882 research outputs found
Using a magnete to seperate plastics
No full textFundamental research into magnetic fluids spans more than thirty years, in the course of which a number of practical applications have emerged. Magnetic fluids become heavier when exposed to a magnetic field and can thus be used to separate materials of different densities, with lighter materials floating to the surface. However, since practical fluids took a long time to appear on the scene, development was faltering. Raw materials technologist Dr Peter Rem discovered a new approach, in which separation becomes a viable option for applications like the recycling of plastics and metals, and for refining diamonds. Instead of bulky, energy-hungry electromagnets, the system uses permanent magnets. A patent has been applied for
REM-slaap en dromen
No full textThe central topic of this paper is the phenomenon of REM sleep. The physiological mechanism of this type of sleep, with main characteristics such as a high brain activity and paradoxical low muscle tone, is explained. The function of REM sleep is discussed, in particular in terms of cognitive and homeostatic actions, but without drawing final conclusions. Arguments are available to consider REM sleep as a third state of consciousness, next to wakefulness and slow wave sleep. It even seems unnecessary to regard REM sleep as belonging to the domain of sleep, giving the fact that in some cases REM sleep can occur interfering with wakefulness. The second theme of the paper is the supposed relationship of REM sleep with dreaming. Based on a number of considerations, the author comes to the conclusion that the essential substrate of a dream is a sufficient activation of the brain, irrespective of its causation. Because high activity always occurs during REM sleep, it looks as if a causal coupling between these phenomena exists. This is denied, however, by the occurrence of dreams during slow wave sleep and by the existence of hypnagogic hallucinations during falling asleep
Antidepressants and their effect on sleep
No full textGiven the relationship between sleep and depression, there is inevitably going to be an effect of antidepressants on sleep. Current evidence suggests that this effect depends on the class of antidepressant used and the dosage. The extent of variation between the effects of antidepressants and sleep may relate to their mechanism of action. This systematic review examines randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) that have reported the effect that antidepressants appear to have on sleep. RCTs are not restricted to depressed populations, since several studies provide useful information about the effects on sleep in other groups. Nevertheless, the distinction is made between those studies because the participant's health may influence the baseline sleep profiles and the effect of the antidepressant. Insomnia is often seen with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), with all tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) except amitriptyline, and all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with venlafaxine and moclobemide as well. Sedation has been reported with all TCAs except desipramine, with mirtazapine and nefazodone, the TCA-related maprotiline, trazodone and mianserin, and with all MAOIs. REM sleep suppression has been observed with all TCAs except trimipramine, but especially clomipramine, with all MAOIs and SSRIs and with venlafaxine, trazodone and bupropion. However, the effect on sleep varies between compounds within antidepressant classes, differences relating to the amount of sedative or alerting (insomnia) effects, changes to baseline sleep parameters, differences relating to REM sleep, and the degree of sleep-related side effects
ABSOLUTE PROTECTION AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RIGHT IN REM
No full textThe article investigates the issue connected with the absolute protection of the rights in rem. Basing on analysis of the theory of protection and regulation legal relations and the correlation between the notions of civil rights defense and protection, the author grounds the conclusion of independent character of such sign of subjective right in rem as absolute protection
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Due Process and In Rem Jurisdiction under the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
No full textThe 1999 enactment of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) provides trademark holders with effective and efficient means to defend their marks against bad faith cybersquatters. The statute’s in rem jurisdiction provisions, whereby the infringing domain name stands as the res and its situs is deemed to be the jurisdiction hosting the domain name registrar, are one of its more powerful features, enabling trademark owners to sue foreign or anonymous cybersquatters. However, the constitutional status of in rem jurisdiction is uncertain, as the Supreme Court has been unable to agree on the extent of contacts needed to establish in rem jurisdiction. So far, the ACPA in rem provisions have withstood constitutional due process challenges, but the leading case was not thorough enough in its due process analysis. By focusing on the particular manner in which the ACPA in rem jurisdiction provisions impact a cybersquatter’s rights, the author argues that the ACPA in rem provisions do not run afoul of due process. The novelty of a domain name standing as a res isolates the ACPA from conventional in rem caselaw. However, the author points out that while the constitutional status of in rem jurisdiction is unsettled, maritime caselaw provides some guidance on the due process requirements for the ACPA provisions. The author proceeds to argue, on the basis of these guidelines, that the ACPA contains procedural safeguards that strongly support constitutionality. The author then shows how certain indicia of cybersquatter bad faith may provide additional contacts to buttress the procedural safeguards. The procedural safeguards, together with the additional contacts supplied by bad faith, assure that the operation of the ACPA in rem jurisdiction provisions complies with due process
Due Process and In Rem Jurisdiction under the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
No full textThe 1999 enactment of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) provides trademark holders with effective and efficient means to defend their marks against bad faith cybersquatters. The statute’s in rem jurisdiction provisions, whereby the infringing domain name stands as the res and its situs is deemed to be the jurisdiction hosting the domain name registrar, are one of its more powerful features, enabling trademark owners to sue foreign or anonymous cybersquatters. However, the constitutional status of in rem jurisdiction is uncertain, as the Supreme Court has been unable to agree on the extent of contacts needed to establish in rem jurisdiction. So far, the ACPA in rem provisions have withstood constitutional due process challenges, but the leading case was not thorough enough in its due process analysis. By focusing on the particular manner in which the ACPA in rem jurisdiction provisions impact a cybersquatter’s rights, the author argues that the ACPA in rem provisions do not run afoul of due process. The novelty of a domain name standing as a res isolates the ACPA from conventional in rem caselaw. However, the author points out that while the constitutional status of in rem jurisdiction is unsettled, maritime caselaw provides some guidance on the due process requirements for the ACPA provisions. The author proceeds to argue, on the basis of these guidelines, that the ACPA contains procedural safeguards that strongly support constitutionality. The author then shows how certain indicia of cybersquatter bad faith may provide additional contacts to buttress the procedural safeguards. The procedural safeguards, together with the additional contacts supplied by bad faith, assure that the operation of the ACPA in rem jurisdiction provisions complies with due process
Przejawy actio in rem w polskim prawie cywilnym
No full textThis paper deals with search, in Polish civil law, for expressions of an actio in rem institution derived from ancient Rome. W. Bojarski pointed out that the actio in rem in Roman law had two meanings, i.e. a complaint in the proceedings and a claim in the substantive law. In ancient Rome it was not possible to make use of one actio (action, complaint) to assert all rights. Actio in rem was the institution of procedural law, an action against thing, for the protection of property. In Polish civil process actio in rem does not exist as a claim (complaint) against things. However, there are some institutions having the features of actio in rem or claims associated with the thing in Polish property law. The main attention was paid to the pledge/lien, mortgage and property claims. The author briefly discussed the definition of actio in rem under Polish law as well as the concept of property rights.Niniejsze opracowanie traktuje o poszukiwaniu przejawów wywodzącej się ze starożytnego Rzymu instytucji actio in rem w polskim prawie cywilnym. W. Bojarski wskazał, iż actio in rem w prawie rzymskim miała dwa znaczenia – jako skarga w postępowaniu i jako roszczenie w prawie materialnym. W starożytnym Rzymie nie można było za pomocą jednej actio (powództwa, skargi) dochodzić każdego prawa. Actio in rem była instytucją prawa procesowego, powództwem rzeczowym służącym ochronie władztwa nad rzeczami. W polskim procesie cywilnym actio in rem nie występuje jako powództwo (skarga) przeciwko rzeczy, jednakże można znaleźć w prawie rzeczowym materialne instytucje mające cechy actio in rem, czyli roszczenia związane z rzeczą. Główne rozważania dotyczą zastawu, hipoteki oraz roszczeń petytoryjnych i posesoryjnych. Pokrótce omówiono także definicję actio in rem w prawie polskim oraz pojęcie prawa rzeczowego
The acquisition of the selected rights in rem in the civil law of the Russian Federation
No full textThe aim of the study is to evaluate the acquisition of right in rem in the Russian Federation. The author focus on the selected rights in rem acquisition forms in the Russian civil code in order to present the general principles the lawmaker get
In Rem Security Interests in Syndicated Loan Finance
No full textThis thesis analyses the legal regime of in rem security interests, in particular pledges and security assignments of rights, in the context of syndicated loan finance. The thesis draws mainly from the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, and the Act No. 90/2012 Coll., on Commercial Companies and Cooperatives (the Corporations Act), and related legal acts, case law and jurisprudence. In the first chapter, the author describes the main elements of a facilities agreement and the typology of loans. The term syndicated loan is defined as a bank loan provided by two or more creditors, who are not joint and severe creditors among themselves, and which is usually secured by in rem security interests. The second chapter of the thesis introduces the area of securing debts and describes the security and reimbursement functions of security interests. In the third and fourth chapter, the author details the main attributes of in rem security interests. The thesis focuses on the secured party, the security provider and the secured debt whereas emphasis is given on the security agent, whose position can be structured using the institutes of joint and severe creditorship, administration of security, trust and parallel debt. The thesis deals with the ranking of security interests and negative pledges. The author states..
Smart Technologies in REM Production Economy in Russia
No full textThe article discusses the problems of the development of the rare earth metals industry in Russia using smart technologies. Although China currently controls about 60% of the rare earth metals market, Russia has significant competitive potential in this area. In the context of the expansion of Russian business into resource markets and the preparation of the country for techno-logically independent development in the conditions of the cyclical down-turn of the global economy 2022−2030. Russia’s interest in recreating the Soviet closed system of REM production is expected to increase. The geography of REM production is determined by the geography of REM ore de-posits, and the planned contour of the geography of REM production is determined by the strategic needs of the Russian industry and its partners in the technological chain. At the same time, the restoration of REM production is not advisable on the basis of the Soviet model, since it did not take into ac-count the capabilities of existing smart technologies. The purpose of the scientific article is to determine the directions of the introduction of “smart” technologies into the production and economic model of Russian REM production. The reserves of increasing the economic efficiency of REM production are investigated, taking into account the possibilities of introducing “smart” technologies into the process of designing and constructing REM production in Russia. The actual ways of using the foreign experience of integrating “smart” technologies, taking into account the cur-rent needs of REM production in Russia, are revealed. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
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