2 research outputs found
Empirical Studies Assessing the Perceptions and Knowledge of Medicine in Mongolia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
No full textThe availability and affordability of medicine is an essential issue in any population globally, and drug regulatory agencies need the information to prevent an unforeseen matter and take necessary decisions by relevant agencies so that medicine will be available at an affordable price. Moreover, it is also essential to assess the consumer perception of patterns and knowledge about medicine use, subject to perception bias and belief bias. The current study examines consumers’ perceptions of medicine availability, medicine spending, affordability of medicine, patterns and knowledge of medication use. A nationwide cross-sectional study was performed in Mongolia. The survey consists of nineteen closed-ended questionnaire items. The manuscript has presented according to The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines on the cross-sectional study. A total of seven thousand five hundred and thirty-two (n=7532) had participated in the study. 46.3% of the study population consider the quality during buying of medicine. The average spending of medicine per month in Mongolia is 4.00 USD-17.00 USD/= per month. A large percentage of the population (47.8%) has skipped buying prescription drugs due to affordability issues. 47.4% of the population believe that the price of the drug sold in the market is expensive. A surprisingly 56% of study population indicate that the pharmacy does not have enough type and stock of drug. The study population (40.4%) does not have enough awareness about falsified medicine, and 30.4% cannot buy discounted medicine covered by the health insurance fund. A considerable percentage of the population (74.2%) take medicine according to doctor instructions and is firmly in favour of the government to regulate the drug prices (79.9%). The current study showed consumers’ perception, pattern, knowledge and affordability about medicines. The results indicate a lack of education by the healthcare providers on falsified medicine, the financial burden of medicine on the population, and the unavailability of different medicine stock
Snow leopard phylogeography and population structure supports two global populations with single refugial origin
No full textThis article was originally published in Biodiversity and Conservation. The version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02928-4.
© The Author(s) 2024.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) inhabit the mountainous regions of High Asia, which experienced serial glacial contraction and expansion during climatic cycles of the Pleistocene. The corresponding impacts of glacial vicariance may have alternately promoted or constrained genetic differentiation to shape the distribution of genetic lineages and population structure. We studied snow leopard phylogeography across High Asia by examining range-wide historical and contemporary genetic structure with mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. We genotyped 182 individuals from across snow leopard range and sequenced portions of the mitogenome in a spatially stratified subset of 80 individuals to infer historical biogeographic and contemporary patterns of genetic diversity. We observed a lack of phylogeographic structure, and analyses suggested a single refugial origin for all sampled populations. Molecular data provided tentative evidence of a hypothesized glacial refugia in the Tian Shan-Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram mountain ranges, and detected mixed signatures of population expansion. Concordant assessments of microsatellite data indicated two global genetic populations, though we detected geographic differences between historical and contemporary population structure and connectivity inferred from mitochondrial and microsatellite data, respectively. Using the largest sample size and geographic coverage to date, we demonstrate novel information on the phylogeographic history of snow leopards, and corroborate existing interpretations of snow leopard connectivity and genetic structure. We recommend that conservation efforts incorporate genetic data to define and protect meaningful conservation units and their underlying genetic diversity, and to maintain the snow leopard’s adaptive potential and continued resilience to environmental changes.This work was supported by Panthera, the University of Delaware, and the National Geographic Society
