21 research outputs found
The Influence of Load Carriage on Knee Joint Loading and Metabolic Cost on Walking with Lower-Limb Amputation: A Preliminary Modeling Study
No full textCommunity-based postural control assessment in autistic individuals indicates a similar but delayed trajectory compared to neurotypical individuals
No full textAutistic individuals exhibit significant sensorimotor differences. Postural stability and control are foundational motor skills for successfully performing many activities of daily living. In neurotypical development, postural stability and control develop throughout childhood and adolescence. In autistic development, previous studies have focused primarily on individual age groups (e.g., childhood, adolescence, adulthood) or only controlled for age using age-matching. Here, we examined the age trajectories of postural stability and control in autism from childhood through adolescents using standardized clinical assessments. In study 1, we tested the postural stability of autistic (n = 27) and neurotypical (n = 41) children, adolescents, and young adults aged 7–20 years during quiet standing on a force plate in three visual conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), and eyes open with the head in a translucent dome (Dome). Postural sway variability decreased as age increased for both groups, but autistic participants showed greater variability than neurotypical participants across age. In study 2, we tested autistic (n = 21) and neurotypical (n = 32) children and adolescents aged 7–16 years during a dynamic postural control task with nine targets. Postural control efficiency increased as age increased for both groups, but autistic participants were less efficient compared to neurotypical participants across age. Together, these results indicate that autistic individuals have a similar age trajectory for postural stability and control compared to neurotypical individuals, but have lower postural stability and control overall.Lay SummaryAutistic and neurotypical children and adolescents performed a balance test and a body control test. Autistic participants had less stable balance than neurotypical participants. Autistic and neurotypical participants had less stable balance with their eyes closed and when wearing a dome on their head. Neurotypical participants had better body control than autistic participants. Autistic and neurotypical children had less stable balance and body control than adolescents.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/176082/1/aur2889_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/176082/2/aur2889.pd
An exploration into the use of online instruction in secondary physical education
No full textOnline and blended instruction have emerged as popular teaching methods within the K-12 environment. The asynchronous characteristics of these methods represent potential for overcoming traditional barriers to quality physical education. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to systematically review literature and commentary related to the use of online instruction in K-12 physical education, (2) to examine secondary physical education teachers’ acceptance and use of online instruction in their classes, and (3) to explore students’ habits of use and perceptions of using online instruction as part of their physical education experience.
The purpose of the systematic, scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of research, commentary, and practical articles related to the use of these methods in K-12 physical education. PRISMA-ScR guidelines directed the review, and five databases were searched for English-language articles. A total of 24 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 14 were research-based, and 10 were commentary or practical articles. Most related research has been conducted in secondary school environments. Minimal learning-related outcomes were reported across studies. Evidence provided in commentary and practical articles was largely anecdotal and based on research from other subject areas. Therefore, systematic research related to the design, adoption, and implementation of online and blended instruction in physical education is warranted.
A qualitative descriptive study was conducted to understand teachers’ acceptance and use of an online instructional system. Twenty-eight secondary physical education teachers participated in in-depth phone interviews. Main categories were identified following inductive and deductive analysis using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology as the guiding framework, which served to validate the use of the theory within the secondary physical education context. Teachers noted how the system provided value to their program and teaching by allowing the delivery of added, quality content outside the temporal confines of their classes (Performance Expectancy). They generally expressed efficient and successful implementation, despite limited related experience and professional development (Effort Expectancy). School technology infusion initiatives largely drove the adoption of online learning for most of the participants; however, the reliable support they received from the online system developer was a key influential factor associated with continued use (Facilitating Conditions). Ultimately, price determined sustained use, which was dictated by school administrators (Price Value).
A separate qualitative descriptive study was conducted to understand students’ usage habits and perceptions of the same online physical education instructional system. A total of 37 9th-grade students from one rural school district participated in face-to-face interviews during their physical education classes. Main categories were identified following inductive and deductive analysis, which also used the UTAUT as the guiding framework. Responses indicated students used district provided Chromebooks, likely due to a district policy that inhibits cell phone use during the school day. They completed the online physical education modules whenever and wherever they perceived to have time, which was usually prior to the beginning of the school-day or in study hall. The quality of engagement with the system was low and mostly due to students' viewing their achievement in physical education as a low priority compared to their performance in other classes. A key contributing factor to students' low perception of the system was a perceived disconnect between movement-based physical education and the required sedentary online learning experiences. It was clear students did not understand why they needed to engage with online learning as part of their physical education course. One possible explanation for students’ lack of clarity regarding the purpose and value of the supplementary instruction may be limited teacher involvement with the system, as expressed by students.
Overall findings of this research support the potential for physical education teacher acceptance and use of supplemental online instruction in combination with their traditional physical education curriculum. Student acceptance and use may be related to overall perceptions of the value of physical education and may be influenced by teacher implementation procedures or lack thereof. Further research into student and teacher acceptance and use of online learning in physical education within different contexts and with different online instructional systems is warranted.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2021-08-01The student, Chad Killian, accepted the attached license on 2019-07-08 at 12:00.The student, Chad Killian, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2019-07-08 at 12:10.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2019-07-09 at 15:45.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14195 on 2019-11-26 at 13:04:37Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-26T20:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4
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The role of physical education within a comprehensive school health promotion climate
No full textIncreasing childhood obesity rates across the United States have raised public health concerns. Governing bodies such as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have responded by issuing recommendations for schools to promote healthy eating and physical activity, with the goal of attenuating the rise in obesity. Although many interventions have been conducted to elicit positive outcomes in children’s health behavior, there is limited research related to the role of physical education in school health promotion or how comprehensive health models are developed and sustained over time. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to discern the role of physical education within a comprehensive school health promotion climate.
A case study was conducted with one K-8 school, Greenlite Academy, situated in a large urban school district (>500 schools) serving a predominantly Hispanic student body (>80%). Data were collected over a semester-long period (August to December) utilizing a variety of quantitative and qualitative tools. Students in grades 4-8 (120) were recruited to participate in physical activity assessment via accelerometry (ActiGraph wGT3X+) over a 7-day period. Complete data (i.e. more than three days wear time with >eight hours each day) were available for 105 participants. Activity data were analyzed using ActiLife software (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) and were segmented into physical education, school day, and daily time periods. All raw data were analyzed to reveal time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for each time segment. From these data, a ratio score of minutes of MVPA accrued in physical education to overall daily MVPA was calculated. To assess the contribution of physical education to overall activity and the degree to which such contribution varies according to activity level, a 2x2 ANOVA (sex x activity level) was run using a tertile split for daily MVPA (low, moderate, high MVPA).
In addition to measurement of physical activity, physical education lessons (N=37) were systematically observed using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) to discern lesson context and student activity levels. Formal interviews were conducted with students (n=36), classroom teachers (n=8), physical/health education teachers (n=4), parents (n=16), and administrators (n=3) to understand their experiences with and perceptions of physical education, health policy, and involvement with the school’s health promotion model. Informal interviews were also conducted with teachers at discretionary times, such as before/after lessons and at the end of the school day. Field notes were taken to document routines and procedures salient to health promotion through observing physical/health education and classroom lessons, recess, lunchroom procedures, and other health/wellness programming. Documents were also gathered, such as the school wellness policy, staff bulletins, letters to parents, and physical education/health curricula, adding contextual information to triangulate interview and observation data. The wellness policy was analyzed using the WellSAT tool to show strength and comprehensiveness of policies.
Analysis of lesson context revealed that students in grades K-8 were engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for over half (51%) of the lesson, and that lessons were primarily spent in skill development/game play contexts. Parents and students viewed the physical education program positively and perceived it to be a necessary component of the health promotion model. Unfortunately, physical education staff felt isolated from key decisions regarding health promotion and curriculum, which caused a sense of marginalization. Moreover, a lack of collaboration hindered the potential of the program to make a stronger impact on school health promotion. Despite these findings, physical activity accrued during physical education contributed a significant proportion (up to 30%) of students’ daily physical activity, and after splitting the sample into low, moderate, and high activity groupings, significant differences were observed in the contribution of physical education to overall activity between the low and high activity groups. No significant interaction between sex and activity level was observed, showing only main effects for activity level.
Analysis of Greenlite’s policies revealed high strength and comprehensive scores based on the Wellness School Assessment Tool, reflecting the strong health and wellness mission. Clear efforts to seek stakeholder input (particularly students and parents) were evident, in addition to assigning students extra responsibilities, such as leading recess for younger grades, to increase adherence to policies. Teachers infused wellness into their pedagogy, delivering a consistent message across the school environment; such messaging transcended into the home environment. Unfortunately, a lack of cultural sensitivity in the school menu, inconsistent training for teachers to deliver activity breaks and lessons, and poor resources such as space, emerged as barriers to policy fidelity.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-08-01The student, Gabriella McLoughlin, accepted the attached license on 2018-07-09 at 11:25.The student, Gabriella McLoughlin, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-07-09 at 17:15.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-07-10 at 14:22.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12774 on 2018-09-27 at 11:36:26Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T16:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Stress during Pregnancy and Offspring Pediatric Disease: A National Cohort Study
No full textBackground: Identifying risk factors for adverse health outcomes in children is important. The intrauterine environment plays a pivotal role for health and disease across life. Objectives: To conduct a comprehensive study to determine whether common psychosocial stress during pregnancy is a risk factor of a wide spectrum of pediatric diseases in the offspring. Methods: The study was conducted in a population-based sample of mothers with live singleton births (N=66203, 71.4% of those eligible) from the Danish National Birth Cohort, using prospective data. We estimated the association between maternal stress during pregnancy (classified based on two a priori defined indicators of common stress forms, life stress and emotional stress) and offspring diseases during childhood (grouped into 16 categories of ICD-10 diagnoses based on data from national registries), controlling for maternal stress after pregnancy. Results: Median age at end of follow-up was 6.2 (3.6-8.9) years. Life stress (highest compared to lowest quartile) was associated with an increased risk of conditions originating in the perinatal period [odds ratio (OR)=1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06-1.21] and congenital malformations (OR=1.17; CI=1.06-1.28), and of the first diagnosis of infection [hazard ratio (HR)=1.28; CI=1.17-1.39], mental disorders (age 0-2.5 years: HR=2.03; CI=1.32-3.14), eye (age 0-4.5 years: HR=1.27; CI=1.06-1.53), ear (HR=1.36; CI=1.23-1.51), respiratory (HR=1.27; CI=1.19-1.35), digestive (HR=1.23; CI=1.11-1.37), skin (HR=1.24; CI=1.09-1.43), musculoskeletal (HR=1.15; CI=1.01-1.30), and genitourinary diseases (HR=1.25; CI=1.08-1.45). Emotional stress was associated with an increased risk for the first diagnosis of infection (HR=1.09; CI=1.01-1.18) and a decreased risk for the first diagnosis of endocrine (HR=0.81; CI=0.67-0.99), eye (HR=0.84; CI=0.71-0.99), and circulatory diseases (age 0-3 years: HR=0.63; CI=0.42-0.95). Conclusions: Maternal life stress during pregnancy be a common risk factor for impaired child health. The results suggest new approaches to reduce childhood diseases
Evaluation of drop vertical jump kinematics and kinetics using 3D markerless motion capture in a large cohort
No full textIntroduction3D Markerless motion capture technologies have advanced significantly over the last few decades to overcome limitations of marker-based systems, which require significant cost, time, and specialization. As markerless motion capture technologies develop and mature, there is increasing demand from the biomechanics community to provide kinematic and kinetic data with similar levels of reliability and accuracy as current reference standard marker-based 3D motion capture methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how a novel markerless system trained with both hand-labeled and synthetic data compares to lower extremity kinematic and kinetic measurements from a reference marker-based system during the drop vertical jump (DVJ) task.MethodsSynchronized video data from multiple camera views and marker-based data were simultaneously collected from 127 participants performing three repetitions of the DVJ. Lower limb joint angles and joint moments were calculated and compared between the markerless and marker-based systems. Root mean squared error values and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to quantify agreement between the systems.ResultsRoot mean squared error values of lower limb joint angles and joint moments were ≤ 9.61 degrees and ≤ 0.23 N×m/kg, respectively. Pearson correlation values between markered and markerless systems were 0.67-0.98 hip, 0.45-0.99 knee and 0.06-0.99 ankle for joint kinematics. Likewise, Pearson correlation values were 0.73-0.90 hip, 0.61-0.95 knee and 0.74-0.95 ankle for joint kinetics.DiscussionThese results highlight the promising potential of markerless motion capture, particularly for measures of hip, knee and ankle rotations. Further research is needed to evaluate the viability of markerless ankle measures in the frontal plane to determine if differences in joint solvers are inducing unanticipated error
Novel 3D Force Sensors for a Cost-Effective 3D Force Plate for Biomechanical Analysis
No full textThree-dimensional force plates are important tools for biomechanics discovery and sports performance practice. However, currently, available 3D force plates lack portability and are often cost-prohibitive. To address this, a recently discovered 3D force sensor technology was used in the fabrication of a prototype force plate. Thirteen participants performed bodyweight and weighted lunges and squats on the prototype force plate and a standard 3D force plate positioned in series to compare forces measured by both force plates and validate the technology. For the lunges, there was excellent agreement between the experimental force plate and the standard force plate in the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (r = 0.950–0.999, p < 0.001). For the squats, there was excellent agreement between the force plates in the Z-axis (r = 0.996, p < 0.001). Across axes and movements, root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.17% to 5.36% between force plates. Although the current prototype force plate is limited in sampling rate, the low RMSEs and extremely high agreement in peak forces provide confidence the novel force sensors have utility in constructing cost-effective and versatile use-case 3D force plates
Pedal Claw Curvature in Birds, Lizards and Mesozoic Dinosaurs - Complicated Categories and Compensating for Mass-Specific and Phylogenetic Control
No full textPubMed ID: 23227184This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
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Session A6: Telemetric Survey of Upstream and Downstream Migrating Species at the River Elbe, Germany
No full textPresenting Author Bio: Juliane Klan, born in 25.08.1986 in Templin, is an expert of (Marine) biology. Employed at the Institute of Applied Ecology in Marschacht, Germany since January 2014, Juliane Klan is engaged with the protection of fish species, within the scope of the fish monitoring at River Elbe. Amongst others she is commissioned with the monitoring of upstream migrating fish species at the fish pass in Geesthacht and at the water inlet of coal-fired powerplant ”Moorburg” in Hamburg. Apart from that Juliane Klan is involved in projects of fish tracking, by means of Telemetry and HDX transponder technology. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Biology (Berlin University 2010) and graduated in Marine Biology at the University of Rostock in 2012.Abstract: The detection of movement patterns of species in rivers can be realised by acoustic telemetry. From 2012 till 2013 a survey on migrating species by means of telemetry was conducted in the river Elbe focussing on following questions: How do successful upstream migrating fish behave after swimming through a fish pass? To what extend is a direct downstream migration taking place? The investigation area is located 30 km upstream the city of Hamburg in the 400 m width headwater of the weir Geesthacht. The migration barrier is equipped with a new double slot pass at the north bank and a natural like channel (since 1996) at the south. 6 anadromous (n=161) and 10 potamodromous (n=127) species were tagged with an acoustic transmitter after passing the fish ways successfully. Additionally a group of tagged Atlantic salmon smolts (n=76) were released 8 km upstream the weir. 21 hydrophones were installed along the river banks over a section of 4 km upstream the weir to detect the movement patterns of the released specimens. Very good redetection quotes were achieved: 68% of anadromous as well as 65% of potamodromous species and 95% of salmon smolts were redetected. Several typal behaviour patterns have been observed: No matter, if the tagged fish were released at the head of the old or the new fish pass, the upstream migrating anadromous specimens tend to follow the current flow to pass the investigation area very fast and in beeline. Also the salmon smolts migrated immediately in just 4 hours throughout the headwater and pass the weir. Not even local turbulences e.g. caused by a pumped storage plant could affect this movement patterns. In contrast potamodromous fish show a remarkable unsteady cruising behaviour and just onethird continued their upstream migration along the same river bank where they had been released
