83,058 research outputs found
Observation Equivalence of Petri Net Generators
No full textAbstract In the framework of discrete event systems, the observation of events is considered as outputs in most problem settings, such as state estimation and fault diagnosis, while only a few studies exploit the availability of partial state information. In this paper, equivalent relations between Petri nets with different observation structures, i.e., Petri net generators, are discussed. We focus on a model called labeled Petri nets with outputs (LPNO), i.e., labeled Petri nets endowed with an arbitrary observation function of the marking. It has been shown that any \LPNO\ can be converted into an adaptive labeled Petri net (ALPN) whose labeling function depends on the markings, if infinite labels are allowed. We propose an algorithm that converts a bounded \LPNO\ into an equivalent \ALPN\ with minimal alphabet, i.e., an alphabet of minimal cardinality, to avoid introducing a large number of unnecessary labels
Verification of Pattern-Pattern Diagnosability in Partially Observed Discrete Event Systems
Get PDFThis work studies a new notion of diagnosability called the pattern-pattern diagnosability in discrete event systems modeled by partially observable finite state automata. Suppose that in the system there are some sequences of events that are undesirable to happen, which we call the fault pattern. We want to determine whether the occurrence of the fault pattern can be determined before some sequences - -which we call the critical pattern and may cause fatal consequences after the fault pattern - are completed. Both fault and critical patterns are assumed to be regular and, hence, are described by the languages accepted by finite automata. We propose a novel notion of pattern-pattern diagnosability (PP-diagnosability), which requires that the occurrence of a fault pattern can always be detected before the completion of a critical pattern thereafter. The properties of PP-diagnosability, and the relations between PP-diagnosability and conventional diagnosability are studied. Then, we propose a method to verify PP-diagnosability using a structure called the pattern-pattern verifier. The complexity of the proposed method is polynomial in the number of states of the plant and the two pattern automata
Prolonged metamorphism of garnet-orthoamphibole gneisses from the Fuyun area: New insights into metamorphic evolution of the southern Chinese Altai orogen
No full textOn the Equivalence of Observation Structures for Petri Net Generators
No full textObservation structures considered for Petri net generators usually assume that the firing of transitions may be observed through a static mask and that the marking of some places may be measurable. These observation structures, however, are rather limited, namely they do not cover all cases of practical interest where complex observations are possible. We consider in this paper more general ones, by correspondingly defining two new classes of Petri net generators: labeled Petri nets with outputs (LPNOs) and adaptive labeled Petri nets (ALPNs). To compare the modeling power of different Petri net generators, the notion of observation equivalence is proposed. ALPNs are shown to be the class of bounded generators possessing the highest modeling power. Looking for bridges between the different formalisms, we first present a general procedure to convert a bounded LPNO into an equivalent ALPN or even into an equivalent labeled Petri net (if any exists). Finally, we discuss the possibility of converting an unbounded LPNO into an equivalent ALPN
Predicting mode II delamination suppression in z-pinned laminates
Get PDFA finite element model for predicting delamination resistance of z-pin
reinforced laminates under the mode-II load condition is presented. End notched
flexure specimen is simulated using a cohesive zone model. The main difference
of this approach to previously published cohesive zone models is that the
individual bridging force exerted by z-pin is governed by a specific traction-
separation law derived from a unit-cell model of single pin failure process,
which is independent of the fracture toughness of the unreinforced laminate.
Therefore, two separate traction-separation laws are employed; one represents
unreinforced laminate properties and the other for the enhanced delamination
toughness owing to the pin bridging action. This approach can account for the
so-called large scale bridging effect and avoid using concentrated pin forces in
numerical models, thus removing the mesh-size dependency and permitting more
accurate and reliable computational solutions
Functional Electrical Stimulation mediated by Iterative Learning Control and 3D robotics reduces motor impairment in chronic stroke
No full textBackground: Novel stroke rehabilitation techniques that employ electrical stimulation (ES) and robotic technologies are effective in reducing upper limb impairments. ES is most effective when it is applied to support the patients’ voluntary effort; however, current systems fail to fully exploit this connection. This study builds on previous work using advanced ES controllers, and aims to investigate the feasibility of Stimulation Assistance through Iterative Learning (SAIL), a novel upper limb stroke rehabilitation system which utilises robotic support, ES, and voluntary effort. Methods: Five hemiparetic, chronic stroke participants with impaired upper limb function attended 18, 1 hour intervention sessions. Participants completed virtual reality tracking tasks whereby they moved their impaired arm to follow a slowly moving sphere along a specified trajectory. To do this, the participants’ arm was supported by a robot. ES, mediated by advanced iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms, was applied to the triceps and anterior deltoid muscles. Each movement was repeated 6 times and ILC adjusted the amount of stimulation applied on each trial to improve accuracy and maximise voluntary effort. Participants completed clinical assessments (Fugl-Meyer, Action Research Arm Test) at baseline and post-intervention, as well as unassisted tracking tasks at the beginning and end of each intervention session. Data were analysed using t-tests and linear regression. Results: From baseline to post-intervention, Fugl-Meyer scores improved, assisted and unassisted tracking performance improved, and the amount of ES required to assist tracking reduced. Conclusions: The concept of minimising support from ES using ILC algorithms was demonstrated. The positive results are promising with respect to reducing upper limb impairments following stroke, however, a larger study is required to confirm this
The Benefits of Being Economics Professor A (and not Z)
Get PDFAlphabetic name ordering on multi-authored academic papers, which is the convention in the economics discipline and various other disciplines, is to the advantage of people whose last name initials are placed early in the alphabet. As it turns out, Professor A, who has been a first author more often than Professor Z, will have published more articles and experienced afaster growth rate over the course of her career as a result of reputation and visibility. Moreover, authors know that name ordering matters and indeed take ordering seriously: Several characteristics of an author group composition determine the decision to deviate from the default alphabetic name order to a significant extent.performance measurement, incentives, economists, name ordering
Trilacuna triseta Tong & Li 2020, sp. nov.
No full text<p>Trilacuna triseta Tong & Li sp. nov.Figs 11, 12, 14J-L, 16G, 16H</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p> <i>Holotype</i> ♂: Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao, Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary; 27°32.032'N, 97°00.036'E; elevation ca 2010 m; 15.V.2017; Wu J. and Chen Z. leg. (IZCAS AR-25155).</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p> The new species is similar to <i>T. bilingua</i> Eichenberger, 2011 but can be distinguished by the three black, thick setae on the endites of the male (Figs 11G, 16G, 16H) and the slender anterior branch (ab) of the embolus system (Fig. 12E, 12F, 12H). <i>Trilacuna bilingua</i> lacks black, thick setae on the endites, and the embolus system has two very short lobes basally (Eichenberger et al. 2011: fig. 5-6).</p> <p>Description.</p> <p> <b> Male. <i>Body</i></b> : reddish brown, chelicerae and sternum lighter, legs yellow; habitus as in Figure 11A-C; body length 1.97. <i>Carapace</i>: 0.95 long, 0.74 wide; sides smooth; lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 11B); posterior surface with several large setal bases (Fig. 11H). <i>Eyes</i>: ALE largest; PLE and PME nearly equal in size; ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius; PME touching each other; posterior eye row recurved as viewed from above, procurved as viewed from front (Fig. 11D, I). <i>Clypeus</i>: height about 0.85 times of ALE diameter, with a triangular, pointed, median projection (cmp). <i>Mouthparts</i> (Figs 11F, I, 16G, H): endites with three thick, black setae. <i>Sternum</i> (Fig. 11F). <i>Abdomen</i>: 1.05 long, 0.80 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth (Fig. 11B); dorsal scutum not fused to epigastric scutum; apodemes present; posterior spiracles connected by groove (Fig. 11C). <i>Palp</i> (Figs 12, 14J-L): orange; 0.72 long (0.17, 0.11, 0.11, 0.33); femur elongated (width/length = 0.53) (Fig. 12A, B); bulb oval, tapering apically; embolus system (Fig. 12E, 12F, 12H) with an anterior branch (ab), a dorsal branch (db), a ventral branch (vb), and a median lobe (ml) in prolateral view.</p> <p> <b>Female.</b> Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p> The species epithet is a noun in apposition composed of the Latin words <i>tri</i> (three) and <i>seta</i> and refers to the three black, thick setae on the male’s endites.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>Known only from the type locality.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p> There are two species reported from a single female specimen in this study, and one described from a single male: <i>T. loebli</i> Grismado & Piacentini, 2014, <i>T. zhigangi</i> Tong & Li, sp. nov., and <i>T. triseta</i> Tong & Li, sp. nov., respectively. The following characters indicate that neither of the two females are conspecific with <i>T. triseta</i> Tong & Li, sp. nov. <i>T. loebli</i> is dark brown (Fig. 10A) with a reticulated carapace (Fig. 10D), and <i>T. zhigangi</i> has small eyes (Fig. 13A) and lacks the triangular, pointed, median projection of the clypeus (Fig. 13H). The male, <i>T. triseta</i> Tong & Li, sp. nov. has a reddish-brown body, a smooth carapace, normal-sized eyes, and a triangular, pointed, median projection (Fig. 11A, D, I).</p>Published as part of <i>Tong, Yanfeng, Li, Shuqiang & Bian, Dongju, 2020, Taxonomic studies on the genus Trilacuna (Araneae, Oonopidae) from Myanmar, pp. 39-62 in ZooKeys 960</i> on page 39, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.960.5405
Sensory evoked awake mouse fMRI
No full text<p>Raw data for "Chen X, Tong C, Han Z, Zhang K, Bo B, Feng Y, Liang Z. Sensory evoked fMRI paradigms in awake mice. Neuroimage. 2020 Jan 1;204:116242. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116242."</p>
Final word on Jersey Dutch
No full textIn this article, William Z. Shetter compares and contrasts the dialects that developed between different Dutch colonies in the New World. He explores in-depth the nuances of Jersey Dutch, and provides theories to explain how Dutch and colonial languages blended. The article is reprinted from American Speech, December 1958, Volum XXXIII, No. 4
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