21 research outputs found
Trichopria bifoveata Nixon 1980
No full textTrichopria bifoveata Nixon, 1980: 34, 38, figs 92, 102, 104, 124. Valid name Trichopria nixoni Notton, 1995. Summary of types Lectotype ♀, BMNH number 9.894, designated by Notton (1995). Paralectotypes 7 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂. Primary type data Devon / Torquay dist./ Aug. 1929 / G.Nixon; Trichopria / bifoveata K./ G.Nixon det. 1975; Lectotype ♀ / Trichopria / bifoveata/ Nixon, 1980 / det. D.G.Notton,1992. Type locality England, Devon, Torquay district. Remarks Although Nixon attributed the name to Kieffer, there is no species of that name described by Kieffer and Nixon (1980) must be considered the author, the description provided in the key being sufficient to make the name available (Notton 1995). The lectotype is mounted on a card point, has the right fore wing folded and the left hind tarsus broken off and stuck to the right fore wing.Published as part of Notton, David G., 2014, A catalogue of the types of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) at the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 1-123 in European Journal of Taxonomy 75 on pages 100-101, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.75, http://zenodo.org/record/386277
Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Platygastroidea
No full textThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor
Aneurhynchus nodicornis Marshall 1867
No full textAneurhynchus nodicornis Marshall, 1867: 225. Remarks A male of this distinctive species was found, originally from the Claude Morley collection and labelled as a metatype, i.e., a specimen that had been compared with the type by the author of the species. This specimen has no formal type status within the ICZN Code; however, it was determined by Marshall and may be of use in the interpretation of this species should the type not be located.Published as part of Notton, David G., 2014, A catalogue of the types of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) at the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 1-123 in European Journal of Taxonomy 75 on page 80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.75, http://zenodo.org/record/386277
Loxotropa morleii Morley 1931
No full textLoxotropa morleii Morley, 1931: 15. Valid name Trichopria halterata (Kieffer, 1909). Summary of types Holotype ♀, BMNH number 9.784, by original designation. Primary type data 3 ix 97; Loxotropa / Morleyi/ MS. Chitty; det. A.J.C.; probably Paramesius / ♀ undescribed TAM; Type / CM. Type locality England, Suffolk, Sproughton Marshes. Remarks The name Loxotropa morleii was introduced as a nomen nudum by Morley (1929) and then made available in 1931. Morley credited the name to Chitty, and had a manuscript description from him placing this species in Trichopria; however, by placing it in Loxotropa Förster, 1856 and comparing it to other species of Loxotropa, it appears that Morley has significantly changed Chitty’s manuscript and was largely responsible for the text, and so is credited here as the author. The specimen is mounted on a card and is very dirty.Published as part of Notton, David G., 2014, A catalogue of the types of Diapriinae (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) at the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 1-123 in European Journal of Taxonomy 75 on pages 83-84, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.75, http://zenodo.org/record/386277
Exallonyx alticola var. parva Risbec 1950
No full textExallonyx alticola var. parva Risbec, 1950 Exallonyx alticola var. parva Risbec, 1950: 517. CURRENT STATUS. — Exallonyx parvus Risbec, 1950. LECTOTYPE (designated by Townes & Townes 1981). — Kenya, Forest of [Mount] Elgon, ♂ (lost, formerly in MNHN). PARALECTOTYPES. — Madagascar, Tananarive, 2 ♂♂ (MNHN). LABELS. — Kenya / Forêt de l’Elgon / versant est/ 2,700- 2,800 m; Muséum de Paris / Mission de l’Omo / C. Arambourg / P.-A. Chappuis & R. Jeannel / 1932-33; lectotype / Exallonyx / alticola var. / parva/ Tow’75 Risbec [labels on former mount of lectotype ♂]. REMARKS Although described as a variety, the name Exallonyx alticola var. parva is made available at subspecific rank from the date of its original publication as it was published before 1961, the author expressly used the term “var.” and it was adopted as the valid name of a species before 1985, as Exallonyx (Exallonyx) parvus by Townes & Townes (1981) (ICZN 1999: arts 45.6.4, 45.6.4.1). The lectotype, apparently last seen by Townes & Townes (1981), had been micro-pinned and substaged, but the specimen was not found and only the mount remains. A search was made in the box, but it could not be found, so it is presumed to have been destroyed.Published as part of Notton, David G., 2007, A catalogue of types of the smaller taxa of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, with notes on the history of the insect collection of L. A. G. Bosc d'Antic, pp. 457-470 in Zoosystema 29 (3) on page 462, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.539130
Exallonyx alticola var. seyrigi Risbec 1950
No full textExallonyx alticola var. seyrigi Risbec, 1950 Exallonyx alticola var. seyrigi Risbec, 1950: 516, figs 3, 6. CURRENT STATUS. — Exallonyx seyrigi Risbec, 1950. LECTOTYPE (designated by Townes & Townes 1981). — Madagascar, Tananarive, ♂ (MNHN). PARALECTOTYPES. — Madagascar,Tananarive, 6 ♂♂. — Tananarive district, 2 ♂♂ (all MNHN). — Tananarive, 3 ♂♂ (lost). LABEL. — Madagascar / Tananarive/ 3.III.32/ A. Seyrig [lectotype ♂]. REMARKS Although described as a variety, the name Exallonyx alticola var. seyrigi is made available at subspecific rank from the date of its original publication as it was published before 1961, the author expressly used the term “var.” and it was adopted as the valid name of a species before 1985, as Exallonyx (Exallonyx) seyrigi by Townes & Townes (1981) (ICZN 1999: arts 45.6.4, 45.6.4.1). The lectotype is micro-pinned, substaged and is entire. Three of the syntypes mentioned in the original description, which should have been in the MNHN according to Risbec (1950), could not be found.Published as part of Notton, David G., 2007, A catalogue of types of the smaller taxa of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, with notes on the history of the insect collection of L. A. G. Bosc d'Antic, pp. 457-470 in Zoosystema 29 (3) on pages 462-463, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.539130
Disogmus carinatus var. fuscitarsis Kieffer 1907
No full textDisogmus carinatus var. fuscitarsis Kieffer, 1907 Disogmus carinatus var. fuscitarsis Kieffer, 1907: 282. CURRENT STATUS. — Disogmus basalis (Thomson, 1858). SYNTYPE. — Switzerland, Valais, Berisal, ♂ (MNHN). LABELS. — Berisal/ 7-07; Disogmus / fuscitarsis K.; type; Muséum Paris/ Coll. J. de Gaulle 1919 [syntype ♂]. REMARKS Although described as a variety, the name Disogmus carinatus var. fuscitarsis is made available at subspecific rank from the date of its original publication as it was published before 1961, the author expressly used the term “var.” and it was adopted as the valid name of a species before 1985, as Disogmus fuscitarsis by Kieffer (1914) (ICZN 1999: arts 45.6.4, 45.6.4.1). The syntype was originally pinned on a long pin that has been subsequently cut down and the specimen substaged. The apex of the right hind tarsus is missing, the left flagellum is missing beyond the fourth segment and the right flagellum is missing beyond the third segment. Kieffer (1907) recorded the type locality as Berisal in France, however, the country is not mentioned on the data label and it seems Kieffer was mistaken. It is most likely that the type came from the famous entomological collecting locality Berisal in the Simplon Pass in Switzerland. The synonymy of Townes & Townes (1981) is followed here.Published as part of Notton, David G., 2007, A catalogue of types of the smaller taxa of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, with notes on the history of the insect collection of L. A. G. Bosc d'Antic, pp. 457-470 in Zoosystema 29 (3) on page 462, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.539130
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High-throughput generation of transmissible antivirals
No full textEffective population-level control of viral infections faces significant challenges including: how to therapeutically target the highest-risk populations, circumvent behavioral barriers, and overcome pathogen persistence and resistance mechanisms. A potential solution to overcome these barriers is the use of transmissible antivirals such as defective interfering particles (DIPs) or recently-proposed therapeutic interfering particles (TIPs). These transmissible antivirals are molecular parasites and transmit by ‘piggybacking’ on wildtype viral replication. By competing effectively for pools of common goods produced by the wildtype virus, DIPs/TIPs can interfere with wildtype virus replication and reduce viral loads in patients. As obligate parasites, TIPs would transmit via the same risk factors and transmission routes as wildtype viruses, automatically reaching high-risk populations, and thereby substantially limiting viral transmission even in resource-poor settings.At present, methods to generate such transmissible antivirals are ad hoc and rely on either expert knowledge to rationally design transmissible antivirals or a laborious and often lengthy process of prospecting for rare, spontaneously-occurring subgenomic mutants. Thus, while deletion mutants of human viruses are desired for use as viral vectors, live-attenuated vaccines, and transmissible antivirals, modern technologies to generate them at scale are not available.We introduce a new tool to overcome this barrier: a high-throughput method to generate diverse libraries of barcoded viral deletion mutants (> 1E5 unique mutants) at modest expense in a period of fewer than 5 days. The method is scalable and cyclical: viral strains with multiple deletions can be obtained by iterating the process. As proof of concept, we demonstrate the construction and screening of libraries of > 23, 000 barcoded deletion mutants of HIV-1 and > 90, 000 barcoded deletion mutants of Zika virus (ZIKV). Through repeated in vitro passage and deep sequencing of the pooled viral mutants, we are able to comprehensively map the cis-acting elements of HIV-1 and ZIKV at single base resolution. Moreover, we are able to track the prevalence of each barcoded deletion mutant through in vitro passage, and identify a subset of deletion mutants that are efficiently mobilized and amplified by the wildtype virus.For HIV-1, our results recapitulate empirical reports of cis-acting elements in the literature. We identify four cis-acting regions in the HIV-1 genome which could not be complemented in trans: (1) 5' LTR through the matrix domain of Gag, (2) cPPT/CTS, (3) RREthrough SA7, (4) PPT through 3' LTR. Thus the minimal proviral size of an HIV-1 vector with two intact LTRs is approximately 2.6 kbp.For ZIKV, we identify two cis-acting regions: (1) 5' UTR though C, (2) NS2A through the 3' UTR. We show that deletions which induce frameshift of the common open reading frame do not persist, in agreement with a basic mechanism of flaviviral replication. These results suggest a model where Pr, M, E, and NS1 can be provided in trans, but not C, NS2A/B, NS3, NS4A/B, and NS5.Finally, we use the information garnered in the HIV-1 screen to construct a library of transmissible antivirals. Use a modular cloning strategy, we assemble a combinatorial library of multiply-deleted mutants that are composed of a subset of adaptive HIV deletion mutants. We find that mutants with deletions of the accessory region vif –vpu, when combined with gag/pol deletions, interfere with wildtype virus replication and transmit efficiently in single round studies. These results suggest a model of interference where transcriptional asymmetry allows this subset of deletion mutants to compete effectively for a common pool of capsid proteins provided by the wildtype virus.Taken in whole, we show that we have developed a framework for generating transmissible antivirals from first principles. The method is of general use in virology, where the technology can be used to generate live-attenuated vaccines, viral vectors, and replicons, as well as to understand fundamental principles of viral replication and genetics in diverse viral systems. It is of particular interest in emerging viral infections, where therapies must be quickly generated and deployed
Macroteleia bicolora Kieffer 1908
No full textMacroteleia bicolora Kieffer, 1908 Figs 7–9 Identification This specimen was identified to genus using the key by Masner (1980) but it did not agree with either of the two previously known British species of Macroteleia (Notton, 2006). The identity of the species was confirmed by the second author, who has examined the type and compared it to published descriptions (Kieffer 1908, 1914, 1926; Kozlov 1987; Kononova & Kozlov 2008). Johnson (1992) catalogued numerous Palaearctic species of this genus and more have been described since (Kozlov & Kononova 1987, 1990; Kononova & Petrov 2003), although many of the older species have not been reinterpreted recently, and it is possible that the name M. bicolora will turn out to be a synonym. Material examined ENGLAND: Hants, Botley Wood, SU 5409, ♀, 31 Jul. 2007, Malaise trap, K. J. Wheeler (BMNH). Distribution This species was originally described from Italy by Kieffer (1908), and its distribution includes: Northern Italy, Kazakhstan, Russia (Northern Caucasus), Ukraine (Kononova & Kozlov 2008) and Denmark (Buhl 1999). It is recorded here as new to Britain. Biology The biology of this species is poorly known; however, the habitat at the Botley Wood Local Nature Reserve and SSSI is an extensive area of varied woodland, scrub and grassland with rides and ancient droveways of high conservation significance for invertebrates managed by Hampshire County Council/ Natural England.Published as part of Notton, David G., Popovici, Ovidiu A., Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Rond, Jeroen De & Burn, John T., 2014, Parasitoid wasps new to Britain (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Eurytomidae, Braconidae & Bethylidae), pp. 1-20 in European Journal of Taxonomy 99 on page 7, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.99, http://zenodo.org/record/383897
Identity and dislocation in Caribbean women's literature: a study of the writings of Velma Pollard
No full textJamaican-born Velma Pollard has been publishing poetry and short stories for nearly
thirty years. Her first poems appeared in the 1970s, her first volume of short stories in
1989, and her first novel in 1994. Despite this considerable literary output, in the evergrowing
critical literature on Caribbean women's writing Pollard's work has not attracted
any of the scholarly treatment accorded to other writers. Given this lack of critical
attention to Pollard's considerable body of work, this thesis aims to provide the first
detailed and contextualised study of her writings (excluding the majority of her poetry
and of her writings on linguistics), and to accord Pollard the recognition her work
deserves.
Chapter 1 of this thesis situates Pollard's writings in the context of Caribbean
(women's) literature, and writings on identity, dislocations and (Caribbean) migration. I
argue that Pollard's principal contribution to Caribbean literature is found in her
engagement with two main subjects, return migration and relationships (male-female and
female-female), within a wider context of debates on identity and dislocation.
Chapter 2 introduces Pollard's work by way of a general discussion of her novella
Karl, which won the Casa de las Americas literary award in 1992. I consider Karl to be
central to Pollard's work, not least because it features many of the themes explored by
her later writings, including her novel, Homestretch, which is the subject of Chapter 3.
Pollard's first novel, Homestretch, which was published in 1994, explores the themes
of identity and dislocation through the experiences of 'return migrants' and 'repeat
migrants' and their comparison of life in England, the United States and Jamaica. The
novel chronicles how these migrants come to reconnect with and accept their cultural
heritage.
In chapters 4 and 5 I discuss selected stories taken from Pollard's two collections
of short stories, Considering Woman ('Cages', 'My Sisters', 'My Mother', and 'Gran') and
from Karl and Other Stories ('A Night's Tale', 'Miss Chandra', 'Betsy Hyde', and 'Altamont
Jones'). In these stories Pollard explores male-female relationships and the lives of
several generations and a wide range of Caribbean women and men. Pollard utilises the
West Indian setting, speech, situations and conflicts in these stories to graphically
describe familiar Caribbean role models and to provide a narrative and literary
examination of the frustrations and conflicting desires of women in the region.
In my conclusion, I address the ethnographic quality and significance of her work,
and its contribution to an understanding of the Caribbean
