509 research outputs found
Seminal contributions of Timothy J. Crow
No full text© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge
University Press. This is an Open Access article,
distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution licence (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which
permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and
reproduction, provided the original article is
properly cited.We recall the life and work of Timothy J. Crow, whose contributions provided great insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and continue to shape many questions in the field. We compile his key works relating to psychotic disorders, focusing on the trajectory of his theoretical stance. Our account is interlaced with our own interpretation of the evidence that influenced Crow's arguments over the years as well as his scientific method. Crow has had a significant impact on the neuroscience of schizophrenia. Many of his observations are still valid and several questions he raised remain unanswered to date.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/seminal-contributions-of-timothy-j-crow/25B0EA70F496D0D3351937E44ADDD45
Schizophrenia as failure of left hemisphere dominance for the phonological component of language
No full textBackground: T. J. Crow suggested that the genetic variance associated with the evolution in Homo sapiens of hemispheric dominance for language carries with it the hazard of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Individuals lacking the typical left hemisphere advantage for language, in particular for phonological components, would be at increased risk of the typical symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and delusions. Methodology/Principal Findings: Twelve schizophrenic patients treated with low levels of neuroleptics and twelve matched healthy controls participated in an event-related potential experiment. Subjects matched word-pairs in three tasks: rhyming/phonological, semantic judgment and word recognition. Slow evoked potentials were recorded from 26 scalp electrodes, and a laterality index was computed for anterior and posterior regions during the inter stimulus interval. During phonological processing individuals with schizophrenia failed to achieve the left hemispheric dominance consistently observed in healthy controls. The effect involved anterior (fronto-temporal) brain regions and was specific for the Phonological task; group differences were small or absent when subjects processed the same stimuli material in a Semantic task or during Word Recognition, i.e. during tasks that typically activate more widespread areas in both hemispheres. Conclusions/Significance: We show for the first time how the deficit of lateralization in the schizophrenic brain is specific for the phonological component of language. This loss of hemispheric dominance would explain typical symptoms, e. g. when an individual's own thoughts are perceived as an external intruding voice. The change can be interpreted as a consequence of "hemispheric indecision", a failure to segregate phonological engrams in one hemisphere
NL-LAB: onderzoek naar de voorspellende waarde van proef 62
No full textSinds 2008 werken we in Nederland met functionele eigenschappen voor asfaltbeton. Hierbij wordt niet zo zeer op het “recept” van het asfalt gestuurd, alswel op de eigenschappen ervan die van belang zijn voor het gedrag in de weg.Het idee hierbij is dat, als je de relevante asfalteigenschappen voor goedgedrag in de weg vastlegt in plaats van een omschrijving van hoeveel van water in het mengsel moet worden toegepast, dit meer ruimte biedt voor innovatieen optimalisatie. De schakel tussen de gebruikte functionele eigenschappen enhet gedrag in de weg is hierbij cruciaal. Sinds 2008 blijken de trends ineigenschappen op een aantal punten af te wijken van de verwachtingen vooraf.Dit roept vragen op: waren de verwachtingen verkeerd? Zit er iets fout in deopzet van het systeem of de relatie tussen functionele eigenschap en gedrag inde weg? Of meten we nu zoveel meer en beter dat we andere dingen zien? Inhet NL-LAB onderzoek wordt het antwoord op deze vragen gezocht. Er wordtgekeken naar de functionele eigenschappen van AC mengsels die opverschillende manieren geproduceerd zijn: gemengd en verdicht in het lab (I),gemengd bij de molen en verdicht in het lab (II) en gemengd in de molen enverdicht in de weg (III). Dit geeft inzicht in de invloed van de wijze vanproduceren op de functionele eigenschappen. Daarnaast worden deeigenschappen van het bitumen in de verschillende stappen gevolgd en wordter op vast tijdstippen na aanleg opnieuw naar het materiaal uit de weg gekekenom het verloop van de eigenschappen in de tijd te volgen. Tenslotte wordt ernatuurlijk gekeken naar het gedrag van het materiaal in de weg. In dezebijdrage wordt de opzet van het project besproken en wordt een doorkijkjegegeven naar de eerste resultaten
Evaluating Research Impact through Open Access to Scholarly Communication
No full textScientific research is a competitive business – in order to secure funding, promotion and tenure researchers must demonstrate their work has impact in their field. To maximise impact researchers undertake high priority research, aim to get results first, and publish in the highest impact journals. The Internet now presents a new opportunity to the scholarly author seeking higher impact: s/he can now make their work instantly accessible on the Web through author self-archiving. This growing body of open access literature (coupled with new publishing models that make journals available for-free to the reader) maximises research impact by maximising the number of people who can read it, and making it available sooner. Open access also provides a new opportunity for bibliometric research. This thesis describes the relatively recent phenomenon of open access to research literature, tools that were built to collect and analyse that literature, and the results of analyses of the effect of open access and its effect on author behaviour. It shows that articles self-archived by authors receive between 50-250% more citations, that rapid pre-printing on the Web has dramatically reduced the peak citation rate from over a year to virtually instant and how citation-impact – now widely used for evaluation – can be expanded to include a new web metric of download impact
From genetics and cerebral asymmetry, through motor dysfunction intrinsic to psychosis, to early intervention: Elaborating the seminal contributions of Timothy J. Crow
No full textAcross six decades, few investigators and theoreticians have been so enduringly impactful across so many conceptual domains of schizophrenia and psychotic illness as Tim Crow. Following his recent death, Palaniyappan and Liddle (2025) present in their article ‘Seminal contributions of Timothy J. Crow’ a timely and insightful account of his life and work in terms of five conceptual domains with which he was associated. Palaniyappan and Liddle rightly note that his most intellectually profound work on genetics, cerebral asymmetry, language, and speciation was unfinished in his lifetime and that recent observations appear to diminish some of the premises of his arguments in this particular domain. Yet, other recent observations resonate with and elaborate important aspects of Crow’s arguments: polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are associated with neuroimaging indices of brain asymmetries in regions important for language and executive functions (Sha, Schijven, & Francks, 2021); additionally, a set of those genes associated with risk for schizophrenia by GWAS is associated with a variant index of loss of asymmetry in frontal brain regions in this disorder (Sukno et al., 2024). Furthermore, two additional conceptual domains now constitute ‘received wisdom’ in which Crow’s pioneering insights have been substantially overlooked.</p
Phylogenetic analysis of retroposon family as exemplified on human chromosome 13: further evidence for recent proliferation
No full textThe retroposon SINE-R.C2 was first identified as a human-specific insertion in the complement C2 gene. In our previous study, SINE-R type retroposons, derived from the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K family, have been found to be hominoid specific. In this report on human chromosome 13, we identified eighteen new SINE-R retroposons resembling those we have previously reported on the sex chromosomes and on chromosomes 7 and 17. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method revealed that four SINE-R retroposons (13-16, 21, 23, 25) on chromosome 13 were closely related to the human-specific retroposon SINE-R.C2, with a high degree of sequence homology (95-97%). Such elements differ from the HERV-K10 LTR sequence from which they are derived in being deleted for the promoter region. Therefore while the evidence adds to the case that some classes of SINE-R element have continued to proliferate in hominid and hominoid evolution and may, as in the case of Fukuyama type muscular dystrophy, be a cause of insertional mutagenesis, they are less likely than the HERV-K10 LTR to have a positive effect on host gene activity.open
Community Engaged Cumulative Risk Assessment of Exposure to Inorganic Well Water Contaminants, Crow Reservation, Montana
No full textAn estimated 11 million people in the US have home wells with unsafe levels of hazardous metals and nitrate. The national scope of the health risk from consuming this water has not been assessed as home wells are largely unregulated and data on well water treatment and consumption are lacking. Here, we assessed health risks from consumption of contaminated well water on the Crow Reservation by conducting a community-engaged, cumulative risk assessment. Well water testing, surveys and interviews were used to collect data on contaminant concentrations, water treatment methods, well water consumption, and well and septic system protection and maintenance practices. Additive Hazard Index calculations show that the water in more than 39% of wells is unsafe due to uranium, manganese, nitrate, zinc and/or arsenic. Most families’ financial resources are limited, and 95% of participants do not employ water treatment technologies. Despite widespread high total dissolved solids, poor taste and odor, 80% of families consume their well water. Lack of environmental health literacy about well water safety, pre-existing health conditions and limited environmental enforcement also contribute to vulnerability. Ensuring access to safe drinking water and providing accompanying education are urgent public health priorities for Crow and other rural US families with low environmental health literacy and limited financial resources
An examination of author characteristics in national and regional criminology and criminal justice journals, 2008-2010: Are female scholars changing the nature of publishing in criminology and criminal justice?
No full textCriminology and criminal justice (CCJ) as an academic discipline has experienced an increase in the focus on various aspects of academic productivity in recent years. Much of the extant literature examining journal article authorship has focused on various measures of the publication productivity of specific authors but not on the characteristics of the authors themselves. The current study expands upon previous work by examining several author characteristics across different journal types and research methodologies, with a particular focus on how gender relates to these issues. The findings reveal several interesting differences with regard to gender, academic rank, and university affiliation. Among these findings is evidence that although males are more likely to author CCJ articles regardless of journal type, females are more likely to be lead authors in regional journal articles and more likely to publish with other female authors. Regional journals are also the publication outlet of choice for students and assistant professors in the beginning of their careers. The findings also provide evidence of important differences in author rank, academic affiliation, methodology, and publication outlet for articles authored by females.Journal ArticlePublishe
The influence of Eric Whitacre's compositional technique in the music of emerging choral composers
No full textEric Whitacre has been recognized as one of the most prominent choral composers of the
twenty-first century. Although his compositions feature the frequent use of chords and clusters
that would traditionally be considered dissonant, he is able to avoid the perception of dissonance
through specific compositional techniques, allowing his works to remain accessible and
attainable to audiences and performers alike. This study explores the influence of Whitacre’s
compositional techniques in the works of more recent composers. Using analytical techniques
identified by Andrew Larson for exploring textural density, chord construction based on the
harmonic series, and smooth voice leading techniques, there is compelling evidence of
Whitacre’s influence displayed in the sampled works of emerging composers Michael J. Mills,
Alex Berko, Timothy C. Takach, and Theodore Hicks. Using side-by-side examples and
synthesized analytical techniques, the analysis primarily compares three choral works of
Whitacre (“Go, Lovely Rose,” “A Boy and a Girl,” and “Sleep”) with a composition from each
of the subsequent composers. The analysis suggests that Whitacre’s influence is strong, but each
composer uses the techniques in different ways to give voice to their own unique compositional
style.Thesis (M.M.)School of MusicMethod of approach : analyzing the works of Eric Whitacre -- "Crossing the bar" by Michael J. Mills -- "Luna's lullaby" by Alex Berko -- "Neither angels, nor demons, nor powers" by Timothy C. Takach -- "The glade" by Theodore Hick
Phylogenetic analysis of a retroposon family as represented on the human X chromosome.
No full textSINE-R elements constitute a class of retroposons derived from the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K family that are present in hominoid primates and active in the human genome. In an investigation of the X chromosome, we identified twenty-five SINE-R elements with between 89.6 and 97.7% homology with the SINE-R.C2 element that is human specific, originally identified in the gene for the C2 component of complement. SINE-R.C2 and a sequence HS307 that we previously identified in a region of Xq21.3 that has a recently created homology with a 4 Mb block in Yp11.2 are amongst the group of elements that have diverged furthest from the parent HERV-K10 sequence. The sequence on the X chromosome resemble those that we previously described on chromosomes 7 and 17 and the Y chromosome, with a similar range of variation. Phylogenetic analysis from the retroposon family including those of African great apes using the neighbor-joining method suggests that the SINE-R retroposon family have evolved independently during primate evolution. Further investigation of SINE-R elements on the sex chromosomes, particularly in recently created regions of X-Y homology, may cast light on the timing of the retroposition process and its possible relevance to recent evolutionary change
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