1,722,019 research outputs found
Motion sickness occurence in public road transport
No full textThe purpose of the research conducted in this thesis was to increase understanding concerning the aetiology of motion sickness in public road transport. The research examines the occurrence of motion sickness amongst vehicle passengers to determine its dependence on the characteristics of vehicle motion. Other factors in the immediate environment which may influence the development of sickness and the behaviour and disposition of passengers were also investigated.A questionnaire survey of 3,256 coach travellers was conducted over 56 private hire coach journeys. Information on passenger characteristics, travel regularity, activity during travel, use of anti-motion sickness drugs and self-reported motion sickness susceptibility was collected. Measurements of vehicle motion were made on all journeys yielding over 110 hours of coach motion data from 17 drivers. Details of the travel environment (visibility, temperature and seating) were also recorded.Overall, 28.4% of passengers reported feeling ill, 12.8% reported nausea and 1.7% reported vomiting during coach travel. Passenger motion sickness increased with increased exposure to low frequency (below 0.5 Hz) lateral and, to a lesser extent, fore-and-aft coach motion. Such motions mainly result from the driving behaviour of individual drivers who, as a consequence, are implicated in coach motion sickness occurrence. Motion in other axes correlated less well with sickness although there was some inter-correlation between axes. Sickness levels were greater for drivers who averaged higher magnitudes of lateral and fore-and-aft vehicle motion. Nausea occurrence was greater on routes classified as being predominantly cross-country where magnitudes of lateral vehicle motion were significantly higher. Lateral motion and consequent sickness increased from the front to the rear of each vehicle. No significant differences in sickness were found between the nine different vehicles used in the study. Travel sickness decreased with increasing passenger age and greater travel experience. Females were more likely to feel ill during coach travel than males by a ratio of four to three. Poor forward visibility was associated with increased sickness. Passenger illness occurrence was approximately three times higher for passengers with no view of the road ahead than for passengers with good forward visibility, although vehicle motion was found to be more influential than visual information in determining sickness. Illness ratings differed as a function of travel activity. No clear relationships were found between the occurrence of travel sickness and temperature, food consumption or time of travel.Findings were broadly consistent with extant theories of motion sickness, although no one theory provided a complete and satisfactory explanation of the data. The pattern of sickness responses suggested: (i) habituation through greater travel regularity may occur independently of reductions in travel sickness occurring with age; (ii) habituation through greater travel regularity may be related to the use of visual information by experienced passengers in addition to familiarity with the motion experienced; (iii) the incidence of travel sickness could be significantly reduced, although not eliminated by improving the external forward visibility afforded to passengers, (iv) Whilst motion exposure and vision are important factors in the aetiology of motion sickness, the most reliable predictors of sickness were found to be previous susceptibility, travel experience and age.</p
Issues and reforms in the Papua New Guinea public service since independence
No full textTurner Mark M. Issues and reforms in the Papua New Guinea public service since independence. In: Journal de la Société des océanistes, 92-93, 1991-1-2. pp. 97-104
Motion sickness in public road transport: The relative importance of motion, vision and individual differences
No full textThe relative importance of vehicle motion, a view of the road ahead and passenger characteristics in the causation of motion sickness in road transport has been investigated using survey data from 3256 coach passengers and measurements of coach motion. Overall, 28% of passengers said they felt unwell during coach travel. Prior experience of sickness, travel regularity and age were the factors most highly correlated with illness. Increased vehicle motion and poorer forward vision also correlated with illness. Little difference in illness was apparent with a good view of the road ahead, regardless of motion exposure, although vision alone was not sufficient to eliminate passenger sickness entirely. The results suggest that travel sickness could be significantly reduced by improved forward external vision and that improved forward vision may be particularly beneficial for individuals new to coach travel and for those who travel less often.</p
Lakoff (George) and Turner (Mark). More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor
No full textSteen Gerard. Lakoff (George) and Turner (Mark). More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 70, fasc. 3, 1992. Langues et littératures modernes — Moderne taal- en letterkunde. pp. 720-722
Motion sickness in public road transport: The effect of driver, route and vehicle
No full textRelationships between vehicle motion and passenger sickness have been investigated in a survey of 3256 passengers travelling on 56 mainland UK bus or coach journeys. Vehicle motion was measured throughout all journeys, yielding over 110 h of six-axis coach motion data from five types of coach and 17 different drivers. Overall, 28.4% of passengers reported feelings of illness, 12.8% reported nausea and 1.7% reported vomiting during coach travel. Passenger nausea and illness ratings increased with increased exposure to lateral coach motion at low frequencies (< 0.5 Hz). Motion in other axes correlated less well with sickness, although there were some intercorrelations between the motions in the different axes. Sickness levels among passengers were greater with drivers who drove to produce higher average magnitudes of fore-and-aft and lateral vehicle motion. Nausea occurrence was greater on routes classified as being predominantly cross-country where magnitudes of lateral vehicle motion were significantly higher. Lateral motion and motion sickness increased from the front to the rear of each vehicle. No significant differences in sickness were found between the five different vehicle types used in the study. The applicability of a motion sickness dose model to these data is discussed.</p
Lakoff (George) and Turner (Mark). More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor
No full textSteen Gerard. Lakoff (George) and Turner (Mark). More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 70, fasc. 3, 1992. Langues et littératures modernes — Moderne taal- en letterkunde. pp. 720-722
Motion sickness in public road transport: Passenger behaviour and susceptibility
No full textThe aim of this research was to identify personal and environmental factors influencing individual susceptibility to motion sickness during road transport. A questionnaire survey of 3256 coach travellers was conducted. Information on passenger characteristics, travel regularity, activity during travel, use of anti-motion sickness drugs and self-reported motion sickness susceptibility were collected over 56 private hire coach journeys. Details of the travel environment (visibility, temperature and seating) were also recorded. The relationship of these variables with passenger illness and more specific symptoms of motion sickness are examined. Overall, 28.4% of passengers reported feeling ill, 12.8% reported nausea and 1.7% reported vomiting during coach travel. Travel sickness decreased with increasing passenger age and greater travel experience. Females were more likely to report feeling ill during coach travel than males by a ratio of four to three. Poor forward visibility was found to increase sickness. Passenger illness occurrence was approximately three times higher for passengers with no view of the road ahead (mean, 34.6%) compared to passengers who could see the road ahead extremely well (mean, 12.7%). No relationships were found between the occurrence of travel sickness and temperature or time of travel. Differences in the pattern of sickness responses exhibited by coach travellers suggest: (1) habituation through greater travel regularity may occur independently of reductions in travel sickness that occur with age; (2) females are more affected by poor forward visibility than males; and (3) the incidence of travel sickness could be significantly reduced by improving the external visibility afforded to passengers.</p
Airsickness and aircraft motion during short-haul flights
No full textBackground: There is little quantitative information that can be used to predict the incidence of airsickness from the motions experienced in military or civil aviation. This study examines the relationship between low-frequency aircraft motion and passenger sickness in short-haul turboprop flights within the United Kingdom.Methods: A questionnaire survey of 923 fare-paying passengers was conducted on 38 commercial airline flights. Concurrent measurements of aircraft motion were made on all journeys, yielding approximately 30 h of aircraft motion data.Results: Overall, 0.5% of passengers reported vomiting, 8.4% reported nausea (range 0% to 34.8%) and 16.2% reported illness (range 0% to 47.8%) during flight. Positive correlations were found between the percentage of passengers who experienced nausea or felt ill and the magnitude of low-frequency lateral and vertical motion, although neither motion uniquely predicted airsickness. The incidence of motion sickness also varied with passenger age, gender, food consumption and activity during air travel. No differences in sickness were found between passengers located in different seating sections of the aircraft, or as a function of moderate levels of alcohol consumption.Conclusions: The passenger responses suggest that a useful prediction of airsickness can be obtained from magnitudes of low frequency aircraft motion. However, some variations in airsickness may also be explained by individual differences between passengers and their psychological perception of flying
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