313 research outputs found
Esophageal cancer in Central and Eastern Europe: Tobacco and alcohol
No full textEsophageal cancer mortality rates in Central and Eastern Europe have been increasing steadily and are expected to increase further in the future. To evaluate the role of risk factors for esophageal cancer in this population, a multicenter study was conducted, with investigation of tobacco and alcohol as one of the principal aims. We have included 192 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 35 adenocarcinoma cases of the esophagus diagnosed at designated hospitals in 5 centers from Romania, Russia, the Czech Republic and Poland. Controls were frequency matched from patients in the same hospital as the cases (n = 1,114). Our results showed that the risk of esophageal SCC may be increased by approximately 7-fold for current smokers (OR = 7.41, 95% CI 3.98-13.79) and by 3-fold for ever alcohol drinkers (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.06-7.74). Dose-response relations were evident for both the frequency and duration of tobacco and of alcohol on the risk of esophageal SCC. Risk estimates for tobacco smoking were highest for lower esophageal SCCs, while risk estimates for alcohol drinking were highest for upper esophageal SCCs; though differences were not statistically significant. For adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, our results suggested a more modest increase in risk because of tobacco smoking than that for SCC of the esophagus and no association with alcohol consumption, although our sample size was small. A Synergist it interaction between tobacco and alcohol was observed for the risk of esophageal SCC, highlighting the importance of both factors for esophageal cancers in Central and Eastern Europe. © 2007 Wiley-Liss. Inc
Vývoj věkové struktury obyvatel bratislavských sídlišť v postsocialistickém období
No full textSídliská sú v Bratislave ako aj iných mestách Slovenska najzastúpenejším typom susedstiev. Po nástupe socializmu sa v hlavnom meste Slovenska začalo masívne stavanie prefabrikovaných bytových domov, čo malo za cieľ rýchle, lacné a rozsiahle ubytovanie pre masy. Na začiatku životného cyklu sídlisk, mali najpočetnejšie zastúpenie nasťahovaní mladí obyvatelia. Cieľom práce je zistiť územné vzorce správania obyvateľstva s dôrazom na ich vekovú zložku v postsocialistickom období. Za pomoci vektorov vekového vývoja a ich následným odvodením na vekové trajektórie jednotlivých území, je záver výsledkom popísaným pomocou popisnej štatistiky na úrovni základných sídelných jednotiek. Obyvateľstvo na jednotlivých sídliskových územiach sa postupne preklápa z fázy starnutia do fázy mladnutia podľa vzorca odvodeného zo životného cyklu štvrtí. Hlavný hnací mechanizmus týchto zmien je práve vek budov v jednotlivých územiach, ktorý je hlavný determinant minulých, ale aj budúcich vekových zmien na sídliskách v meste. Kľúčové slová: sídlisko, veková štruktúra, postsocialistické mestoHousing estates are the most common type of neighborhood in Bratislava as well as in other cities of Slovakia. Following the advent of socialism, the capital of Slovakia saw a massive construction of prefabricated apartment buildings, aimed at providing quick, affordable, and extensive housing for the masses. At the beginning of the life cycle of these housing estates, the most numerous residents were young people. The aim of this study is to identify spatial patterns of population behavior with an emphasis on their age composition in the post-socialist period. Using vectors of age development and subsequently deriving them into age trajectories of individual areas, the conclusion is described through descriptive statistics at the level of basic settlement units. The population in individual housing estate areas is gradually shifting from an aging phase to a rejuvenating phase according to the pattern derived from the life cycle of neighborhoods. The main driving mechanism of these changes is the age of buildings in individual areas, which is the main determinant of both past and future age changes in the city's housing estates. Key words: housing estates, age structure, postsocialist cityDepartment of Social Geography and Regional DevelopmentKatedra sociální geografie a regionálního rozvojePřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc
Diesel engine exhaust exposure, smoking, and lung cancer subtype risks. A pooled exposure-response analysis of 14 case-control studies
No full textSupported by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). The project is coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the DGUV, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), and the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) at Utrecht University (...).Ge, C., Peters, S., Olsson, A., Portengen, L., Schüz, J., Almansa, J., Ahrens, W., Bencko, V., Benhamou, S., Boffetta, P., Bueno-De-Mesquita, B., Caporaso, N., Consonni, D., Demers, P., Fabiánová, E., Fernández-Tardón, G., Field, J., Forastiere, F., Foretova, L., Guénel, P., Gustavsson, P., Janout, V., Jöckel, K.-H., Karrasch, S., Landi, M.T., Lissowska, J., Luce, D., Mates, D., McLaughlin, J., Merletti, F., Mirabelli, D., Pándics, T., Parent, M.-É., Plato, N., Pohlabeln, H., Richiardi, L., Siemiatycki, J., Świątkowska, B., Tardón, A., Wichmann, H.-E., Zaridze, D., Straif, K., Kromhout, H., Vermeulen, R
Folate-related genes and the risk of tobacco-related cancers in Central Europe
No full textFolate has been hypothesized to protect against aero-digestive cancers although the evidence is not yet conclusive due to possible confounding by other dietary factors. Sequence variants in folate pathway were suggested to be associated with plasma folate levels and are unlikely to be confounded by other lifestyle factors. We therefore investigated the effects of key folate genetic variants on the risk of aero-digestive cancers and their potential effect modification by folate intake in a multicenter study in Central Europe. A total of 2250 lung cases, 811 upper aero-digestive tract cases and 2899 controls were recruited with blood samples. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T variant was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer with an odds ratio (OR) for homozygote variant of 1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI) =1.10-;1.71]. The two MTHFR variants were in strong linkage disequilibrium, and 677T-1298A appeared to be the primary haplotype associated with cancer risk. The risk estimates for MTHFR 677T/677T genotype was more prominent among lung cancer patients with young onset (OR=1.92,95% CI =1.12-3.29). When stratified by dietary intake of folate, the effect of the MTHFR 677T variant was more prominent among subjects with low intake of folate: the ORs for 677T/677T genotype among subjects with the lowest decile were 2.60 (95% CI =1.39-4.88) and 4.14 (95% CI =1.47-11.7) for lung and upper aero-digestive tract cancer, respectively. In conclusion, we identified a moderate effect of MTHFR C677T on lung cancer risk and a possible effect modification by folate intake that is consistent with the functional data. These results support an important role of folate in protecting against tobacco-related cancers. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
Respirable crystalline silica exposure, smoking, and lung cancer subtype risks. A pooled analysis of case-control studies
No full textSupported by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). The project is coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the DGUV, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), and the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) at Utrecht University (...).Ge, C., Peters, S., Olsson, A., Portengen, L., Schüz, J., Almansa, J., Behrens, T., Pesch, B., Kendzia, B., Ahrens, W., Bencko, V., Benhamou, S., Boffetta, P., Bueno-De-Mesquita, B., Caporaso, N., Consonni, D., Demers, P., Fabiánová, E., Fernández-Tardón, G., Field, J., Forastiere, F., Foretova, L., Guénel, P., Gustavsson, P., Ho, V., Janout, V., Jöckel, K.-H., Karrasch, S., Landi, M.T., Lissowska, J., Luce, D., Mates, D., McLaughlin, J., Merletti, F., Mirabelli, D., Plato, N., Pohlabeln, H., Richiardi, L., Rudnai, P., Siemiatycki, J., Świątkowska, B., Tardón, A., Wichmann, H.-E., Zaridze, D., Br¨uning, T., Straif, K., Kromhout, H., Vermeulen, R
High cumulative risk of lung cancer death among smokers and nonsmokers in Central and Eastern Europe.
No full textThe authors have calculated cumulative risks of lung cancer from a case-control study conducted between 1998 and 2002 involving 2,633 lung cancer cases and 2,884 controls in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, and Russia. The odds ratios for smoking history were combined with national lung cancer mortality rates to obtain the cumulative risk of lung cancer. The cumulative risk of death from lung cancer by the age of 75 years among current male smokers was 14.6% in Romania and Russia and 15.8% in Poland, similar to levels reported in Western Europe, although higher risks were found in the Czech Republic (19.8%), Hungary (21.9%), and Slovakia (28.2%). Cumulative risks of lung cancer death among never smokers of over 1% were observed in Hungary among both men and women and among men in Poland. The effect of quitting smoking on the lifetime cumulative risk was substantial, with between 67% and 83% of lung cancer risk among men being avoided by quitting before the age of 50 years. This substantial reduction in risk among former smokers confirms that lung cancer mortality in Central Europe over the next three decades will be determined by the extent to which current smokers can successfully quit smoking
Socioeconomic indicators and risk of lung cancer in central and eastern Europe
No full textBackground: Social inequalities have been shown to contribute to the risk of lung cancer in industrialized countries, but it is unclear whether they also play a role in former socialist countries of Europe. Methods: A case-control study involving 3,403 cases and 3,670 controls was conducted in Central European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia), Russia, and in the UK. Indicators of socioeconomic status, including education and white/blue collar occupation based on lifetime occupations were analysed as indicators of risk factors for lung cancer development, after adjustment for tobacco smoking and exposure to occupational carcinogens. Results: Both indicators of socioeconomic status: low education and blue collar occupations were found as significant risk factors for lung cancer in men. The odds ratio of lung cancer for blue collar occupations compared to white collar occupations was 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.15-1.62), that for low education compared to high education (analysis restricted to Central European countries) was 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.77). No such effects were observed in women. Conclusions: The confirmation of the significant inverse association between the indicators of socioeconomic status and lung cancer risk in men may serve as a strong incentive for adoption of occupational and public health measures in lung cancer prevention
Welding and lung cancer in Central and Eastern Europe and the United Kingdom
No full textOccupation as a welder has been associated with a 25%-40% increase in lung cancer risk. This study aims to elucidate to what extent confounding by smoking and asbestos drives this association and to evaluate the role of welding-related exposures such as chromium. The study included 2,197 male incident lung cancer cases and 2,295 controls from Romania, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2001. Information on risk factors was collected through face-to-face interviews. Experts assessed exposure to 70 agents, and risk estimates were adjusted for smoking and occupational exposures. Occupation as a welder/flame cutter (prevalence controls: 3.7%) was associated with an odds ratio of 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.86) after adjustment for smoking and occupational exposures including asbestos. An odds ratio of 1.18 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.38) was found for welding fumes (prevalence controls: 22.8%), increasing to 1.38 for more than 25 exposure years (95% CI: 1.09, 1.75). A duration-response association was also observed for mild steel welding without chromium exposure. In this population, occupational exposure to welding fumes accounted for approximately 4% of lung cancer cases, to which both stainless and mild steel welding contributed equally. Given that welding remains a common task for many workers, exposure to welding fumes represents an important risk factor for lung cancer. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved
"Disaster, war, conflict, complex emergencies and International public health risks."
No full textPhD Thesis Abstract: John Michael Quinn V In the 21st century, the prevention of illness, disease and risks to health ushered in public health and medical practice with mixed results. War, hybrid warfare, conflict, complex emergencies and disasters remain significant public health risks and areas of strategic concern; focused epidemiological study in health policy remains elusive. The paradigm shift from major world powers leading global affairs and affecting global health to multiple state and non-state actors vying for power and influence regionally has possibly led to an increase in small scale and low intensity conflict with high morbidity and mortality, including both noncommunicable (NCD) and communicable diseases. The basic research carried out for this PhD project includes: 1) mental health surveys and trauma associated with war; 2) the migration of, and the need for, advanced medical personnel and their services in war and hybrid warfare, including how the negative movement or adverse flow through 'brain drain' of doctors affects disaster; 3) a quantitative study of infectious diseases, health and human security associated with state stability and the mitigation of state failure; 4) a qualitative food security review, the origins of food security and its impact; and 5) the general concepts of..
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