24 research outputs found
Targeting of the N-terminal coiled coil oligomerization interface by a Helix-2 peptide inhibits unmutated and imatinib-resistant BCR/ABL
No full textThe BCR/ABL oncogene is responsible for the phenotype of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemia. BCR/ABL exhibits an aberrant ABL-tyrosine kinase activity. The treatment of advanced Ph+ leukemia with selective ABL-kinase inhibitors such as Imatinib, Nilotinib and Dasatinib is initially effective but rapidly followed by resistance mainly because of specific mutations in BCR/ABL. Tetramerization of ABL through the N-terminal coiled-coil region (CC) of BCR is essential for the ABL-kinase activation. Targeting the CC-domain forces BCR/ABL into a monomeric conformation reduces its kinase activity and increases the sensitivity for Imatinib. We show that (i) targeting the tetramerization by a peptide representing the Helix-2 of the CC efficiently reduced the autophosphorylation of both unmutated and mutated BCR/ABL; (ii) Helix-2 inhibited the transformation potential of BCR/ABL independently of the presence of mutations; and (iii) Helix-2 efficiently cooperated with Imatinib as revealed by their effects on the transformation potential and the factor-independence related to BCR/ABL with the exception of mutant T315I. These findings support earlier observations that BCR/ABL harboring the T315I mutation have a transformation potential that is at least partially independent of its kinase activity. These data provide evidence that the inhibition of tetramerization inhibits BCR/ABL-mediated transformation and can contribute to overcome Imatinib-resistance. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Molekulares Targeting des BCR/ABL-Translokationsprodukts als Therapieansatz für Philadelphia-Chromosom-positive Leukämien
No full textDas Philadelphia-Chromosom (Ph) ist das zytogenetische Korrelat der t(9;22). 95% der chronisch myeloischen Leukämien (CML) und 20-25% der akuten lymphatischen Leukämien (ALL) des Erwachsenen sind Ph-positiv (Ph+). Die t(9;22) führt zur Expression des chimären BCR/ABL Fusionsproteins, das für die Pathogenese der Ph+ Leukämien verantwortlich ist. Das ABL-Protein ist eine nicht-Rezeptor Tyrosinkinase. Im BCR/ABL-Fusionsprotein wird die Kinase-Aktivität von ABL, die im Normalfall streng reguliert ist, durch die Fusion mit BCR konstitutiv aktiviert. Die N-terminale BCR-"coiled-coil" Domäne vermittelt die Oligomerisierung des Fusionsproteins und dadurch zur Aktivierung der ABL-Kinase. Dies führt zur malignen Transformation hämopoetischer Zellen. Der ABL-Kinaseinhibitor STI571 ist ein tumorzellspezifisches Therapeutikum für Ph+ Leukämien, das bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten zur hämatologischen Vollremission führt. Insbesondere bei Patienten mit CML-Blastenkrise und Ph+ ALL kommt es durch klonale Selektion STI571-resistenter Zellen zu einem frühen Therapie-refraktären Rezidiv der Krankheit. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Grundlagen für neue, tumorzellspezifische Therapiestrategien für die Behandlung BCR/ABL-positiver Leukämien zu legen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit sollte geklärt werden, ob sich die "coiled-coil" Domäne als Zielstruktur für einen molekularen Therapieansatz eignet: es wurde untersucht, ob eine Hemmung der Oligomerisierung das Transformationspotential von BCR/ABL negativ beeinflußt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Oligomerisierung und Transformationspotential von BCR/ABL wurde mit Hilfe verschiedener Fusionskonstrukte untersucht, bei denen die Oligomerisierungsdomänen verschiedener Proteinen, (BCR, PML, PLZF und TEL) mit dem ABL-Teil von BCR/ABL fusioniert wurden (X-ABL). Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen der Oligomerisierung, Transformationspotential und STI571-Sensitivität besteht: verstärkte Oligomerisierung der X-ABL Konstrukte führte zu einem ein höheren Transformationspotential und einer geringeren STI571-Sensitivität und umgekehrt. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, daß die Inhibierung der Oligomerisierung mit Hilfe eines rekombinanten Peptids das Transformationspotential von BCR/ABL erniedrigt und gleichzeitig die Sensibilität gegenüber STI571 stark erhöht. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Oligomerisierungsdomäne von BCR/ABL einen therapeutischer Angriffspunkt für die Behandlung Ph+ Leukämien darstellt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde der Tumorzell-spezifische Mechanismus der As2O3-induzierten Apoptose bei Ph+ Zellen untersucht. Kürzlich wurde gezeigt, daß aktiviertes RAS die Expression von endogenem PML hochreguliert. RAS wird durch BCR/ABL konstitutiv aktiviert. Bei der Akuten Promyelozytenleukämie (APL) ist PML im Rahmen der t(15;17) durch die Fusion mit RARa modifiziert. Die Behandlung von Zellen mit As2O3 führt zur Modifikation von PML durch den "small ubiquitin like modifier" (SUMO-1). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich die Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Ph+ CML und ALL-Blasten und den t(15;17) positiven APL-Blasten in Hinsicht auf die Sensibilität für die As2O3-induzierte Apoptose auf die direkte oder indirekte Modifikation von PML durch die jeweiligen Translokationsprodukte zurückführen lassen. In dieser Arbeit wurde mittels Überexpression von PML und konstitutiv aktiviertem RAS (RASV12) gezeigt, daß BCR/ABL durch Aktivierung des RASSignalweges die PML-Expression modifiziert und die As2O3-induzierte Apoptose Ph+ Zellen somit durch PML vermittelt wird. An einem Mausmodell der Ph- Leukämie wurde die Wirkung von As2O3 auf die normale Hämopoese sowie auf die BCR/ABL-positive Leukämie überprüft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß As2O3 die normale Hämopoese nicht stört und bei 25% der behandelten Tiere zu einer Verbesserung des Blutbildes und einem längerem Überleben führt. Sowohl das therapeutische Angreifen an der Oligomerisierungsoberfläche von BCR/ABL als auch das Ausnützen der Modifikation von PML durch BCR/ABL eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten zur Behandlung von Ph+ Leukämien
Targeting of the N-terminal coiled coil oligomerization interface of BCR interferes with the transformation potential of BCR-ABL and increases sensitivity to STI571
No full textTranslocations involving the abl locus on chromosome 9 fuses the tyrosine kinase c-ABL to proteins harboring oligomerization interfaces such as BCR or TEL, enabling these ABL-fusion proteins (X-ABL) to transform cells and to induce leukemia. The ABL kinase activity is blocked by the ABL kinase inhibitor STI571 which abrogates transformation by X-ABL. To investigate the role of oligomerization for the transformation potential of X-ABL and for the sensitivity to STI571, we constructed ABL chimeras with oligomerization interfaces of proteins involved in leukemia-associated translocations such as BCR, TEL, PML, and PLZF. We assessed the capacity of these chimeras to form high molecular weight (HMW) complexes as compared with p185((BCR-ABL)). There was a direct relationship between the size of HMW complexes formed by these chimeras and their capacity to induce factor independence in Ba/F3 cells, whereas there was an inverse relationship between the size of the HMW complexes and the sensitivity to STI571. The targeting of the oligomerization interface of P185((BCR-ABL)) by a peptide representing the coiled coil region of BCR reduced its potential to transform fibroblasts and increased sensitivity to STI571. Our results indicate that targeting of the oligomerization interfaces of the X-ABL enhances the effects of STI571 in the treatment of leukemia caused by X-ABL. (Blood. 2003;102: 2985-2993) (C) 2003 by The American Society of Hematology
AML-associated translocation products block vitamin D(3)-induced differentiation by sequestering the vitamin D(3) receptor
No full textAcute myeloid leukemia (AML)-associated chromosomal translocations result in formation of chimeric transcription factors, such as PML/RARalpha, PLZF/RARalpha, and AML-1/ETO, of which the components are involved in regulation of transcription by chromatin modeling through histone acetylation/deacetylation. The leukemic differentiation block is attributed to deregulated transcription caused by these chimeric fusion proteins, which aberrantly recruit histone-deacetylase (HDAC) activity. One essential differentiation pathway blocked by the leukemic fusion proteins is the vitamin (Vit) D(3) signaling. Here we investigated the mechanisms by which the leukemic fusion proteins interfere with VitD(3)-induced differentiation. The VitD(3)-receptor (VDR) is, like the retinoid receptors RAR, retinoid X receptor, and the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), a ligand-inducible transcription factor. In the absence of ligand, the transcriptional activity of TR and RAR is silenced by recruitment of HDAC activity through binding to corepressors. In the presence of ligand, TR and RAR activate transcription by releasing HDAC activity and by recruiting histone-acetyltransferase activity. Here we report that VDR binds corepressors in a ligand-dependent manner and that inhibition of HDAC activity increases VitD(3) sensitivity of HL-60 cells. Nevertheless, the inhibition of HDAC activity is unable to overcome the block of VitD(3)-induced differentiation caused by PLZF/RARalpha expression. Here we demonstrate that the expression of the translocation products PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha impairs the localization of VDR in the nucleus by binding to VDR. Furthermore, the overexpression of VDR in U937 cells expressing AML-related translocation products completely abolishes the block of VitD(3)-induced differentiation. Taken together these data indicate that the AML-associated translocation products block differentiation not only by interfering with chromatin-modeling but also by sequestering factors involved in the differentiation signaling pathways, such as VDR in the VitD(3)-induced differentiation
Trans-Amplifying RNA: A Journey from Alphavirus Research to Future Vaccines
No full textReplicating RNA, including self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA), holds great potential for advancing the next generation of RNA-based vaccines. Unlike in vitro transcribed mRNA found in most current RNA vaccines, saRNA or taRNA can be massively replicated within cells in the presence of RNA-amplifying enzymes known as replicases. We recently demonstrated that this property could enhance immune responses with minimal injected RNA amounts. In saRNA-based vaccines, replicase and antigens are encoded on the same mRNA molecule, resulting in very long RNA sequences, which poses significant challenges in production, delivery, and stability. In taRNA-based vaccines, these challenges can be overcome by splitting the replication system into two parts: one that encodes replicase and the other that encodes a short antigen-encoding RNA called transreplicon. Here, we review the identification and use of transreplicon RNA in alphavirus research, with a focus on the development of novel taRNA technology as a state-of-the art vaccine platform. Additionally, we discuss remaining challenges essential to the clinical application and highlight the potential benefits related to the unique properties of this future vaccine platform
Targeting the oligomerization of BCR/ABL by membrane permeable competitive peptides inhibits the proliferation of Philadelphia Chromosome positive leukemic cells
No full textThe BCR/ABL fusion protein is the hallmark of Philadelphia Chromosome positive (Ph+) leukemia. The constitutive activation of the ABL-kinase in BCR/ABL cells induces the leukemic phenotype. Targeted inhibition of BCR/ABL by small molecule inhibitors reverses the transformation potential of BCR/ABL. Recently, we definitively proved that targeting the tetramerization of BCR/ABL mediated by the N-terminal coiled-coil domain (CC) using competitive peptides, representing the helix-2 of the CC, represents a valid therapeutic approach for treating Ph+ leukemia. To further develop competitive peptides for targeting BCR/ABL, we created a membrane permeable helix-2 peptide (MPH-2) by fusing the helix-2 peptide with a peptide transduction tag. In this study, we report that the MPH-2: (i) interacted with BCR/ABL in vivo; (ii) efficiently inhibited the autophosphorylation of BCR/ABL; (iii) suppressed the growth and viability of Ph+ leukemic cells; and (iv) was efficiently transduced into mononuclear cells (MNC) in an in vivo mouse model.
This study provides the first evidence that an efficient peptide transduction system facilitates the employment of competitive peptides to target the oligomerization interface of BCR/ABL in vivo
BCR and its mutants, the reciprocal t(9;22)-associated ABL/BCR fusion proteins, differentially regulate the cytoskeleton and cell motility
Get PDFBackground The reciprocal (9;22) translocation fuses the bcr (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22 to the abl (Abelson-leukemia-virus) gene on chromosome 9. Depending on the breakpoint on chromosome 22 (the Philadelphia chromosome – Ph+) the derivative 9+ encodes either the p40(ABL/BCR) fusion transcript, detectable in about 65% patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia, or the p96(ABL/BCR) fusion transcript, detectable in 100% of Ph+ acute lymphatic leukemia patients. The ABL/BCRs are N-terminally truncated BCR mutants. The fact that BCR contains Rho-GEF and Rac-GAP functions strongly suggest an important role in cytoskeleton modeling by regulating the activity of Rho-like GTPases, such as Rho, Rac and cdc42. We, therefore, compared the function of the ABL/BCR proteins with that of wild-type BCR. Methods We investigated the effects of BCR and ABL/BCRs i.) on the activation status of Rho, Rac and cdc42 in GTPase-activation assays; ii.) on the actin cytoskeleton by direct immunofluorescence; and iii) on cell motility by studying migration into a three-dimensional stroma spheroid model, adhesion on an endothelial cell layer under shear stress in a flow chamber model, and chemotaxis and endothelial transmigration in a transwell model with an SDF-1α gradient. Results Here we show that both ABL/BCRs lost fundamental functional features of BCR regarding the regulation of small Rho-like GTPases with negative consequences on cell motility, in particular on the capacity to adhere to endothelial cells. Conclusion Our data presented here describe for the first time an analysis of the biological function of the reciprocal t(9;22) ABL/BCR fusion proteins in comparison to their physiological counterpart BCR
IL-10 controls ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis in mice
No full textUV radiation-induced immunosuppression contributes significantly to the development of UV-induced skin cancer by inhibiting protective immune responses. IL-10 has been shown to be a key mediator of UV-induced immunosuppression. To investigate the role of IL-10 during photocarcinogenesis, groups of IL-10(+/+), IL-10(+/-), and IL-10(-/-) mice were chronically irradiated with UV. IL-10(+/+) and IL-10(+/-) mice developed skin cancer to similar extents, whereas IL-10(-/-) mice were protected against the induction of skin malignancies by UV. Because UV is able to induce regulatory T cells, which play a role in the suppression of protective immunity, UV-induced regulatory T cell function was analyzed. Splenic regulatory T cells from UV-irradiated IL-10(-/-) mice were unable to confer immunosuppression upon transfer into naive recipients. UV-induced CD4+CD25+ T cells from IL-10(-/-) mice showed impaired suppressor function when cocultured with conventional CD4+CD25- T cells. CD4+CD25- T cells from IL-10(-/-) mice produced increased amounts of IFN-gamma and enhanced numbers of CD4+TIM-3+ T cells were detectable within UV-induced tumors in IL-10(-/-) mice, suggesting strong Th1-driven immunity. Mice treated with CD8+ T cells from UV-irradiated IL-10(-/-) mice rejected a UV tumor challenge significantly faster, and augmented numbers of granzyme A+ cells were detected within injected UV tumors in IL-10(-/-) animals, suggesting marked antitumoral CTL responses. Together, these findings indicate that IL-10 is critically involved in antitumoral immunity during photocarcinogenesis. Moreover, these results point out the crucial role of Th1 responses and UV-induced regulatory T cell function in the protection against UV-induced tumor development
Arsenic but not all-trans retinoic acid overcomes the aberrant stem cell capacity of PML/RARalpha-positive leukemic stem cells.
Get PDFBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Stem cells play an important role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of most malignant tumors. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a stem cell disease. The inefficient targeting of the leukemic stem cells (LSC) is considered responsible for relapse after the induction of complete hematologic remission (CR) in AML. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of AML characterized by the t(15;17) translocation and expression of the PML/RARalpha fusion protein. Treatment of APL with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces CR, but not molecular remission (CMR), because the fusion transcript remains detectable, followed by relapse within a few months. Arsenic induces high rates of CR and CMR followed by a long relapse-free survival (RFS). Here we compared the effects of ATRA and arsenic on PML/RARalpha-positive stem cell compartments. DESIGN AND METHODS:As models for the PML/RARalpha-positive LSC we used: (i) Sca1+/lin- murine HSC retrovirally transduced with PML/RARalpha; (ii) LSC from mice with PML/RARalpha-positive leukemia; (iii) the side population of the APL cell line NB4. RESULTS:In contrast to ATRA, arsenic abolishes the aberrant stem cell capacity of PML/RARalpha-positive stem cells. Arsenic had no apparent influence on the proliferation of PML/RARalpha-positive stem cells, whereas ATRA greatly increased the proliferation of these cells. Furthermore ATRA induces proliferation of APL-derived stem cells, whereas arsenic inhibits their growth. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:Taken together our data suggest a relationship between the capacity of a compound to target the leukemia-initiating cell and its ability to induce long relapse-free survival. These data strongly support the importance of efficient LSC-targeting for the outcome of patients with leukemia
A Bivalent Trans-Amplifying RNA Vaccine Candidate Induces Potent Chikungunya and Ross River Virus Specific Immune Responses
No full textAlphaviruses such as the human pathogenic chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River virus (RRV) can cause explosive outbreaks raising public health concerns. However, no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is yet available. We recently established a CHIKV vaccine candidate based on trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA). This novel system consists of a replicase-encoding mRNA and a trans-replicon (TR) RNA encoding the antigen. The TR-RNA is amplified by the replicase in situ. We were interested in determining whether multiple TR-RNAs can be amplified in parallel and if, thus, a multivalent vaccine candidate can be generated. In vitro, we observed an efficient amplification of two TR-RNAs, encoding for the CHIKV and the RRV envelope proteins, by the replicase, which resulted in a high antigen expression. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with the two TR-RNAs induced CHIKV- and RRV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. However, antibody titers and neutralization capacity were higher after immunization with a single TR-RNA. In contrast, alphavirus-specific T cell responses were equally potent after the bivalent vaccination. These data show the proof-of-principle that the taRNA system can be used to generate multivalent vaccines; however, further optimizations will be needed for clinical application
