1,356,820 research outputs found
Introducing a Pan-European Project. An Ideological Profile of Volt Italia
No full textThe purpose of this essay is to provide a concise overview of Volt Europa – a new ecologist, rogressive and pan-European movement – with particular attention for its Italian section. Analysing the data I collected through an online questionnaire conducted in Spring 2020, I will examine the ideological orientation and the political collocation of Volt Italia within the Italian and European political landscape, providing some elements to understand its nature compared to other political forces and highlighting some characteristics that make it a political subject worthy of interest
Using positive feedback adiabatic logic to implement reversible Toffoli gates
No full textA reversible, positive feedback adiabatic logic circuit is presented, which by implementing the universal Toffoli gate demonstrates that reversible logic circuits can be created and implemented using this adiabatic logic family. When compared to circuits with similar circuit structures that do not incorporate complete recovery logic, the use of reversible structures shows a reduction in energy losses by a mean of just under 63%
When-and how- can a cellular automaton be rewritten as a lattice gas?
No full textAbstractBoth cellular automata (CA) and lattice-gas automata (LG) provide finite algorithmic presentations for certain classes of infinite dynamical systems studied by symbolic dynamics; it is customary to use the terms ‘cellular automaton’ and ‘lattice gas’ for a dynamic system itself as well as for its presentation. The two kinds of presentation share many traits but also display profound differences on issues ranging from decidability to modeling convenience and physical implementability.Following a conjecture by Toffoli and Margolus, it had been proved by Kari that any invertible CA, at least up to two dimensions, can be rewritten as an isomorphic LG. But until now it was not known whether this is possible in general for noninvertible CA—which comprise “almost all” CA and represent the bulk of examples in theory and applications. Even circumstantial evidence–whether in favor or against–was lacking.Here, for noninvertible CA, (a) we prove that an LG presentation is out of the question for the vanishingly small class of surjective ones. We then turn our attention to all the rest–noninvertible and nonsurjective–which comprise all the typical ones, including Conway’s ‘Game of Life’. For these (b) we prove by explicit construction that all the one-dimensional ones are representable as LG, and (c) we present and motivate the conjecture that this result extends to any number of dimensions.The tradeoff between dissipation rate and structural complexity implied by the above results have compelling implications for the thermodynamics of computation at a microscopic scale
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No full textQuantum Fourier Addition, Simplified to Toffoli Addition
No full textQuantum addition circuits are considered being of two types: 1)
Toffolli-adder circuits which use only classical reversible gates (CNOT and
Toffoli), and 2) QFT-adder circuits based on the quantum Fourier
transformation. We present the first systematic translation of the QFT-addition
circuit into a Toffoli-based adder. This result shows that QFT-addition has
fundamentally the same fault-tolerance cost (e.g. T-count) as the most
cost-efficient Toffoli-adder: instead of using approximate decompositions of
the gates from the QFT circuit, it is more efficient to merge gates. In order
to achieve this, we formulated novel circuit identities for multi-controlled
gates and apply the identities algorithmically. The employed techniques can be
used to automate quantum circuit optimisation heuristics.Comment: accepted in PR
Toffoli gate and quantum correlations: a geometrical approach
No full textBy using a geometrical approach, we investigate the behavior of the quantum Toffoli gate in connection to quantum correlations. Special attention is paid to states with maximally mixed marginals. Finally and in the same vein, we scrutinize the Hadamard gate
ESOP-based Toffoli Gate Cascade Generation
No full textAbstract-An ESOP-based Toffoli gate cascade synthesis algorithm is presented. The algorithm is capable of generating a cascade of reversible gates for logic functions with large numbers of qubits. The algorithm is fast as it uses a simple cost metric heuristic during a recursive divide-and-conquer function to determine NOT and Toffoli gate placemen
Osteoprotegerin: a pancreatic islets dysfunction and vascular injury modulator
No full textBackground. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble glycoprotein of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, which was initially identified as a key regulator in bone turnover. It acts as a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL) and for the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), counterbalancing their biological effects. OPG is produced by a wide range of tissues, including the cardiovascular system, and its levels are particularly high in aortic and renal arteries. Several studies have clearly demonstrated that the serum levels of OPG are elevated in diabetic and nondiabetic patients affected by cardiovascular diseases, and increased levels of OPG represent a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, especially in diabetic patients. However, in spite of the reported findings, the physiopathological role of elevated serum levels of OPG in vascular biology and in pancreatic islet function are not well understood.
Aim of the study. The aims of our studies were:
Study 1. Evaluate the potential role of OPG in the pathogenesis of diabetes associated atherosclerosis.
Study 2. Investigate OPG effects on pancreatic islet function and its interaction with local pancreatic renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
Materials and Methods. Study 1.A. In vivo study: 80 apoE knockout male mice were further randomized into 4 groups (n=20) and followed for 3 months. One group of non diabetic animals received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vehicle and served as a control; another group of non-diabetic animals received every 3 weeks an i.p. injection of human recombinant OPG (OPG). The other two groups, rendered diabetic by 5 daily i.p. injections of streptozotocin (55mg/Kg/die), received injections of OPG or an equivalent volume of vehicle. At the end of the study, animals were culled, the blood was collected for biochemical analysis, and the entire aorta was excised out to study the total plaques extent and to evaluate the lesion composition and complexity of the aortic plaques. B. In vitro study: Murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSC) were treated with different concentrations of OPG, TGFβ and SB431542 (TGFβ- type 1 receptor inhibitor). Subsequently, cellular proliferation and pro-fibrotic markers gene expression were evaluated at different time points. OPG protein release was measured in growth media (ELISA technique).
Study 2. 40 male mice C57Bl/6J, aged 10 weeks, were randomized into 4 groups (n=10) and studied for 3 months. Group 1 received every 3 weeks an i.p. injection of vehicle and served
as a control. Group 2 received every 3 weeks an i.p. injection of OPG. Group 3 received the ACE inhibitor ramipril at the dose of 10mg/Kg/die in drinking water in co-treatment with i.p. injections of vehicle. Group 4 received ramipril in co-treatment with i.p. injections of OPG. At the end of the study, animals were culled, the blood was collected for biochemical analysis, and the pancreas was dissected out for subsequent quantitative RT-PCR measurements and immunohistochemical analysis.
Results. Study 1.A. At the end of the study, diabetic animals injected with OPG presented a significant increase in total plaques extent, with an increase of smooth muscle cells content in aortic plaques. Moreover OPG treated animals showed an increase in the collagen content in aortic media in respect to control mice. B. OPG promoted VSMC proliferation and pro-fibrotic markers gene expression. TGFβ treatment of VSMC induced a dose-dependent increase of OPG gene and protein expression, that was completed prevented by pre-treatment with the SB431542 inhibitor.
Study 2. OPG-treated animals showed increased islet monocyte-macrophage infiltration, fibrosis and apoptosis with reduction of islet function. The remodeling of islet architecture was associated with increased pancreatic expression of components of the RAS, growth factor genes (TGFβ and CTGF) and inflammatory molecules (MCP-1 and VCAM-1). Prevention of these changes with improvement of insulin secretion was observed in ramipril treated animals.
Conclusion. Study 1.A-B OPG seems to play an important pathogenetic role in the development and progression of diabetic atherosclerosis.
Study 2. Our data suggest that OPG might play an important role in promoting beta cell dysfunction and the upregulation of the local RAS represents one possible mechanism responsible for the OPG-induced beta cell dysfunction
Quantum schoolbook multiplication with fewer Toffoli gates
No full textThis paper presents a method for constructing quantum circuits for schoolbook multiplication using controlled add-subtract circuits, asymptotically halving the Toffoli count compared to traditional controlled-adder-based constructions. Controlled n-qubit add-subtract circuits, which perform an addition when the control qubit is one and a subtraction when it is zero, require only n-1 Toffoli gates, instead of the 2n-1 needed for controlled adders. Despite the existence of multiplication circuits with better asymptotic scaling, schoolbook multiplication yields the lowest Toffoli counts for small register sizes, making it advantageous in practical applications. For example, the presented approach reduces the Toffoli count by up to around 30% in circuits for breaking 256-bit elliptic curve keys compared to circuits with standard schoolbook multipliers
Exact SAT-based toffoli network synthesis
No full textCompact realizations of reversible logic functions are of interest in the design of quantum computers. Such reversible functions are realized as a cascade of Toffoli gates. In this paper, we present the first exact synthesis algorithm for reversible functions using generalized Toffoli gates. Our iterative algorithm formulates the synthesis problem with d Toffoli gates as a sequence of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) instances. Such an instance is satisfiable iff there exists a network representation with d gates. Thus, we can guarantee minimality. In addition to fully specified reversible functions, the algorithm can be applied to incompletely specified functions. For a set of benchmarks experimental results are given
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