147 research outputs found
Experimental and modeling study of the temperature and pressure dependence of the reaction C2H5 + O2 (+ M) → C2H5O2 (+ M).
No full textThe reaction C2H5 + O2 (+ M) → C2H5O2 (+ M) was studied at 298 K at pressures of the bath gas M = Ar between 100 and 1000 bar. The transition from the falloff curve of an energy transfer mechanism to a high pressure range with contributions from the radical complex mechanism was observed. Further experiments were done between 188 and 298 K in the bath gas M = He at pressures in the range 0.7-2.0 Torr. The available data are analyzed in terms of unimolecular rate theory. An improved analytical representation of the temperature and pressure dependence of the rate constant is given for conditions where the chemical activation process C2H5 + O2 (+ M) → C2H4 + HO2 (+ M) is only of minor importance
Short communication: Pedoecological regularities of soil cover functioning
No full textSaabunud / Received 16.07.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 21.09.2021 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 21.09.2021 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli [email protected] contradictory statements and opinions, which need by the mind of author additional explanation or disentangle are in the work followings: stages in the forming soil covers' humus status; additional carbon sequestration into the soil; discord between consumption and accumulation of soil organic matter; the influence of land use, land-use change and soil tillage on soil humus status; permanent and dynamic properties of soil; the role of agriculture in carbon turnover; degradation of soil fertility; the influence of different components of soil organic matter on soil functioning; pedoecological approach of peat soils; biodiversity and species richness of soils; weediness of agroecosystems; ethical statements concerning land use
Galilean Jews and Christians in Context : Spaces Shared and Contested in the Eastern Galilee in Late Antiquity
No full textThe article examines Jewish and Christian groups in the eastern rural Galilee in relation to synagogues and churches that can be dated to Late Antiquity. The author first provides an overview of recent scholarly discussions about Jewish-Christian relations elsewhere in the ancient world. He then discusses Galilean synagogues and their diversity, and proposes that the building and renovation of rural Galilean synagogues in Late Antiquity attests to the vitality of village settlements in the region. The Christian churches and communities surrounding them that had connections with pilgrimage were also part of this diversity. The author suggests that local Jewish and Christian communities in late antique Galilee cherished their particular traditions by constructing specific spaces which set them apart from the rest of the society and reinforced their collective identity. Despite these attempts at separation, the author claims that there were also social and cultural interactions between different local communities.Peer reviewe
Podzolic soil is the year 2023 soil of Estonia
No full textSaabunud / Received 01.01.2023 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 17.03.2023 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 30.09.2023 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author Raimo Kõlli ; [email protected] the Year 2023 Soil of Estonia by the Estonian Soil
Science Society was elected the Podzolic or podzolized soil, which is
known by the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) as Umbric
Podzol. In introduction of actual review the Podzolic soils’ morphology
and their subdivision principles (by moisture conditions and profile
development) are analysed. By the Estonia Soil Classification totally
seven species of podzolized automorphic soils have been separated, from
which each species have an original code used in the soil mapping. By
mean of schematic map is characterized the distribution of these soils in
Estonia, but by mean of normally developed soils’ matrix the co-evolution
with other soil species. Podzolic soils are formed totally 5.0% from the
total Estonian soil cover, but 4.3% from the forest and 5.2% from the
arable land. Special attention was payed to humus status of these soils,
characterizing among others humus cover (or humipedons) fabric and
essential properties separately on forest and arable lands. Beside of
depending on soil texture, moisture conditions and land use, soil
quantitative characteristics (given by soil species or by soil groups), as
well the results of comparative analysis and using peculiarities of Podzolic
soils in agricultural practice have been explained. At end of the review the
possibilities for characterizing Podzolic soils’ species and varieties
peculiarities by mean of principal and supplemental qualifiers WRB is
explained
Review: The Estonian Soil of Year 2019 is fen soil
No full textArticleSaabunud / Received 30.05.2019 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 10.06.2019 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 14.06.2019 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: [email protected] the Estonian Soil Sciences Society for the Year 2014 Soils the Leached soils, for 2015 – Limestone rendzinas, for 2016 – Bog soils, for 2017 – Typical podzols, for 2018 – Pseudopodzolic soils, and for 2019 – Fen soils (M) were elected. As the Year Soil of 2019 was not previously introduced in the Journal of Agricultural Science, in the actual overview was necessary to treat their classification, ecological conditions of their forming and functioning, hydro-physical and ecological properties, association of them with other soil species, distribution and conversion their names into WRB system. In the review, the main morphological properties of fen soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on basis of peat decomposition stage) are treated. Besides that, the fen soils' productivity, peculiarities of their paludification processes, distribution in Estonia and the data about their chemical properties are presented. In the overview, as well, the estimations of organic carbon stocks and assessments of annual organic carbon fluxes in peaty soil cover are presented and discussed. In the final part, the problems connected with environmentally sustainable use in agriculture and forestry and protection of fen soils are treated
Erosion-affected soils in Estonian soil cover: nomenclature of soils and their research history
No full textSaabunud / Received 26.04.2020 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 11.06.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 30.06.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: [email protected] work, dedicated to the eroded soil i.e. the year 2020 soil of Estonia, consists of two-part. In Part I the general overview (a) the regularities of erosion processes and their forming conditions in the soil cover, and (b) the agro-ecological properties and nomenclature of formed erosion-affected soils (EAS), are treated. Totally in the Estonian soil classification (ESC) 11 eroded and 3 deluvial (colluvial) soil species have been determined. For the main criteria of eroded soils' determination is (a) the intensity or stage of erosion, and (b) the calcareousness of soil cover, but deluvial soils (a) the soils' water regime and (b) the thickness of formed deluvial humus horizon. In this part also the determination criteria of erosion-prone soils and the agronomic quality of EAS are analysed. In Part II the historic overview about scientific researches dedicated to the study of influenced by erosion soils during the last century in Estonia. In this overview, the main thematic issue and the role of leading scientists on researches of most actual problems are presented. The most important themes during this period were: (a) the elaboration suitable for local conditions EAS classification and methods for their field researches; (b) the distribution of EAS in Estonia; (c) the studies upon forming, composition and status of EAS-s; (d) forming databases on essential properties of EAS-s and derived from this the rules of their ecologically sustainable use, and finally (e) the international aspects of Estonian EAS presentation and local researches
Technosols in Estonian soil classification: nomenclature, establishment and differences-similarities with normally developed soils
No full textSaabunud: 22.05.2022
Received:
Aktsepteeritud: 07.06.2022
Accepted:
Avaldatud veebis: 07.06.2022
Published online:
Vastutav autor: Raimo Kõlli
Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-7725-3757Technogenic soils (TS) or Technosols are year 2022 soils
of Estonia. In Estonian Soil Classification (ESC) totally 17 technogenic
soil species is listed (Table 1). By way or mode of their forming or
establishing almost four TS groups (formed on heaps of wastes, instead of
removed soil cover, on mixed soil horizons with parent materials and
buried soil covers) have been separated. In dominating cases by
technological elaborating works much more than only humus cover are
enfold. In the vertical profile of different development stages TS the
humus cover, consisting from fine earth subsoil and parent material may
be presented (or occur). In the work separately the formed on mineral and
organic (mostly peats) origin parent material TS are treated. Among
mineral TS by their moisture conditions the automorphic, moist and wet
soils are distinguished. Among peaty TS the formed on fen (sapric) and
bog (fibric) peats soils are prevailed. The main difference between grounds
(non-soil) and TS is their functioning. The real TS is as sustainably
functioning assemblage of soil and plant covers or soil-plant system. The
concordance or matching of presented in ESC TS’ taxa with World
Reference Bases for Soil Resources (WRB) and Polish Soil Classification
taxa was elucidated by comparable analysis. The distribution and forming
of soils associations with normally developed soils and non-soils
(grounds) is characterised by mean of excerpts from digitalized large-scale
soil map (1:10,000) and schematic distribution maps. In the work as well
the peculiarities of establishing technologies of mineral and peaty TS is
treated
Short communication : humus status of Estonian soil cover and its environment protective management
No full textSaabunud / Received 12.11.2022 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 29.12.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 31.12.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli ; [email protected] the framework of the European mission “Soil Deal for
Europe” ambitious tasks have been load to the whole European Union and
forming its states in the field of carbon management. Departing from pedo-
ecological conditions of Estonia, the pros and cons of the European
Union's plans about carbon farming are treated. By the principles of
pedocentric approach the soil humus status and carbon farming
technologies are soil type specifics and should be utilized in the most
detailed as possible soil taxonomic unit, for which by Estonian soil
classification are soil species and soil varieties. Thanks to gathering during
large scale (1:10,000) soil mapping in earlier time data and proceeding
later field experiments in Estonia there are relatively good databases on
soil humus status for all most dominated soil species and/or varieties by
different land use conditions (arable, grass- and forest lands). The main
available quantitative characteristics on soil humus status (expressed via
carbon) are concentration (g C kg‒1) and superficial densities (Mg C ha‒1)
of organic carbon given by soil species and their genetic horizons in above-
named third land use conditions. Besides that, these data have been
calculated (1) separately for humus cover (humipedons) and subsoil layers
and (2) as well in relation to layers with certain thickness (30, 50 and 100
cm). As a qualitative index of humus status, the humus cover types (humus
forms) have been elaborated separately for arable soils and for being in
natural state soils. As the carbon concentration in arable soils depends
mainly on contents of clay particles, watering conditions and calcareous-
ness, was possible to elaborate for all dominating arable soils three humus
(and carbon) concentration levels: scarce, optimal and excess, which are
needed for choice of suitable to soil conditions agro technology. There is
a declared serious shortage of knowledge on composition of soil
organisms’ societies by soil types and on syn- and autecology of their
functioning
Quality Assurance of Diagnostic Displays in the Picture Archiving and Communication System
No full textTyön aiheena on radiologisessa diagnostiikassa ja kuvien katselussa käytettävien näyttöjen laadunvarmistus. Työn tarkoituksena oli perehtyä nykyiseen Helsingin ja Uudenmaan sairaanhoitopiirin (HUS) diagnostisten näyttöjen laadunvalvontakäytäntöihin ja teknisen laadunvalvonnan vuosittaiseen mittauskierrokseen ja kalibrointeihin.
Samalla selvitettiin laadunvalvontatestien tarkoituksenmukaisuutta sekä mahdollisuuksia käytäntöjen optimointiin. Toiseksi työssä tarkasteltiin kirjallisuuskatsauksen pohjalta mitä vaatimuksia eri kuvantamismenetelmillä saatujen kuvien katselu asettaa näytöille.
Mittauskierroksen ja kalibrointien jälkeen laitekannasta 202 (63,3 %) näyttöä täytti American Association of Physicists in Medicine:n (AAPM) diagnostisten näyttöjen hyväksyttävyyskriteerit kvantitatiivisten testien osalta. Laitekannasta 307 (96,2 %) näyttöä täytti HUS:n omistaman HUS-Kuvantaminen liikelaitoksen diagnostisille näytöille asetetut kriteerit. Kalibroinnin tarpeen ja muiden syiden takia välttämätöntä laadunvalvontakäyntiä tarvittiin 39 (12,2 %) näytön kohdalla. Työn pohjalta voidaan todeta, että vähintään vuosittain tehtävä näyttöjen laadunvalvonta on tarpeellista. Myös vastaanottotarkastukset on suositeltavaa säilyttää laadunvalvontaohjelmassa. Näyttöjen omia laadunvalvontaohjelmia on jatkossa suositeltavaa hyödyntää tehokkaammin. Laadunvalvonnassa käytetty TG18-QC kuva suositellaan korvattavaksi karsitulla IEC-62563-1 standardin kuvalla OIQ.
Valittaessa näyttöä tavoitteena pitäisi olla kuvantamisjärjestelmän ulostulon ja näytön sovittaminen toisiinsa. Tämä edellyttää, että näyttö on muun muassa paikkaerotuskyvyn ja bittisyvyyden suhteen kuvantamisjärjestelmän veroinen. Kun tämä ei ole mahdollista pyritään siihen, että kuvan heikkeneminen tapahtuu ihmisen
näkökyvyn ulkopuolella. Diagnostisina ja kliinikkonäyttöinä suositellaan käytettävän DICOM-kalibroituja, taustavaloanturilla ja säätöautomatiikalla varustettuja näyttöjä
- …
