4,935 research outputs found
Incontri Mondostetrica edizione 2009
No full textNumerose organizzazioni professionali raccomandano l’allattamento al seno, poiché rappresenta la modalità ottimale di nutrizione del neonato. L’allattamento al seno è un modo ineguagliabile per fornire un alimento ideale per la salute e la crescita del lattante e si raccomanda di protrarlo in modo esclusivo per i primi sei mesi di vita e di continuare ad allattare al seno, con l’introduzione di idonei alimenti complementari, fino a due anni. Secondo quanto confermato dall’OMS e dall’UNICEF il mancato allattamento al seno, ed in particolare il mancato allattamento esclusivo al seno durante i primi sei mesi di vita, sono importanti fattori di rischio e possono causare una maggiore mortalità e propensione ad ammalarsi dei neonati e dei bambini, una maggior incidenza di sintomi allergici oltre a una maggiore difficoltà nelle attività scolastiche, una minore produttività e un diminuito sviluppo intellettuale e sociale. Nonostante i riconosciuti effetti benefici dell’allattamento materno, un’indagine dell’Istituto Nazionale di Statistica compiuta tra le donne che hanno partorito nel quinquennio 1999-2004 ha rilevato che l’81,1% delle puerpere allatta al seno il proprio figlio al momento della dimissione ospedaliera, ma tale pratica si riduce di quasi il 20% entro il primo trimestre di vita del neonato. Un recente report relativo alla prevalenza dell’allattamento al seno in regione Lombardia ha rilevato che a 48 ore dal parto, il 95,6% delle puerpere allatta al seno ma tale prevalenza si riduce al 67,5% entro il primo trimestre di vita. Tali dati confermano quanto è emerso da diverse ricerche che hanno individuato le prime settimane di vita del neonato, come il periodo maggiormente a rischio per l’interruzione dell’allattamento al seno. Le motivazioni di tale insuccesso sono molteplici e complesse. Tra queste la limitatezza delle risorse, che non sempre permette di garantire un servizio di sostegno e supporto all’allattamento materno.
Uno studio americano del 2002 ha dimostrato la possibilità di individuare già nei primi giorni di puerperio le nutrici a rischio di interrompere l’allattamento al seno grazie al Breastfeeding Assessment Score (BAS) appositamente validato nel Kansas. L’utilità del BAS21 è confermata da altri studi.
Gli studi che applicano il BAS, indicano la necessità che il personale sanitario, focalizzi l’attenzione sulle puerpere individuate a rischio di interrompere l’allattamento al seno così da poter prevenire la cessazione della pratica. Per verificare questo, gli stessi lavori auspicano di svolgere degli studi prospettici che confermino la validità di un programma d’intervento di sostegno alle madri. La relazione prevista, ha come obiettivo, quello di informare gli interlocutori, in merito all'esito della ricerca di validazione dello stesso BAS, da parte delle dottorande ostetriche Mauri e Zobbi
Qui sont les Dii mauri ?
No full textThe author reviews the various but rare interpretations of the divine collectivity referred to by the name of Dii Mauri. From a re-examination of the literary or epigraphic mentions of the 50 specifically African local or regional divinities, and of the 20 dedications to the Dii Mauri known to this day, he believes he can propose the relationship, even the identity, between the local gods and the Dii Mauri. The comparison between the authors of the dedications shows that the worship of the local gods principally concerned « civilians » (82,5 %), whereas the Dii Mauri were invoked by governors, imperial procurators, soldiers (81,25 %). Moreover the Dii Mauri are invoked as often in Numidia and in Africa as in Caesarian Mauretania (they are unknown in Tingitana). Therefore the term of "maurus" is not linked to the Roman administrative carving, it applies to what is rebellious to Latin culture, to what is specifically native and unassimilable. Dii Mauri and African gods are the same divinities, only the dedicators change.The author reviews the various but rare interpretations of the divine collectivity referred to by the name of Dii Mauri. From a re-examination of the literary or epigraphic mentions of the 50 specifically African local or regional divinities, and of the 20 dedications to the Dii Mauri known to this day, he believes he can propose the relationship, even the identity, between the local gods and the Dii Mauri. The comparison between the authors of the dedications shows that the worship of the local gods principally concerned « civilians » (82,5 %), whereas the Dii Mauri were invoked by governors, imperial procurators, soldiers (81,25 %). Moreover the Dii Mauri are invoked as often in Numidia and in Africa as in Caesarian Mauretania (they are unknown in Tingitana). Therefore the term of "maurus" is not linked to the Roman administrative carving, it applies to what is rebellious to Latin culture, to what is specifically native and unassimilable. Dii Mauri and African gods are the same divinities, only the dedicators change.Camps Gabriel. Qui sont les Dii mauri ?. In: Antiquités africaines, 26,1990. pp. 131-153
High-performance materials and technological solutions to improve the thermal performance of historic buildings
No full textThe aim of the paper is to outline the state-of-the-art in the field of historic buildings' energy retrofit through high-performance materials or innovative solutions. The research question is to understand if the latter can be positively applied to historic building in terms of compatibility and can contribute to create tailor-made solutions, avoiding or mitigating critical issues from the preservation point of view. This required the evaluation of many publications including papers, handbooks, booklets, and guidance as well as research reports. The literature review was then summarized in two research fields for each building element: retrofit solutions and high-performance materials and solutions applied to historic buildings. The technical properties of these highly efficient materials and their possible uses in heritage buildings are shown through the comparison and the data analysis of some case studies. Starting from a general reasoning on retrofit solutions and the interactions between the various building components within a whole building energy retrofit project, the paper assesses how high-performance materials are or are not widespread, which kind of data is available and what is still missing
Synthesis of photoactivable probes for the study of glycosphingolipid-protein interactions
No full textSYNTHESIS OF PHOTOACTIVABLE PROBES FOR THE STUDY OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS
Giuseppina Brasile,1 Federica Compostella,1 Laura Mauri,2Sandro Sonnino2 and Fiamma Ronchetti1
Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università di Milano
1Via Saldini 50, 20133-Milano, Italy; 2Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20190- Segrate (Milano), Italy
E-mail:[email protected]
It is widely accepted that glycosphingolipids (GSLs) at the level of the plasma membrane can affect the biological functions of protein molecules, such as cell surface receptors or transporters. The interactions between GSLs and proteins belonging to specific membrane microdomains, called lipid rafts, could be responsible for the modulation of the functional properties of membrane proteins participating in signal transduction. GSL-protein interactions can be investigated by cell photolabelling experiments using radioactive photoactivable GSLs, which yield, when illuminated, a very reactive intermediate that covalently binds to the molecules in the environment, i.e. proteins.1,2
In this context, we have designed a fatty acid probe with two nitrophenylazide photoactivable groups, one at position 2 and the other at the end of the acyl chain. The conjugation of the fatty acid to a radioactive sphingoglycolipid generates a species to be used for photolabelling experiments. In this way, the simultaneous identification of the proteins belonging to both the leaflets of the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmatic and the extracellular one, will be realized.
Herein we describe a general synthetic strategy to obtain not commercially available α,ω-diamino acids, the synthetic precursors of the labelled fatty acids, which we have applied to the synthesis of a C-18 derivative. Furthermore, it will be described the preparation of a photolabelled radioactive GSL as a case study.
1. Aureli M., Prioni S., Mauri L. Loberto N., Casellato R., Ciampa M.G., Chigorno V., Prinetti, A.; Sonnino S. J. Lipid Res. 2010, 51, 798-808
2. Mauri L., Prioni S., Loberto N., Chigorno V., Prinetti A., Sonnino S. Glycoconj. J. 2004, 20, 11-23
Early breastfeeding cessation: validation of Breastfeeding Assessement Score (BAS) on an Italian validation cohort of women
No full textIntroduction
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life because of the numerous benefits of breastfeeding for the mother and the child 2,3.
A prognostic approach to identify the mothers at risk of early breastfeeding cessation is needed to provide preventive support to these women. The BAS1, elaborate in Kansas, is a score useful for this approach.
Aim of the study
To assess the accuracy of the BAS1, in an Italian validation cohort of women.
Methods
This is a bicentric, prospective study. Italian and healthy mothers who gave birth to a single child from 25th June 2008 to 15th January 2009, with a gestational age of at least 35 weeks, were included.
Exclusion criteria, on the convenience sample, were: mothers with a non-Italian background, preterm delivery (<35 weeks) or twin birth.The authors have calculated the BAS on 386 women just before hospital discharge, at least 48 hours post-delivery age, in Mangiagalli and in S. Gerardo hospitals. The primary outcome measured was how many women stopped the breastfeeding, and it was assessed using structured follow-up telephone interviews after 4 weeks. The predictive value of the BAS1 is ok, if it identifies the 80% of the women that stop to breastfeed. This study was carried out from 25th June 2008 to 15th February 2009.
Results
For a cut point of 8, recommended by the authors of the BAS1, 119 mother-infant pairs were categorized at high risk to early breastfeeding cessation, with a RR 5,24. The BAS has a sensibility of 0.69, a specificity of 0.79, a positive predictive value of 43% and a negative predictive value of 91%.
Conclusions / discussion
The intrinsic properties of the BAS1 are strong, but the study cannot validate this score because in the studied population, there is a low sensibility versus the authors expectation.
Practical relevance
Italian midwives need to individualize the mothers at risk of early breastfeeding cessation, for a special support.
Research implications
This study confirms the necessity to identify a score for the Italian population
Traditional and innovative materials and solutions to improve the energy efficiency of historic windows: a literature review
No full textDuring the last decades the improvement of the energy efficiency of historic built heritage has taken on increasing importance: this has led to the production of a great amount of research works within the scientific community. Among the building components, windows are commonly considered the weakest element of the envelope and, therefore, the first to be replaced in historic buildings. Contrary to what one may think, more “sustainable” solutions are possible: there are several strategies that can be applied to enhance windows thermal performance, sustainability and conservation without substituting them. Our goal is to outline the research state-of-the-art in this field through a literature review: to this purpose we collected many publications for a total of 126 documents. The result is a as complete as possible view of the research status on window interventions, with particular attention on problems and future perspectives of the high-performance materials integration in the historical context
Balancing energy efficiency and conservation aspects of Terragni’s Casa del Fascio in Como: thermal analysis, energy modelling and intervention proposals
No full textThis paper aims to present a methodology for planning energy improvement interventions in modern listed buildings, carried out through a combination of desk research, on-site survey, monitoring campaign and energy modelling. For this purpose, Giuseppe Terragni’s Casa del Fascio has been chosen as our case study. The building is characterised by indoor microclimate conditions that are far from the standard requirements: summer is the most critical period because there is no possibility of limiting overheating due to the absence of the original devices designed by Terragni. Based on monitored data and building characteristics, an energy dynamic model was carried out with the aim of simulating the recovery of the original solutions or the addition of low-impact measures. The simulated options were eventually evaluated by taking into account their compatibility with the building features. This resulted in some strategies suitable for Casa del Fascio, that enable to reconcile the conservative goal with that of improving internal comfort
Bonus edilizi e patrimonio culturale costruito, una politica sostenibile?
No full textIn recent years, improving energy efficiency in historic building stock has become a priority in European policies and government agendas. In Italy, the main instruments used to drive the sought-after ecological transition in the building sector are tax incentives, including the ‘Superbonus’ and ‘Ecobonus’, to name but a few. However, while these measures stimulate economic recovery and promote the modernisation of existing buildings, they can ‘threaten’ the preservation of historic buildings with their over-emphasis on achieving the best energy performance at all costs. As a matter of fact, the current energy-focused approach to tax incentives has neglected the broader concept of sustainability, which encompasses environmental, economic, social, and cultural dimensions. This narrow view is further evident in the lack of a life cycle analysis perspective and neglect of context-specific needs in defining retrofit measures, resulting in the implementation of standardised solutions. This can cause a massive transformation of historic buildings with significant cultural and social implications, such as the loss of heritage values and collective identity. Numerous press-related appeals have raised concerns about the risks associated with the uncritical application of these incentives, especially for historic buildings not formally listed, highlighting the urgency of alternative strategies. Therefore, a different cultural framework is needed to overcome the drawbacks highlighted. In this regard, the paper offers a reflection on the UK’s experience, where similar issues have been effectively addressed by adopting a more balanced and integrated approach, namely the ‘Whole Building Approach’, which has been successfully included in the regulatory framework since 2021. Inspired by it, we advocate for a paradigm shift in Italy as well, in favour of a holistic approach that respects the material authenticity of historic buildings while meeting energy efficiency needs
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