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Economic impacts of small, medium and large agricultural-based sectors
Get PDFGrowth in final demands does not bring considerable implications on structural
changes and growth of the agriculture sector in Malaysia. The current
macroeconomic models are unable to provide explicit answer to this issue
because they ignore the dualities in production technologies. The major limitation
of the current macroeconomic models is production sectors are aggregative and
thus homogeneity biases underlying in the models could not be avoided. In
particular, one might get a false impression that development in some sector will
“trickle down” equally to benefit all sectors in particular the agriculture sector. To
tackle this issue, what is needed is a systematic methodological approach that
links the different dualistic production structures and for this reason, input-output
approach is used. This study has two objectives. First, it develops a new dataset
for macroeconomic models that split the production sectors according to sizes—
small, medium and large sectors. The new dataset which is termed as the IO
TECH is also the biggest contribution from this study. Second, using the new
dataset, it analyzes the key drivers for upstream and downstream agricultural
SMEs and large sized agricultural-based sector. Results indicate that growth
linkages between agricultural SMEs and large agricultural-based sector with other
large sized sector in the production chain are weak—with the growth stimuli mostly
benefitted the large sized sector. Among all of the agricultural-based sectors
regardless of their sizes, the Oils and Fats sector and Food Products sector are
identified as the main key drivers
Inter-industry analyses among micro, small, medium and large enterprises in Malaysia
Get PDFThis thesis is motivated from the view of economic unbalanced between
production sizes and economic contribution of micro, small and medium
enterprises (MSMEs) in the Malaysian economy. Specifically, it deals with the
analyses of the structural differences between MSMEs and large firms in
explaining the unbalanced economic contribution. The structural differences are
measured by focusing on three different issues. First, it addresses how
differences in production structures between MSMEs and large firms contribute
to the variations in multiplier impacts. Second, it further details the analysis of
differences in production structures by measuring the extent to which the
resource-based Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) have influenced the
unbalanced contribution of MSMEs. Third, it examines the extent to which the
different production structures affect the level of income distribution at different
household groups. The three issues are analysed by using two new and novel
databases, the so-called MSME-Input-Output (MSME-IO) Table and MSME-Social Accounting Matrix (MSME-SAM), which are specifically developed for this
study. The first and second issues are analysed by applying the MSME-IO while
MSME-SAM is used to address the third issue. Three key findings are drawn
from this study. First, one-size fits all measures is bias as the use of only the
proportionality approach to estimate the economic impacts of production sectors
tends to overestimate the economic benefits of MSMEs. Second, resource-based GLCs are found to associate with less economic spill over to MSMEs.
Third, smaller production sizes, particularly the micro and small-sized sectors
contribute relatively higher income multipliers. Altogether, analyses have
validated the superiority of utilising disaggregated databases for policy analyses
of MSMEs. Based on the superiority of the databases, four key
recommendations and policy reflections to improve the future contributions of
MSMEs are provided. They include the importance of having updated and
regular inter-industry databases for progress monitoring, strengthening of existing linkages programmes, establishing MSMEs content requirement policy,
and strengthening digitalisation among MSMEs for productivity improvement
Measuring impact of exports of palm oil biodiesel on direct and indirect land use changes in Malaysia
Get PDFPalm oil biodiesel is often regarded as a renewable energy source with the potential to lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, exports of this product may face non-tariff trade barriers that are directed towards its role in bringing undesirable impacts to the environment. This article examines the impact of exports of palm oil biodiesel for the period 2010-2012 on direct and indirect land use changes in Malaysia. Data from a national economic survey alongside export data of palm oil biodiesel, crude palm oil production and land use for oil palm, rubber, cocoa, paddy and forests are utilised to calculate the extent of direct and indirect land use changes. In 2010, the effect of direct land use changes is recorded to be equal to -0.000156%, increasing to -0.000008% in 2012. For indirect land use changes, the highest effect recorded is for land planted with cocoa which is equal to 0.000292% in 2010, decreasing to 0.000016% in 2012. These results indicate that exports only contribute in a small way towards direct and indirect land use changes
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