacity variations in Kimberlite-Borne Eclogite Xenoliths, with comments on Clinopyroxene-Garnet Oxy-thermobarometry
No full textThe valence state of iron in mantle-derived melts, such as mid-ocean ridge basalt, is a useful proxy for oxygen fugacity (integral O-2). On subduction, oceanic crust undergoes metamorphic reactions that alter its initial integral O-2, generating compositional and redox heterogeneity in the supra-subduction zone and in the convecting mantle source of oceanic basalts. Kimberlite-borne eclogite xenoliths with ancient oceanic crustal protoliths represent an important archive to trace these processes in deep time. We determined, by Mossbauer spectroscopy, Fe3+/sigma Fe for garnet (0.03-0.15, average 0.08; n = 13) and clinopyroxene (0.05-0.37, average 0.23; n = 11) in bimineralic eclogite xenoliths from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Siberian craton), combined the results with high-quality literature data to estimate bulk Fe3+/sigma Fe and integral O-2, assessed associated uncertainties and discussed petrological implications. The incorporation of Fe3+ in, and distribution between, eclogite minerals is controlled by chemical composition (X), temperature (T), pressure (P) and integral O-2. Therefore, Fe3+/sigma Fe in garnet alone is an imperfect proxy for bulk Fe3+/sigma Fe. Values for the distribution of Fe3+/sigma Fe between clinopyroxene and garnet (D(Fe3+/sigma Fe)(cpx-grt)) range from 1.4 +/- 0.1 to 20 +/- 13 and correlate strongly with the abundance distribution of another polyvalent element, vanadium (r(2) = 0.80, n = 28), probably because both vary as a function of X-T-P-integral O-2. This allows to estimate Fe3+/sigma Fe in clinopyroxene and bulk rocks (0.01-0.32, average 0.06, n = 159) for the majority of literature data where only garnet Fe3+/sigma Fe is known. Low Fe3+/sigma Fe is retained in many high-Al2O3 eclogites with plagioclase-rich cumulate protoliths (Eu/Eu*> > 1), despite extended residence in the cratonic lithosphere. Bulk Fe3+/sigma Fe increases during mantle metasomatism but is not particularly linked to enrichment in highly incompatible elements. Low grossular content in garnet ensuing from mantle metasomatism, especially at low temperature, limits uptake of Fe3+, which is accommodated in clinopyroxene instead, leading to very high D(Fe3+/sigma Fe)(cpx-grt). Eclogite oxybarometry requires that Fe3+/sigma Fe of only garnet be known, whereby the input temperatures should be calculated with all Fe as Fe2+. For temperatures projected onto regional steady-state geothermal gradients, integral O-2 values relative to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer ( increment log integral O-2(FMQ)) range from -5.9 to -0.2 (average - 3.1, n = 174), and are too low to stabilise oxidised sulphur in all and oxidised carbon in the vast majority of samples. Thus, ancient oceanic crust was a sink rather than a source of oxygen. In particular CaO-rich eclogite xenoliths occasionally are corundum-bearing and SiO2-undersaturated, typically with silica-deficient clinopyroxene with cations per formula unit <1.97 for 6 O anions, resulting in overestimated integral O-2.For the remaining samples, cryptic metasomatism, with enrichment in highly incompatible elements, is clearly focused in the integral O-2 interval of FMQ-4 to FMQ-3, indicating that mantle metasomatism can have both an oxidising and a reducing effect on eclogite. Unmetasomatised bimineralic eclogites have lower integral O-2 than coesite-bearing ones, reflecting reduction during metamorphism and silica-consuming partial melting of ancient subducted oceanic crust
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