243 research outputs found
Count Nikolai P. Ignatiev (1832-1908): the history of a diplomatic career.
No full textČlánek je koncipován jako přehled diplomatické kariéry hraběte Nikolaje Pavloviče Ignatěva (1832-1908). Svou první zahraniční misi absolvoval jako vojenský atašé ve Velké Británii (1856-1857). Úspěšně vedl mise do Buchary a Chivy (1858) a do Pekingu (1860). Byl jedním z prvních ruských diplomatů, kteří považovali Velkou Británii za hlavního konkurenta Ruska, a stal se jedním z tvůrců tzv. Velké hry (Great Game), soupeření Ruska s Británií o vliv ve Střední Asii a na Středním východě. V letech 1861-1864 vedl Asijské oddělení Ministerstva zahraničních věcí, takže se zabýval také Osmanskou říší. Zároveň bylo jeho politické myšlení ovlivněno ideologií panslavismu. Ignatěv pokračoval jako velvyslanec v Konstantinopoli v letech 1864-1877 a sebevědomě posílil pozici Ruska v Bosporu a na Balkáně.Právě v Konstantinopoli si získal značnou mezinárodní slávu, ale výrazně negativní kvůli nepřátelství s Brity. I když byl schopným diplomatem, byl též velmi upovídaným intrikánem, což ho nakonec stálo kariéru. Ignatěv ztělesňoval ruské imperiální ambice, jak tradiční, tak i nové: proti Osmanské říši, Střední Asii, Dálnému východu. Byl jedním z prvních představitelů nové, divoké generace diplomatů, kteří příliš nevěřili ve spolupráci s evropskými mocnostmi (na rozdíl od kancléře A. K. Gorčakova a jeho okruhu) a spoléhal se více na ruskou moc. Ignatěv se také nebál využít rostoucího nacionalismu malých slovanských národů a panslavistických tendencí v Rusku a mezi balkánskými Slovany po krymské válce.Díky tomu všemu představoval typ diplomata, který se v ruské zahraniční politice stal běžnějším ve druhé polovině 19. století.The article is conceived as an overview of the diplomatic career of Count Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatiev (1832-1908). He completed his first foreign mission as a military attaché in the United Kingdom (1856-1857). He successfully led missions to Bukhara and Khiva (1858) and Beijing (1860). He was one of the first Russian diplomats to consider Great Britain as the main competitor of the Russian Empire and became one of the creators of the Great Game, Russia‘s rivalry with Britain for influence in Central Asia and the Middle East. In 1861-1864, he headed the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, so he also dealt with the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, his political thinking was influenced by the ideology of Panslavism. Ignatiev continued as an ambassador in Constantinople in 1864-1877 and confidently strengthened the position of Russia in the Bosphorus and the Balkans. It was in Constantinople that he earned considerable international fame, but significantly negative due to hostility with the British. Although he was a capable diplomat, he was also a very talkative schemer, which eventually cost him a career. Ignatiev personified Russia‘s imperial ambitions, both traditional and new: against the Ottoman Empire, Central Asia, the Far East. He was one of the first representatives of a new, ferocious generation of diplomats who did not believe very much in cooperation with European powers (unlike Chancellor A. K. Gorchakov and his circle) and relied more on Russian power. Ignatiev was also not afraid to exploit the growing nationalism of the small Slavic nations and the pan-Slavist tendencies in Russia and among the Balkan Slavs after the Crimean War. By all of this, he was a type of diplomat who had become more common in Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century
P-V characteristics output for various operating temperature values.
No full textP-V characteristics output for various operating temperature values.</p
Astronomy Letters, V. 28, I. 03
No full textAstronomy Letters -- March 2002
Volume 28, Issue 3, pp. 139-205
Parameters of the Early Universe and Primordial Black Holes
S. O. Alexeyev, M. V. Sazhin, and O. S. Khovanskaya
pp. 139-142 Full Text: PDF (126 kB)
Broadband Gravitational-Wave Pulses from Binary Neutron Stars in Eccentric Orbits
A. V. Gusev, V. B. Ignatiev, A. G. Kuranov, K. A. Postnov, and M. E. Prokhorov
pp. 143-149 Full Text: PDF (259 kB)
The Formation of X-ray Radiation in a Boundary Layer during Disk Accretion onto a Neutron Star
S. A. Grebenev and R. A. Sunyaev
pp. 150-162 Full Text: PDF (393 kB)
Comparison of Stellar Orbits in Various Models of the Galaxy
S. Ninkovic, V. V. Orlov, and A. V. Petrova
pp. 163-168 Full Text: PDF (168 kB)
New Magnetic Chemically Peculiar Stars
V. G. El'kin, D. O. Kudryavtsev, and I. I. Romanyuk
pp. 169-173 Full Text: PDF (151 kB)
An Electronic Version of Volume I of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars with Improved Coordinates
N. N. Samus', V. P. Goranskii, O. V. Durlevich, A. V. Zharova, E. V. Kazarovets, E. N. Pastukhova, M. L. Hazen, and T. M. Tsvetkova
pp. 174-181 Full Text: PDF (172 kB)
Determining the Acceleration Height of the Electrons Responsible for Bremsstrahlung Gamma-Ray Bursts with Energies Above 10 MeV during the Solar Flares of April 2, 1982, and March 26, 1991
Victoria G. Kurt and V. V. Akimov
pp. 182-186 Full Text: PDF (180 kB)
Interaction of Acoustic Oscillations with an Active Region on the Sun
O. V. Ladenkov, Sh. S. Kholikov, and Sh. A. Egamberdiev
pp. 187-194 Full Text: PDF (304 kB)
The Formation of Radio Brightening Bands Near Cool Filaments on the Sun
I. A. Bilenko and V. A. Kovalev
pp. 195-198 Full Text: PDF (130 kB)
Rotation Cycles of the Sector Structure of the Solar Magnetic Field and Its Activity
V. V. Vasil'eva, V. I. Makarov, and A. G. Tlatov
pp. 199-205 Full Text: PDF (215 kB)Archived web conten
Results of measurements with the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express: Clouds and dust at the end of southern summer. A comparison with OMEGA images
No full textWe discuss the results of measurements made with the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) onboard the Mars Express spacecraft. The data were obtained in the beginning of the mission and correspond to the end of summer in the southern hemisphere of Mars (L s ∼ 340°). Three orbits are considered, two of which passed through volcanoes Olympus and Ascraeus Mons (the height above the surface is about +20 km), while the third orbit intersects lowland Hellas (-7 km). The influence of the relief on the properties of the aerosol observed is demonstrated: clouds of water ice with a visual optical thickness of 0.1-0.5 were observed above volcanoes, while only dust was found during the observations (close in time) along the orbit passing through Hellas in low and middle latitudes. This dust is homogeneously mixed with gas and has a reduced optical thickness of 0.25±0.05 (at v = 1100 cm-1). In addition to orographic clouds, ice clouds were observed in this season in the northern polar region. The clouds seen in the images obtained simultaneously by the mapping spectrometer OMEGA confirm the PFS results. Temperature inversion is discovered in the north polar hood below the level 1 mbar with a temperature maximum at about 0.6 mbar. This inversion is associated with descending movements in the Hadley cell. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006
PFS-MEX observation of ices in the residual south polar cap of Mars
No full textThe Mars Express spacecraft has a highly inclined orbit around Mars and so has been able to observe the south pole of Mars in illuminated conditions at the end of the southern summer (Ls=330). Spectra from the planetary Fourier spectrometer (PFS) short wavelength (SW) channel were recorded over the permanent ice cap to study its composition in terms of CO2 ice and H2O ice. Models are fitted to the observed data, which include a spatial mixture of soil (not covered by ice) and CO2 frost (with a specific grain size and a small amount of included dust and H2O ice). Two different kinds of spectra were observed: those over the permanent polar cap with almost pure CO2 ice, negligible water ice, no soil fraction required, and bright; and those over mixed terrain (at the edge of the cap or near troughs) containing a significant soil spatial fraction, more water ice and smaller CO2 grain size. The amount of water ice given by fits to scaled albedo models is less than 10 ppm by weight. When using multi-stream reflectance models with the appropriate lighting geometry, the water amount must be 2-5 times greater than the albedo fit (less than 50 ppm). At the periphery of the residual polar cap, we found a region almost completely covered by water frost, modeled as a mixture of micron-sized and sub-mm sized grains. Our result using a granular mixture of micron-sized grains of water ice and dust with the CO2 grains is different from the modeling of OMEGA polar cap observations using molecular mixtures. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Oppositions and Antinomies of Modern Educational Reality
Get PDFThe article reveals some unresolved issues concerning the processes of planning, organizing, conducting and evaluating university education in modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to clarify what oppositions are currently being maintained, and what needs to be done to address problematic situations. Among the oppositions identified by the author, there are oppositions between the standardization and unification of education, which are opposed by the autonomy of universities and the individualization of the learning process; between thread-group organization of educational process, characteristic of the traditional system of higher education, and building of individual educational trajectory; between pedagogue-centered and student-centered paradigms of higher education; between the traditional system of education (teaching) and electronic learning (e-learning), between the old system of assessing students based on the exams in specific disciplines, and the need to determine the level of formation of competences; between academic and scientific models ofpostgraduate school.The following research methods were implemented: a theoretical method (analysis of scientific literature, legislative and normative documents, teaching materials, internal local acts relating to the organization of the educational activities of the University), interpretation (comprehensive and systematic study of the object of study, comparing different objects of study among themselves, summarizing their theoretical and practical experience, etc.). In the study, based on the identified oppositions in the organization of the educational process at the University - standardization and unification of education, the conclusions were made about the need for thorough and comprehensive analysis of the existing management system of higher education and suggestions for its improvement and bringing into line not only with the requirements of legislative and normative documents regulating activity of the Russian universities, but also taking into account the interests of all the stakeholders interested in the learning outcomes and the preparation of competitive specialists
TUNISIA AFTER THE EVENTS OF THE ARAB SPRING: THE CAUSES OF INSTABILITY
No full textIt is notable fact that Tunisia is the only country of North Africa and the Middle East where the Arab Spring of 2011 known as Jasmine Revolutionwas victorious. As a result, President Zine al-Abidine ben Ali resigned after two decades in power and left the country. In the wake of his resignationnew political elite implemented own democratic experiment that became politically successful, but caused many questions concerning thequality of economic reforms. The article deals with the most important reasons behind the instability of Tunisia after the victory of the people'suprising. The author defines essential fields of economic activity where reforms are badly needed and also formulates recommendations intendedto liberalize economy, keep in check corruption, and investments in interior regions.Keywords: Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, terrorism, tourism, pipelines
EGYPT UNDER THE RULE OF ABDEL FATTAH EL-SISI: INTERNAL CHALLENGES
No full textEgypt is the demographic giant of the world with strategic location at the crossroads between different continents. The country was under rule of military generals since 1952 and the first competitive presidential elections in its history took place only in 2012. The latest period of military rule under the President Hosni Mubarak lasted from 1981 till 2011. It was a time of a relative stability and the lack of crucial reforms when Egypt was supported by generous US aid and tourism expenditures. Is this about to change after the ≪Arab Spring≫ and short term of Mohammed Morsi’s presidency? Such issues as demographic explosion and high levels of unemployment, forced military conscription, the lack of affordable housing and scarcity of water resources are examined. The author makes an attempt to analyze how Egypt is trying to cope with those challenges under the rule of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. To this end he looks into the development of different spheres of economic activity like tourism, the transit via Suez Canal, remittances and cotton agriculture.</jats:p
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