406 research outputs found
Unidirectional triple and double hydrogen rearrangement reactions in the radical cations of gamma-arylalkanols
No full textKuck D, Filges U. Unidirectional triple and double hydrogen rearrangement reactions in the radical cations of gamma-arylalkanols. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1988;23(9):643-653.A novel fragmentation reaction accompanied by the unidirectional migration of three hydrogen atoms has been found in the radical cations of -arylpropanols with electron-donating substituents in the para position. This triple hydrogen (3H) rearrangement reaction is the dominant fragmentation channel of the long-lived molecular ions of trans-2-(4-dimethylaminobenzyl)-l-indanol, 2, but it occurs also in simpler -arylpropanol ions. Deuterium labelling of 2 reveals that the three hydrogen atoms originate with extraordinarily high specificity from the C(l), C(2) and O positions of the alcohol moiety. Cis- and 3-substituted isomers do not undergo this reaction. Along with the 3H rearrangement reaction a unidirectional double hydrogen (2H) rearrangement reaction takes place independently and with less specificity in the trans-2-(4-X-benzyl)-l-indanol ions 1+· and 2+·. No hydrogen exchange occurs during the 3H and 2H rearrangement reactions. Mechanistic alternatives of these unusual fragmentation reactions are discussed; the experimental evidence strongly favours pathways via several intermediate ion-neutral complexes
Remote fragmentations of protonated aromatic carbonyl compounds via internal reactions in intermediary ion-neutral complexes
No full textThielking G, Filges U, Grützmacher H-F. Remote fragmentations of protonated aromatic carbonyl compounds via internal reactions in intermediary ion-neutral complexes. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 1992;3(4):417-426.Protonated aromatic aldehydes and methyl ketones 1a-10a, carrying initially the proton at the carbonyl group, are prepared by electron impact-induced loss of a methyl radical from 1-arylethanols and 2-aryl-2-propanols, respectively. The aryl moiety of the ions corresponds to a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, respectively, each substituted by a CH3OCH2 side-chain as remote from the acyl substituent as possible. The characteristic reactions of the metastable ions, studied by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, are the elimination of methanol, the formation of CH3OCH2+ ions, and the elimination of an ester RCOOCH3 (R = H and CH3). The mechanisms of these fragmentations were studied by using D-labeled derivatives. Confirming earlier results, it is shown that the ester elimination, at least from the protonated aryl methyl ketones, has to proceed by an intermediate [acyl cation/arylmethyl methyl ether]-complex. The relative abundances of the elimination of methanol and of the ester decrease and increase, respectively, with the size of the aromatic system. Clearly, the fragmentation via intermediate ion-neutral complexes is favored for the larger ions. Furthermore, the acyl cation of these complexes can move unrestricted over quite large molecular distances to react with the remote CH3OCH2-side-chain, contrasting the restricted migration of a proton by 1,2-shifts ("ring walk") in these systems
Fragmentations of protonated acetophenones via intermediate ion-molecule complexes
No full textFilges U, Grützmacher H-F. Fragmentations of protonated acetophenones via intermediate ion-molecule complexes. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1987;22(7):444-450
Internal reactions of ion/molecule complexes from isomeric protonated formyl-and acetyl-naphthalenes
No full textFilges U, Grützmacher H-F. Internal reactions of ion/molecule complexes from isomeric protonated formyl-and acetyl-naphthalenes. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes. 1988;83(1-2):111-133
Fragmentations of protonated benzaldehydes via intermediate ion/molecule complexes
No full textFilges U, Grützmacher H-F. Fragmentations of protonated benzaldehydes via intermediate ion/molecule complexes. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1986;21(10):673-680
Ion-Molekül-Komplexe: reaktive Zwischenstufen bei massenspektrometrischen Fragmentierungen von substituierten 1-Arylalkanolen
No full textFilges U. Ion-Molekül-Komplexe: reaktive Zwischenstufen bei massenspektrometrischen Fragmentierungen von substituierten 1-Arylalkanolen. Bielefeld; 1986
Proton migration in naphthalenium ions via [sigma] and [pi] complexes
No full textFilges U, Grützmacher H-F. Proton migration in naphthalenium ions via [sigma] and [pi] complexes. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes. 1988;83(1-2):93-109
Interannular proton exchange and fragmentation of carbonyl-protonated benzophenones
No full textSun J, Grützmacher H-F. Interannular proton exchange and fragmentation of carbonyl-protonated benzophenones. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 1991;26(12):1045-1051.Benzophenones a initially protonated at the carbonyl group Were prepared by electron-impact induced dissocation of 1,1-diphenylpropanols (compounds 1-5). These protonated ketones decompose in the ion source and the second field-free region of a reversed geometry mass spectrometer by proton migration to one of the phenyl groups and subsequent elimination of benzene. In the case of derivatives substituted by methoxy groups and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively, the proton migrates predominantly to the more bask benzene ring, resulting in the elimination of anisole in the former case and of benzene in the latter case. A study of protonated benzophenones labelled at the phenyl ring and at the carbonyl group shows that only a few interannular H/D exchange steps precede the fragmentation. This is observed not only for metastable ions in the magnetic sector instrument but also for ions of long lifetimes investigated by Fournier-transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) spectrometry. This is in contrast to the arene elimination from protonated 1,omega-diphenylalkanes and related polyphenylalkanes which fragment by complete positional exchange of all hydrogen atoms at the aromatic rings. The special behaviour of protonated benzophenones is attributed to a low barrier for the decomposition of a chemically activated arenium ion b, which arises from the initial proton transfer. Once b is formed, it decomposes quickly without much interannular proton exchange
Next generation molecular diagnostics using ultrasensitive sequencing
No full textMassively parallel sequencing enables the exploration of the genetic heterogeneity within microbial, viral and tumor cell populations. Detecting circulating tumor DNA in blood and other body fluids has the potential to revolutionize molecular diagnostics. However, these liquid biopsies typically contain only minute amounts of highly degraded DNA and standard sequencing approaches lack the resolution to detect rare genetic variants. The overall goal of this thesis was to develop an ultrasensitive sequencing approach with single molecule resolution that requires only minimal amounts of material. To this end, we developed the simple multiplexed PCR-based barcoding of DNA for ultrasensitive mutation detection by next-generation sequencing protocol (SiMSen-Seq). SiMSen-Seq achieves ultrasensitive detection of nucleotide variants by attaching unique molecular identifiers to target DNA molecules using PCR primers. SiMSen-Seq is enabled by highly optimized reaction conditions and the use of a stem-loop structure that prevents the UMI from forming non-specific PCR products. We showed that ultrasensitive variant detection is attained mainly by using UMI, while gains in sensitivity from using high-fidelity polymerases were minor. We also demonstrated that oligonucleotide quality is essential in numerous molecular applications, including SiMSen-Seq. Next generation diagnostics tools also demand optimized preanalytical conditions to achieve the necessary variant detection sensitivity, while remaining fast, simple, and cost efficient. Therefore, we established a workflow for cell-free DNA analysis and developed quantitative PCR-based quality controls to evaluate each experimental step. We also developed a bioinformatics pipeline for processing any type of targeted sequencing data containing unique molecular identifiers, including barcode clustering, error correction, variant calling, and visualization. Next, we used SiMSen-Seq in applications requiring ultrasensitive mutant detection. We first employed SiMSen-Seq to experimentally confirm that UV light rapidly induces highly recurrent mutations within a specific promotor motif. These mutations remained sub-clonal even after weeks of cell culture, arguing against a tumor-driving role. Our results highlight the importance of sequence context for the interpretation of somatic variants in cancer. We also showed that ctDNA can be used as a clinical biomarker for tumor burden and to monitor treatment efficacy in uveal melanoma. Patients with high ctDNA levels had worse overall survival, demonstrating the clinical utility of circulating tumor-DNA-based liquid biopsy analysis. In conclusion, we showed that SiMSen-Seq is a simple, flexible, low-DNA input protocol that enables rare variant detection to address a multitude of clinical and basic research questions
Neptunium and Americium - nuclear explosives from nuclear waste
No full textNach Offenlegung entsprechender Informationen aus dem U.S. Department of Energy geht der vorliegende Bericht der Frage nach, in welchem Maße die Transurane Neptunium und Americium als nukleare Sprengstoffe geeignet und für die Herstellung von Kernwaffen zugänglich sind. Die Aktivitäten der Internationalen Atom-Energie-Behörde (IAEA) hinsichtlich des Proliferationsrisikos von Neptunium und Americium werden dargestellt und aus reaktor-technologischer Sicht kommentiert. Unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Abtrennung der genannten Transurane werden skizziert und im Hinblick auf gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstand und künftiges Entwicklungspotenzial kritisch analysiert. Die Einschätzung der IAEA, dass für Neptunium-237 gegenwärtig ein begrenztes aber schnell anwachsendes, für die verschiedenen Americium-Isotope einstweilen jedoch kein nennenswertes Proliferationsrisiko besteht, wird bestätigt. Dieser Bericht ist eine Fortsetzung und Aktualisierung des INT-Berichts 174
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