17 research outputs found
Stop the rot!
No full textA paragraph cannot do justice to the biography of the Reverend Frank Chikane who has played many roles in the struggle for democracy. Outspoken ANC stalwart known for speaking out against corruption in the party, he has served as Director General in the Office of the President under Thabo Mbeki, General Secretary of the South African Council of Churches, moderator in the World Council of Churches, international president of the Apostolic Faith Mission and until recently pastor of its Naledi church in Soweto. Chikane was prominent in the United Democratic Front and constantly harassed by the apartheid security establishment, which tried to poison him. The author of many books and winner of many awards and internal accolades, his name is synonymous with the struggle against Apartheid
Automatic White Balance for Digital Camera
No full textFor many decades traditional cameras are used for taking photographs, however
nowadays consumers and users of the traditional cameras are more concerned about the
quality as well as quantity of the pictures, the use of traditional cameras creates some
limitations on both quality and quantity. In the recent years digital cameras have captured
the camera market. Although quality and quantity factors are considered, but consumers are
more nostalgic about the quality of the picture which is a complex subject involving
exposure accuracy, color fidelity, optics, and image compression techniques, where color
fidelity is affected by several factors which include automatic white balance.Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………..1
1.1 Pixels…………………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Color Temperature………………………………………………………………..........2
1.3 Spectral Power distribution………………………………………………………….....2
1.4 Color Constancy……………………………………………………………………….4
1.5 Advantage of b rC YC Color Space over RGB Color Space………………………...….4
Chapter 2 Basic Methods for Automatic White Balance………………...5
2.1 Gray World Assumption (GWA)………………………………………………...........5
2.2 Perfect Reflector Assumption (PRA)……………………………………………….....7
2.3 Fuzzy Rule Method (FRM)…………………………………………………………....9
2.3.1 Experiment...........................................................................................................10
Chapter 3 Chiou’s White Balance Method……………………………....14
3.1 White Point Detecting Unit………………………………………………………..…14
3.2 The White Balance Judging Unit………………………………………………….....18
3.3 The White Balance Adjusting Unit………………………………………………..…20
Chapter 4 White Balance……………………………………………........23
4.1 White Point Detection……………………………………………………………..…23
4.1.1 Influence of Light Source on Scene Colors…………………………………....23
4.1.2 Some Basic Methods Used for White Point Detection……………………..….24
Chapter 5 Method for Cr - Cb Range Minimization…………………….27
5.1 Histogram Equalization……………………………………………………………...27
5.1.1 Histogram Equalization of Gray-level Image………………………………….27
5.1.2 Histogram Equalization of Color Image…………………………………….…28
Chapter 6 White Point Detection…………………………………….......31
6.1 Chromaticity Values…………………………………………………………………31
6.2 White Point Detection……………………………………………………………......31
6.2.1 Brightest Pixel………………………………………………………………….31
6.2.2 Detection of Group of White Pixels………………………………………........33
Chapter 7 White Balance Adjustment………………………………..….34
7.1 Scale factors………………………………………………………………………….34
7.1.1 Scale Factors According to the White Point………………………………...…34
7.1.2 Scale Factors According to the GWA………………………………………….34
7.1.3 Selection of Scale Factors According to Color Cast………………...…………35
Chapter 8 Our Method……………………………………………..…….36
8.1 Overview of Our Method…………………………………………………………….36
8.1.1 White Object Purification……………………………………………...………36
8.1.2 White Point Detection………………………………………………………….37
8.1.3 White Balance Adjustment…………………………………………………….40
Chapter 9 Experimental Results…………………………………...…….42
9.1 Simulation Methods………………………………………………………………….42
9.2 Camera Specifications……………………………………………………………….42
9.3 Light Sources………………………………………………………………………...42
9.4 Test Images…………………………………………………………………………..43
9.4.1 Under Standard Light Sources………………………………………………...44
9.4.2 Natural and Household Light Sources………………………………………...46
9.4.3 Images of Varying Object Situations.................................................................47
9.5 Visual Results of Simulations..………………………………………………...……48
9.6 Evaluative Values of Simulations……………………………………………………68
9.7 Complexity…………………………………………………………………………...69
Chapter 10 Conclusions and Future Work...............................................71
10.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………...…….71
10.2 Future Work………………………………………………………………...………72
References……………………………………………………………..…..7
The history and politics of liberation archives at Fort Hare
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.This thesis, the first of its kind on liberation historiography, seeks to put the liberation movements archives housed at the University of Fort Hare in context. The thesis focuses mainly on the 1990s, when the repatriation of struggle material by Fort Hare working hand in glove with the liberation movements, mainly the African National Congress ANC), the Pan Africanist Congress(PAC) and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), was at its height
Tshenolo ya baanelwa ba Basadi ka bakwalakhutshwe ba Setswana (Tswana)
No full textThesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007.This investigation looks on how Setswana short story writers depict female characters in short stories as compared to their male counterparts. Four methods are employed in this study, namely: definition, interpretation, comparison and classification, to cast light on the problems of depiction of female characters. An adapted narratological model was considered most suitable for this study. In this model, when content is discussed, topic is emphasized, when plot structure is analysed, theme is highlighted and when style is examined, atmosphere is of paramount importance. Vital concepts related to the portrayal of female characters are (a) author, (b) text structure, (c) character, (d) womanism and (e) feminism. Discussions of the concept of the author tend to fall into two groups, namely: the real author and the author of the text. This second group, is also subdivided into three classes, which are biolographical, implied and abstract authors. The author as a person is the originator of the events, which are obviously related to the depiction of female characters. A biographical author is connected to real events, which are then used to describe female characters. An abstract author in this study is taken to mean the same as an implied author, because both types of voice disclose the information of the real author in the depiction of female characters. This information is the events through which female characters are portrayed in Setswana short stories. The structure of the text is examined as divided into three strata, namely: content, plot structure and style. Content is discussed as the events which will make up the plot have not been arranged by the author yet, that is are there before the text is written. This content layer has four elements, namely: events, characters, time and space, which are united into one unit by the topic. This topic controls all these elements. Plot structure is then the way in which the author as originator of the events arranges them. In the plot structure the four elements of the content are allocated different functions which revolve around one theme only. Analysis of plot structure is very important because it is where events related to female characters are arranged. Style is defined as a way in which an author uses language to expose his female characters when writing his short stories. The short story is divided in this study into two major types, namely: stories that simply inform and stories that entertain. Description of both types of short stories is given equal attention because the portrayal of female characters in many Setswana short stories is the aim of this examination. Character is the next concept examined in this study. Characters can be any of four types, namely: (a) content characters, (b) plot structure characters, (c) flat characters and (d) round characters. Content and plot structure characters differ in function in the plot. The distinction between flat and round characters lies in the manner in which they are described. These distinctions are important because this research focuses on female characters in the presentation selected Setswana short stories. Female characters can be portrayed by the author himself/herself, the narrator, the character himself/herself and/or by other characters. In these Setswana short stories female characters are usually portrayed as having no rights, which reflect all the mistakes made by people though not admitted by society in general. The portrayal of female characters can be approached using several categories, namely: womanism, experimental phase and feminism. Thus, analysis of selected Setswana short stories unravels how Setswana short story writers depict female characters, whether as womanists, women of the experimental phase or as feminists. Thus, this study divides the selected Setswana short stories into three groups, namely: stories of phase of womanism, stories of experimental phase and stories of phase of feminism, to find out whether depiction of female characters belong to only one of these three themes or to more than one. Stories of phase of womanism The study gives an investigation of womanism: Distinguishing characteristics related to womanism are: -- oppression and ill-treatment of female characters; -- discrimination and segregation of female characters; -- ignorance of female characters; -- the fact that female character should be beaten when they have done something wrong; and -- restriction of the role of female characters to taking care of their own families and the extended family. Setswana short story writers who write about womanism include Chikane ('Mafaratlhatlha a botshelo'and 'Sego sa metsi'), Magoleng and Ntsime ('Khutsana and 'Lerato le eseng lona'), Shole ('Seteropo ke sa gago' and 'Tlogela ngwanake'), Malope ('Le fa o ka e buela lengopeng…' and 'O nkutlwe') and Sikwane ('MmaModiegi'). These short story writers portray female characters living traditional lives even through events which address the issues of feminism. This vividly indicates that although life changes, women`s lives remain static, according to these Setswana short story writers. Stories of phase of feminism Feminism is the next concept explored by this study. The outstanding features which have been discovered in feminism attempts to: -- eradicate oppression of female characters; -- fight for equality amongst women and men in all spheres of life; -- remove segregation of and discrimination against female characters; and -- change the whole society. Setswana short story writers whose work explores the above aspects include Sikwane ('MmaModiegi'), Shole ('Seteropo ke sa gago' and 'Tlogela ngwanake’), Chikane ('Sego sa metsi') and Malope ('Bodiba jo bo jeleng ngwana `a mmaago…' and 'O nkutlwe'). These short story writers emphasize a change in the lives of female characters, describing the fight for equality for all so that each person becomes liberated. Stories of experimental phase Finally, this study examines the experimental phase which shares with both womanism and feminism. Setswana short story writers of the experimental phase intertwine these two approaches when they write their short stories. Features that are identified in both womanism and feminism are: -- the freedom of female characters; -- the liberation of the whole society; -- agreement on marriage and -- working together as a team to solve the problems of society. Malope is shown to be a Setswana short story writer who mixes womanism and feminism. What Malope stresses is that often female characters do not know where they stand, whether they belong to womanism or feminism, and so they end up living a double life.African Languagesunrestricte
Conceptualising Restorative Justice within Transitional Justice Framework
No full textThe concept of 'restorative justice' has in recent years been widely invoked in the transitional justice literature. The term is however often used loosely, inconsistently and in apparently different senses. This minor dissertation addresses this dilemma by bringing together three influential bodies of work on restorative justice and exploring what each body of work means by the term 'restorative justice'. The three bodies of work are that of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, criminal justice theorists and accounts of African Traditional Justice Mechanisms. With a clearer picture of what these respective sources mean when referring to restorative justice, the discussion then turns to the potential relevance and significance of these conceptions of restorative justice for transitional justice. The three bodies of work on restorative justice, while distinct in their own right, are brought into conversation through applying a uniform methodology. This methodology draws on John Rawls' distinction between concept and conception. Given that restorative justice is not concerned with the rules of ordinary language usage a conceptual analysis is not possible. What is possible is to follow a route of enquiry that explores the different conceptions of restorative justice reflected in each body of work. These conceptions are discussed against the backdrop of a transitional justice framework. This minor dissertation does not make any claims regarding the concept of restorative justice. Rather what are delivered are some findings about the conceptions of restorative justice that feature within the three bodies of work under discussion. The conceptions of 3 restorative justice differ in certain respects but also overlap in others. The crucial point of overlap concerns a sociological or relational approach to crime and wrongdoing which requires that all parties to a conflict are involved in its resolution. Herein lies the chief contribution of restorative justice to transitional justice, namely that restorative justice embodies what Jon Elster deems to be the task of transitional justice - that a society judge itself
Berliner Musen-Almanach (1830)
No full textBERLINER MUSEN-ALMANACH
Berliner Musen-Almanach (-)
Berliner Musen-Almanach (1830) (I)
Cover ( - )
Schutzumschlag mit Titel ( - )
Frontispiece ([1]v)
Titelseite (I)
Inhalts-Verzeichnis. (III)
Chinesisch-Deutsche Jahres- und Tageszeiten von Goethe. (1)
Der Liebsten Verherrlichung. Sonett. (17)
Trinklied am Namenstage Karls des Großen. (18)
Das Wort. (21)
Natürliches Wunder. (22)
Himmlische Revolution. (23)
Natur und Gesellschaft. (25)
Das Fischerhüttchen. (32)
Egoismus. (33)
Echo und Reim. (34)
Selbstkur. (35)
Morgenroth. (36)
Abendroth. (37)
Edler Entschluß. (38)
Muße und Muse. (39)
Das Frühlingsfest. (40)
Blumenorakel. (42)
Mein Alles. (44)
Schifferlied. (45)
Königinn Elianors Beichte. (46)
Champagnerlied. (50)
Wahl. (51)
Wintergruß. (52)
Der West als Kinderwärter. (53)
Ewiger Tod. (54)
Ewiges Leben. (55)
Brama spricht. (57)
Seufzer. (58)
Gestört. (59)
Vergeltung. (60)
Eins und Alles. (65)
Wandre - Andre. (67)
Wanderlied am Morgen. (68)
Noten: Die Langschläferin. ([1] gef.)
Die Langschläferin. (69)
Freimüthig. (71)
An einen Freund. (72)
Literarisch Wochenblatt. (72)
Trinklied für Gelehrte. (73)
Opfer. (75)
Freie Treue. (76)
Sturmlied der Kalmücken. (79)
Irdischer Moment. (81)
Leben aus Tod. (82)
Unser Brama. (83)
Versöhnung. (84)
Phantasie. (85)
Amen. (87)
Der Frühlingsfeind. (88)
Den Neuvermählten. (90)
Flitterwochen. (91)
Trinklied. (92)
Sängers Liebe. (94)
Die Sturmfarth. (95)
Dom Sanchez. (98)
Die Welle. (103)
Mein Röschen. (104)
Wettkampf der Liebe. (105)
Text. (107)
Abgelöst! (108)
Im Schauspielhause zu Berlin. (109)
Theekränzchen. (110)
Ueberlistet. (111)
Schöneres. (112)
Ständchen. (113)
Zuversicht (114)
Sich fassen. (115)
Eine Nacht auf Kamtschatka. (116)
Phaeton. (118)
Krise. (119)
Sardes. (121)
Unsterbliches Ich. (123)
Allwissen. (125)
Am Allgemeinen. (127)
Der Abgeordnete der Unterwelt. (128)
Sina paradisiaca. (130)
Schwierige Relation. (131)
Süßer Herr. (132)
Schlecht und Recht. (133)
Wunder. (134)
Poetik. (135)
Fromme Assemblee. (136)
Entgegnung. (137)
Fromme. (137)
Bescheiden. (137)
Minnelied. (138)
Schlachtlied. (140)
Comment. (141)
Treue. (142)
Ritterschlag. (143)
Rheinweinlied. (144)
Die Minute. (145)
Recept. (147)
Begeisterung. (148)
Sinesischer Poetenklub. (150)
An **** (151)
Beim Tauffeste eines Knaben zu singen. (152)
Für Sprödethuer. (156)
Der Tod. (157)
Ludwig von Baiern und Friedrich von Oestreich. (159)
Störung. (166)
Platon, ein Foliant. (167)
Indischer Affendienst. (168)
Endliche Fahrt. (170)
Nur Einmal. (171)
Das mondsüchtige Mädchen. (172)
Scheidegruß. (173)
An die Geliebte. (174)
Vorbedeutung. (176)
Souveränität. (177)
Demiurg. (178)
Das Triolett. (180)
Schönes Gedicht. (180)
Alkanzor. (181)
Guter Sinn. (190)
An **** (191)
Meine Meinung. (194)
Genius. (195)
Das Schlachtfeld von Zorndorf. 1828. (198)
Noten: Zugvögel. ([2] gef.)
Zugvögel. (201)
Höchste Macht. (202)
Himmelsschlüssel. (204)
Seelenjubel. (205)
Briefe. (206)
Noten: Frühlingsabend. ([3] gef.)
Frühlingsabend. (209)
Schlummerlied. (210)
An eine junge Freundinn. (211)
Seelendrang. (212)
Das Wassermädchen. (214)
Leben. (216)
Die Rache. (221)
Religion der Leidenschaft. (223)
Halmenkranz. (229)
Allgemeine Chikane. (231)
Dichterfarben. (232)
Metamorphose. (233)
Der eiserne Hennrich. (234)
Gewinn des Alters. (246)
Einsame Klage. (248)
Pantheismus. (249)
Verlangen. (254)
Liebestrauer. (256)
Noten: Liebestrauer. ([4] gef.)
Friedensport. (260)
Jephtah, Richter von Israel. (261)
Amt im Kloster. (264)
Die Gottseligen. (265)
Vergebliches Ringen. (266)
Der Genesene. (267)
Schiffbruch. (269)
Das Kind. (270)
Winternacht. (272)
Stoßseufzer. (273)
Neujahrsdank für Neujahrsgabe. (274)
Die Heimkehr. (276)
Drei Stunden. (278)
Sophia Schröder als Phädra. (279)
Noten: Vespara Lutheri. ([5] gef.)
Dulces exuviae, dum fata Deusque sinebant, ... (281)
Jakob Böhm's Verklärung. (282)
Auf der Wandrung. (289)
Herzklopfen. (290)
Glück. (291)
Abendhimmel. (292)
Simson. (292)
1. Simsons Erscheinen. (293)
2. Ade! (294)
3. Der Kampf mit dem Löwen. (295)
4. Vor Thimnath. (296)
5. Die Hochzeit in Thimnath. (297)
6. Simsons Rache. (301)
7. Die Schlacht von Eselskinnback. (303)
8. Vor Gasa. (306)
9. Nachts. (307)
10. Am Morgen. (308)
11. Der Philister Rache. (309)
12. Simson im Kerker. (312)
13. Simsons Tod. (313)
Sonnabend. (317)
Sonntag. (318)
Noten: Der Frühling. ([6] gef.)
Frühling. (319)
Am Bußtage. (320)
Arabeske. (322)
Anti-Arabeske. (322)
Trinklied in Neapel. (323)
Recipe! (325)
Kanon. (326)
Recension. (326)
Aut, aut. (327)
Dichterische Passion. (328)
Prisma. (329)
An die Einzige. (330)
Heut und Ewig. (331)
König Roderich. (334
Voluntary child soldiering : a case-study of the anti-apartheid struggle
Get PDFIn this thesis, I
present a
theoretical framework in
which children's voluntary
participation
in
armed conflict
becomes
a reasonable act within
their
social
environment.
I
argue that in
order to gain a more analytical understanding of why
children volunteer, social scientists require an
in-depth knowledge
of
the
political,
social and economic conditions
in
which
they join
up
And
of
the
meanings
that
children attach to those situations and their
reactions. Prior
quantitative
data
on the
social
distribution
of child volunteering
have
often
been used
to
proclaim that `the
most vulnerable of
the
vulnerable' are recruited. On
the
basis of a
discourse analysis
of
UNHCR's
policies and activities
in
relation to under-age recruitment,
I illustrate
my claim
that dominant Euro-American
conceptualisations of childhood
have
primarily shaped research and
humanitarian
aid regarding child soldiering and
resulted in the portrayal of child soldiers as
innocent
victims who are corrupted by
adult wars.
I
subsequently go on to show
how
a new paradigm
for
the study of childhood can
enhance contemporary
knowledge
on
the
social processes and
factors that lead
children
to consider and eventually
join
a military group or opt
for
an alternative
mode of action
to
cope with
their dire
situation.
In
my qualitative case-study of child
soldiering in the
anti-apartheid struggle, I found that in joining
a political organisation
and subsequently
its
military wing, young
South Africans
sought
to
assert
their
(political)
agency within the structural and cultural
features that
shaped their
social
environment. Within the context of changing peer and
intergenerational relationships,
these
children carved out more powerful
identities for them to
address the social
injustices that had affected their personal and collective lives
Neurobiology, empathy and social cognition: the potential benefits of theatre in traumatised communities
No full textIncludes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.The ubiquity of technology enables unprecedented contact between people, yet it neglects essential face-to-face communion; e-mail, text-messaging and even social media strip away the metadata of our interpersonal communications; the emotional cues and clues that are a necessary part of everyday social interaction. At the same time, the relentless densification of urban populations enforces proximity among strangers, with routine encounters increasingly bereft of emotional nourishment. The affective numbing that ensues shares many characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder. The current study explores how exposure to theatre may help to maintain the emotional health of individuals alienated by the stresses of 21st century urban living; moreover, it examines how performance is able to facilitate emotional and social healing in post-conflict communities
