217 research outputs found
Radiology in surgical practice
No full textThis book presents radiological images covering the spectrum of radiology used in general surgery including plain X-rays, contrast studies, CT, MRI and nuclear medicine studies. Images in this text have been selected specifically to illustrate key features of importance in surgical diagnosis and management. Each section has been written in conjunction with a radiologist and practicing surgeon to ensure its clinical relevance. The text is divided into two main sections. The first focuses on the various forms of imaging ranging from plain film radiography up to PET scanning and nuclear medicine. The second section is organized by a series of clinical perspectives and illustrates the application of appropriate imaging techniques to clinical problems.Edited by Susan Neuhaus, Peter G. Devitt, Kirsten L. GormlyCurrent radiological practice / P.G. Devitt -- The chest radiograph / S.J. Neuhaus -- The plain abdominal radiograph / P.G. Devitt, M. Thomas -- Gastrointestinal contrast studies / M. Gabb -- Imaging of the brain / N.R. Jones -- Computed tomography of the chest / A. Chew -- Computed tomography of the abdomen / P. Gallagher, G.J. Maddern -- Abdominopelvic ultrasound / D. Walters, K.L. Gormly -- Endoluminal and intraoperative ultrasound / J.R. Bessell, N.A. Rieger, I. Martin -- Magnetic resonance imaging / J. Taylor, K.L. Gormly -- Nuclear medicine / B.E. Chatterton -- Positron emission tomography / I. Kirkwood -- Interventional radiology / W. Thompson -- Radiology in the acute abdomen / P.G. Devitt, A. Aly, M. Thomas -- Imaging of the upper digestive tract / P.G. Devitt -- Imaging in hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease / S.J. Neuhaus -- Imaging in coloraectal disease / J.L. Sweeney -- Gastrointestinal bleeding / P. Worley, M. Muhlmann.
The abdominal mass / A. Aly, M. Thomas -- Abdominal wall hernias / R.S. Williams -- Renal and genitourinary imaging / V. Marshall -- Breast disease and imaging / D. Walsh, M. Lea -- Imaging in endocrine disease / P. Malycha, J. Morgan -- Imaging in vascular disease / D. Roach, R. Sebben, R. Fitridge -- Management of the asymptomatic ’incidentaloma’ / S.J. Neuhaus -- Screening, staging and follow-up in malignancy / P.G. Devitt, S. Saloniklis, J. Heysen -- In-theatre radiology / D. Walsh -- Imaging intrauma / S.J. Neuhau
Federal Courthouse renamed for Edward J. Devitt, UND Law Class of \u2735
No full textCourthouse renamed: \u27Most fitting tribute\u27 to Devitt conducted in Fergus Falls, Minnesota
Senior Judge Myron H. Bright, a friend and colleague of the late Judge Edward J. Devitt, remembers getting calls from Judge Devitt, saying he was coming to Fergus Falls to preside over cases at the United States Courthouse \u27Let\u27s get up to that Detroit Lakes Country Club and play a little golf,\u27 Judge Bright said, recalling Judge Devitt\u27s part of the conversation. And that we did. He loved coming to Fergus Falls.
Various judges, lawyers and government officials shared thoughts and stories about Judge Edward J. Devitt at Tuesday\u27s renaming ceremony. The federal courthouse, at 118 S. Mill St., will be named the Edward J. Devitt united States Courthouse and Federal Building. Judge Bright spoke about his friend Tuesday at the renaming ceremony for Judge Devitt. The United States District Courthouse at 118 South Mill St. will officially be named the Edward J. Devitt United States Courthouse and Federal Building.
Devitt was born in St. Paul, May 5, 1911, the son of Thomas P. and Ethel (McGuire) Devitt. He attended St. Paul public schools until the death of his father in 1921, at which time the family moved to East Grand Forks, Minnesota. While attending school in St. Paul he was a classmate of Warren Burger and Harry Blackmun, who both later became justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. From 1926 to 1932 he attended St. John\u27s Preparatory School and University (Collegeville, Minnesota) and from 1932 to 1935 he attended the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks where he received his law degree.
His legal career began in 1935 with his election as an East Grand Forks municipal judge (1935-1939). He was later appointed an assistant Minnesota attorney general (1939-1942), a Ramsey County probate judge (1950-1954); and a U.S. district judge (1954-1992).
Devitt was elected to the Fourth Congressional District seat in 1946 and lost it in 1948 to Eugene J. McCarthy. He served as a lieutenant commander to the Seventh Fleet in U.S. Navy intelligence during World War II (1942-1946). Devitt married Marcelle LaRose MacRae of Mandan, North Dakota on April 22, 1939. He died at the age of 80 in St. Paul on March 2, 1992
Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (subgenus Syrrhophus) from western Mexico
No full textReyes-Velasco, Jacobo, Ahumada-Carrillo, Ivan, Burkhardt, Timothy R., Devitt, Thomas J. (2015): Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (subgenus Syrrhophus) from western Mexico. Zootaxa 3914 (3): 301-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3914.3.
Governor Joseph Kemp Toole and the Second Legislative Assembly
No full textSociety today has similar yet diverse terms whereby it classifies public servants as either politicians or statesmen. When one hears the word ’’politician”, one’s mind immediately conjures up an image of a cigar-chewing, handshaking, baby-kissing character who pleads for good government and at the same time accepts bribes, payoffs, and other remunerations. Conversely, one thinks of a statesman as being a staid, paternal and decorous American going about doing good and avoiding evil. In truth the notion of a public servant as either a politician or a stateman is purely subjective. The maxim that things are the measure of the mind, has been shelved for the more popular one that holds the mind’is the measure of things. We believe only that which we wish! History, however, is usually the final Judge of a man’s worth.
It is seldom that a public servant is widely acclaimed by all interest groups and factions as the epitome of the ’’true servant of mankind.” Montana has produced such a man and it is with this ’’man of the state," Joseph Kemp Toole, that this paper is concerned.
Joseph Kemp Toole, destined to become the first elected governor of Montana was born on May 12, 1851, in Savanna, Missouri. He was one of ten children born to Edwin and Lucinda Porter Toole. More than likely his parents were prosperous since Toole attended the Western Military Institute at Newcastle, Kentucky, after he had completed his primary education. He was a gifted student and graduated from the Institute with high honors. Upon completion of his f formal education, he started his legal career by reading law in the office of Webb and Barber in Savanna. When he had reached his eighteenth year, Toole came to Montana to work in the office of his brother, E. Warren Toole, a lawyer in Helena. In 1870 he finished his legal training and in that year was admitted to the bar. As Thomas Stout states in his work Montana: Its Story and Biography ’"the fourteen years which followed made the firm of Toole and Toole famous in the latter legal annals of Montana." When Toole was twenty-one years old, he was elected district attorney of the Third Judicial District. Well trained indeed was this man so recently introduced to the West. He served two terms in this position, closely observing the many facets of legal life in Montana territory. Toole then became engulfed in the problems of Montana and in 1881 he was chosen to represent Lewis and Clark County in the council of the Legislative Assembly. He was so highly esteemed by his contemporaries that he was chosen Council President. Three years later he was a member of the Constitutional Convention at Helena. The outstanding issue then was the admission of Montana as a state. The Convention’s purpose was to draft a constitution and present it to Congress with a plea for admission. It had been a practice of the federal government to appoint the territorial officers for Montana.
These ’’carpet baggers” were appointed without consultation of the people over whom they were to rule. Congress used these appointments, in reality a form of patronage, as a method of prolonging the territorial status of Montana. Between the Conventions of 1884 and 1889, Toole served two terms as the territorial representative of Montana. On January 15, 1889, he told the Congress that "he the president has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance." Toole became a bitter and outspoken foe of the type of federal appointees and of the characteristics of the carpet bag era In Montana. He presented to Congress the constitution adopted by the 1884 convention in Helena. Toole never gave up in his role as territorial representative, trying to impress upon Congress the beneficial results to develop if Montana could be admitted. The territory was not without its own arguments.Society today has similar yet diverse terms whereby it classifies public servants as either politicians or statesmen. When one hears the word ’’politician”, one’s mind immediately conjures up an image of a cigar-chewing, handshaking, baby-kissing character who pleads for good government and at the same time accepts bribes, payoffs, and other remunerations. Conversely, one thinks of a statesman as being a staid, paternal and decorous American going about doing good and avoiding evil. In truth the notion of a public servant as either a politician or a stateman is purely subjective. The maxim that things are the measure of the mind, has been shelved for the more popular one that holds the mind’is the measure of things. We believe only that which we wish! History, however, is usually the final Judge of a man’s worth.
It is seldom that a public servant is widely acclaimed by all interest groups and factions as the epitome of the ’’true servant of mankind.” Montana has produced such a man and it is with this ’’man of the state," Joseph Kemp Toole, that this paper is concerned.
Joseph Kemp Toole, destined to become the first elected governor of Montana was born on May 12, 1851, in Savanna, Missouri. He was one of ten children born to Edwin and Lucinda Porter Toole. More than likely his parents were prosperous since Toole attended the Western Military Institute at Newcastle, Kentucky, after he had completed his primary education. He was a gifted student and graduated from the Institute with high honors. Upon completion of his f formal education, he started his legal career by reading law in the office of Webb and Barber in Savanna. When he had reached his eighteenth year, Toole came to Montana to work in the office of his brother, E. Warren Toole, a lawyer in Helena. In 1870 he finished his legal training and in that year was admitted to the bar. As Thomas Stout states in his work Montana: Its Story and Biography ’"the fourteen years which followed made the firm of Toole and Toole famous in the latter legal annals of Montana." When Toole was twenty-one years old, he was elected district attorney of the Third Judicial District. Well trained indeed was this man so recently introduced to the West. He served two terms in this position, closely observing the many facets of legal life in Montana territory. Toole then became engulfed in the problems of Montana and in 1881 he was chosen to represent Lewis and Clark County in the council of the Legislative Assembly. He was so highly esteemed by his contemporaries that he was chosen Council President. Three years later he was a member of the Constitutional Convention at Helena. The outstanding issue then was the admission of Montana as a state. The Convention’s purpose was to draft a constitution and present it to Congress with a plea for admission. It had been a practice of the federal government to appoint the territorial officers for Montana.
These ’’carpet baggers” were appointed without consultation of the people over whom they were to rule. Congress used these appointments, in reality a form of patronage, as a method of prolonging the territorial status of Montana. Between the Conventions of 1884 and 1889, Toole served two terms as the territorial representative of Montana. On January 15, 1889, he told the Congress that "he the president has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance." Toole became a bitter and outspoken foe of the type of federal appointees and of the characteristics of the carpet bag era In Montana. He presented to Congress the constitution adopted by the 1884 convention in Helena. Toole never gave up in his role as territorial representative, trying to impress upon Congress the beneficial results to develop if Montana could be admitted. The territory was not without its own arguments
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Population Structure of the Threatened Jollyville Plateau Salamander (Eurycea tonkawae): Implications for Conservation
No full textThe Jollyville Plateau salamander (Eurycea tonkawae) is a groundwater-dependent, neotenic species endemic to springs and caves of the karstic northern Edwards Aquifer in Central Texas. In 2013, this species was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) due to groundwater depletion and rapid urbanization of the surrounding environments. Little is known about gene flow and population structure within this taxon despite the implications that genetic data may have for conservation and management of E. tonkawae populations. Here, we use previously published nuclear DNA and newly collected mitochondrial DNA sequence data to investigate population structure and divergence within E. tonkawae. Additionally, we use photographs to analyze morphological variation within the species. Our results identify two distinct genetic clusters (Eastern and Western) separated by surface and groundwater divides. These lineages may meet the criteria for Distinct Population Segment (DPS) designation under the ESA for conservation and management purposes.Integrative Biolog
Eleutherodactylus wixarika Reyes-Velasco, Ahumada-Carrillo, Burkhardt & Devitt, 2015, new species
No full textEleutherodactylus wixarika, new species Holotype. MZFZ 27477. Adult male collected by Ivan Ahumada-Carrillo on July 6, 2011, at Bajío de los Amoles, Municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco, Mexico (22.059429, - 103.933983, 2,467 m; datum = WGS 84; Figs. 7, 5 C–D). Paratypes. MZFC 27478-27479, adult males, collected on the same day and place as the holotype by Ivan Ahumada-Carrillo (Fig. 8). Diagnosis. Eleutherodactylus wixarika (Huichol pronunciation: /wiˈraɾika/) is a member of the E. longipes species series of the subgenus Syrrhophus as defined by Hedges et al. (2008). It is a medium sized frog compared to other members of the species series, with adult males measuring 21.2–24.5 mm in SVL; snout truncate and angular, not rounded from above (as defined by Savage, 2002 p. 171), but rounded in profile; head slightly wider than long, forming a flattened snout; tympanum visible, rounded, and small, with a diameter of tympanum/ diameter of eye ratio of 0.3–0.4; vocal slits absent in males; digital tips expanded conspicuously, but less than twice the width of narrowest part of digit on fingers three and four; digital discs slightly rounded to slightly truncate at tips (Fig. 3 B); body about as wide as head; dorsal coloration consisting of reddish orange or red ground color with white or pale gray on lateral portions and upper lip, totally covered in dark military green, brown to almost black blotches, which range from spots to reticulations; tuberculate dorsum; ventral coloration generally gray with some white spots and a bit of darker mottling; ventral skin areolate; no dark or pale interorbital bar present; no bars on thighs; iris orange. This new species is distinguished from other members of the E. longipes species series by the following combination of characters: (1) absence of compact lumbar glands; (2) digital pads of third and fourth finger expanded, but less than twice width of narrowest part of finger; (3) medium size, adult males 21–25 mm; (4) tympanum visible; (5) red, reddish or rusty orange ground color covered by dark green, dark gray, or black reticulations and spots. While Eleutherodactylus wixarika has not been collected in sympatry with any other species of the subgenus Syrrhophus, we believe that further collecting will find E. guttilatus, E. pallidus, E. teretistes and E. saxatilis either in near proximity or in sympatry with this species. Eleutherodactylus pallidus and E. teretistes are known from the lowlands and barrancas of Nayarit and west-central Jalisco, and there are faunal corridors entering deep into the southern portions of the Sierra Madre Occidental to the Sierra Huichola (e.g. Cox et al., 2012). Eleutherodactylus guttilatus is known from central Durango, and E. saxatilis occurs in southwestern Durango, and both may follow the eastern and western flanks respectively of the Sierra Madre to the Sierra Huichola. Eleutherodactylus wixarika may be distinguished from E. guttilatus by its smaller size, tuberculate dorsum, smaller and more concealed tympanum, and reddish ground color with dark green or gray reticulations (Fig. 9 A). It can be distinguished from E. pallidus primarily by size and color pattern, as E. pallidus is a smaller frog, rarely over 20 mm; the color pattern of E. pallidus consists of plain brown ground color, as opposed to reddish in the new species; and E. pallidus lacks all traces of dark markings and reticulations on the dorsum. Also, in E. pallidus the tympanum is concealed, whereas in E. wixarika it is discernable (Fig. 9 B). Eleutherodactylus saxatilis can be distinguished from E. wixarika by the following characteristics: larger body size, which is usually over 26 mm and up to 31 mm; outer digits more widely expanded, usually twice or more the width of the narrowest part of the finger on the third and fourth fingers; venter immaculate white as opposed to E. wixarika, which has a gray venter with both darker and lighter markings; presence of a distinguishable lumbar gland in E. saxatilis (Fig. 9 D). Eleutherodactylus teretistes has smooth dorsal skin, while E. wixarika has a tuberculate dorsum; E. teretistes has a light brown or tan ground color vermiculated with dark brown, as opposed to E. wixarika which has a red or reddish orange ground color, and dark green or gray reticulations which may be broken up into spots. Furthermore, E. teretistes has a diagnostic light colored line, starting on the snout, following the outline of the head above the nostrils, above the eyes, onto the shoulders and then fading towards the back. This light line is present on all specimens of E. teretistes that were observed in the field, including individuals from Sinaloa, Nayarit and Jalisco. This line is not present on any of the three specimens of E. wixarika. This new species can be distinguished from E. modestus by its larger size (males 21–25 mm SVL, vs <20 mm in E. modestus); also E. modestus has a uniform white or cream ventral coloration, whereas in E. wixarika it is darker gray with white spots and darker mottling. Description of the holotype. Relatively small size (21.9 mm SVL); head slightly wider than long, 7.3 mm in length, 7.7 in width, about as wide as body; snout truncate, angular, non-rounded from a dorsal view but rounded from a lateral profile; tympanum distinct and rounded, no distinct supratympanic fold, greatest diameter of tympanum 1 mm; greatest diameter of eye 2.4 mm, tympanum-to-eye ratio 0.4; eyelid 1.9 mm wide, approximately three fifths of the IOD; first finger same length as second finger; finger lengths from shortest to longest 1-2 - 4 - 3, with 1 and 2 equal; digital pads on fingers three and four moderately expanded, approximately 1.8 times the narrowest point of the digit; three palmar tubercles; inner palmar tubercle about 70 % as large as middle palmar tubercle, outer palmar tubercle about half as large as the middle palmar tubercle; toe lengths from shortest to longest 1-2 - 5 - 3-4. FL 8.5 mm, TL 10.1 mm, FeL 9.1 mm, FoL 6.6 mm, IND 2.2 mm, IOD 2.9 mm, END 2.3 mm. FeL to SVL 42 %, TL to SVL 46 %, FL to SVL 39 %, HL to SVL 33 %, HD to SVL 35 %. Dorsal skin tuberculate; lateral skin and ventral skin areolate. Vocal slits absent in males. See Figure 7 for a photograph of the holotype in life. Coloration in preservative is a light ground color of tan to orange, with dark gray almost black reticulations covering the entire dorsal surface of the head, back and arms. Thighs orange-yellow with some dark gray blotches. Ventral coloration is cream and gray with some darker and paler spots. Variation. The three known specimens of this species vary little in morphology and color pattern. One specimen is larger than the type, measuring 24.5 mm. The dorsal ground color is always reddish with darker reticulations, the intensity and width of which varies from individual to individual, making one individual seem darker. Measurements for the holotype and paratypes are given in Table 1. Distribution and ecology. This species has been collected in the Sierra Huichol in the municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco (Fig. 6 A). It likely occurs continuously at high elevations throughout this mountain range and possibly also in other nearby mountain ranges in Jalisco, Zacatecas, Nayarit and Durango. It has been collected between 2400–2500 m at the type locality in pine forest (Fig. 6 C). All specimens were collected in July, which is the beginning of the rainy season in western Mexico and likely the breeding season for these frogs. Etymology. Eleutherodactylus wixarika is a patronym honoring the Wixárika people, better known by their Spanish name, Huicholes. Once widespread in the states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Durango and San Luis Potosí, the Wixárika people still inhabit the area around the type-locality of this frog, and the Sierra Huichol mountain range remains one of the last outposts of their language and culture. Advertisement calls. Like other members of the subgenus Syrrhophus, the advertisement call of these species consists of a short note best described as a “chirp” or “peep”. These notes are relatively narrow band (<500 Hz), nearly pure-tone bursts of acoustic energy organized into a discrete train repeated about 6 times per minute (Table 1, Fig. 10). The fundamental frequency contains nearly the same amount of energy as the dominant frequency in both species (not shown). Compared to E. wixarika, the call of the larger species E. grunwaldi is much shorter (70 vs. 130 ms), ascends to its dominant frequency more rapidly, and has a lower dominant (and thus fundamental) frequency (2100 vs. 2700 Hz). The calls of both species show substructure within a call, but the pulses of acoustic energy are irregular in timing and duration. The signals of both species show very slight frequency modulation from beginning to end. Although Syrrhophus may produce an irregular introductory trill prior to a call bout (Fouquette 1960), our recordings do not contain any trills. Advertisement calls. Spectral and temporal acoustic properties of male advertisement calls differ between the two new species described here. Few descriptions (and even fewer recordings) of Syrrhophus advertisement calls have been published. Fouquette (1960) described the calls of Eleutherodactylus marnockii, E. pipilans, and E. nitidus. Dixon (1957) reported reciprocal calling by female E. angustidigitorum, a behavior that has been reported in at least two other eleutherodactylids (Schlaepfer & Figeroa-Sandí, 1998; Stewart & Rand, 1991). It is not known whether female E. grunwaldi or E. wixarika call. The small size of Syrrhophus imposes constraints for acoustic communication (Gerhardt & Huber, 2002), namely the limited communication range of high-frequency calls. Like many other eleutherodactlyids, Syrrhophus increase their broadcast range by calling from elevated perches. Males of some species call from rock crevices (Fouquette 1960), which may serve to amplify the signal by acting as a secondary resonator (Penna & Solís, 1996). Evolutionary relationships and biogeography. Twenty-four species of Syrrhophus occur in mainland Central and North America, all of them included in the Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) longipes species series as defined by Hedges et al. (2008). This species series is further split into six species groups, which were first defined by Lynch (1970) and revised by Hedges (1989) and Hedges et al. (2008). Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi shares similarities with several members of the subgenus, including the species of the E. longipes and E. marnockii species groups as defined by Lynch (1970), as well as E. saxatilis and E. interorbitalis. Similarities include general coloration, size and the presence of greatly expanded digital discs (Figs. 1–4). Lynch (1970) considered E. longipes and E. dennisi to be closely related and Farr et al. (2013) commented that they might be conspecific. Eleutherodactylus longipes is restricted to karst formations in the Sierra Madre Oriental, from Coahuila to Hidalgo (Lemos Espinal & Smith, 2007 a, 2007 b; Lynch, 1970), while E. dennisi is known from several caves in southern Tamaulipas and eastern San Luis Potosí (Lemos-Espinal & Dixon, 2013; Lynch, 1970). Both species resemble E. grunwaldi in general color pattern, large size and by having broad digital discs. The marnockii species group consists of E. marnockii, E. guttilatus and E. verrucipes. Eleutherodactylus marnockii is restricted to central Texas, eastern Chihuahua and northern Coahuila (Lynch 1970), while E. guttilatus it is restricted to the Chihuahuan Desert, the Mexican Plateau and the western versant of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Lynch, 1970). Finally, E. verrucipes is known from the Sierra Madre Oriental and associated ranges (Arenas- Monroy et al., 2012; Farr, et al., 2007). All three members of the E. marnockii species group are similar to E. grunwaldi in general dorsal coloration, body proportions and expanded digital discs, however they are smaller and their discs are not as broad as in E. grunwaldi. While general morphology would suggest a close relationship of E. grunwaldi with the five species mentioned above, this seems unlikely from a biogeographical perspective. The entire range of the E. longipes and E. marnockii species groups falls east of the continental divide, in Atlantic or interior drainages, while E. grunwaldi is known only from one mountain range on the Pacific Coast. The only species resembling E. grunwaldi that inhabits the pacific versant of Mexico is E. saxatilis. This species was formerly assigned to the genus Tomodactylus, which was later synonymized with Eleutherodactylus by Myers (1962); all the former species of Tomodactylus are now included in the E. nitidus species group of the subgenus Syrrhophus (Hedges et al. 2008). Eleutherodactylus saxatilis is known only from the western flanks of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Durango and Sinaloa (Webb, 1962). Like several of the species mentioned above, E. saxatilis shares similarities in color pattern, digital pad shape and size to E. grunwaldi. However, in E. saxatilis the digital discs are not as broad and conspicuous lumbar glands are present. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the 16 S ribosomal RNA gene suggests that E. grunwaldi is not closely related to the members of the E. longipes and E. marnockii species groups of northeastern Mexico discussed above (Devitt, unpublished). It is important to note that these species that share similarities in coloration and morphology to E. grunwaldi also share a similar saxicolous existence, and thus these similarities are likely a result of adaptation to similar environments rather than recent, shared evolutionary history. Instead, E. grunwaldi appears to be most closely related to members of the E. modestus species group of Hedges et al. (2008) (Devitt, unpublished). Eleutherodactylus wixarika shares several morphological similarities with other members of the subgenus, including E. pallidus, E. modestus and E. teretistes, which belong to the E. modestus species group of Lynch (1970) and Hedges et al. (2008). Eleutherodactylus pallidus is known from the Pacific lowlands, coastal sierras and inland barrancas of Nayarit and northwestern Jalisco (Lynch, 1970, Ponce-Campos et al., 2003). This species is distinguishable from the E. wixarika by its smaller size and dorsal coloration lacking any dark markings. Eleutherodactylus modestus is known from the Pacific lowlands and nearby coastal mountain ranges of Jalisco and Colima (Lynch 1970). This species shares the red ground coloration of E. wixarika, however, E. wixarika is larger and has a dark gray ventral coloration, as opposed to light cream or white in E. modestus. Eleutherodactylus teretistes is known to occur along the Pacific versant of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southeastern Sinaloa and Nayarit, as well as in coastal mountain ranges of southwestern Nayarit and northwestern Jalisco (Lynch, 1970, Ahumada-Carrillo, et al., 2014). Eleutherodactylus teretistes can be distinguished from E. wixarika primarily based on skin texture and color pattern (see above). Eleutherodactylus pallidus and E. teretistes occur in Nayarit and Jalisco at lower elevations, with E. pallidus known from 0–1225 m (Lynch 1970) and E. teretistes known from 300–1630 m (Lynch, 1970, Ahumada-Carrillo, 2014). The deep barrancas that intersect the southern Sierra Madre Occidental serve as corridors to many lowland species (Ahumada-Carrillo et al., 2014; Cox et al., 2012). In the case of E. wixarika, the Río Atengo, a tributary of the Río Grande de Santiago, might have allowed an ancestor of these three species to reach the higher elevations of the Sierra Huichola. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16 S ribosomal gene shows that Eleutherodactylus wixarika is closely related to E. teretistes (Devitt, unpublished). Based on the data discussed above, we believe that E. wixarika might be closely related to E. pallidus and E. teretistes, and is probably a member of the E. modestus species group. Several of the most important topographic features of Mexico converge in central-western Mexico; these include the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Pacific lowlands. The merging of these areas in the region has created a diverse assortment of unique habitats, and has made this region an important center of biodiversity, with many endemic species of vertebrates (e.g. Ceballos et al., 1995; Ceballos & Garcia, 1995; Peterson & Navarro, 2000). Many herpetological collections exist from the states of west central Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán and Nayarit), but despite this, the herpetofauna of many areas in these states is still poorly known. We believe that future fieldwork in that area will result in new species discoveries, especially in isolated mountain ranges like the Sierra Cacoma and Sierra de Pihuamo in Jalisco, or the Sierra de Coalcomán in Michoacán. Frogs of the subgenus Syrrhophus are among the most diverse groups of anurans in Mexico, but because of the lack of attention that they have received, many species are still awaiting formal description (personal observation). Additional fieldwork in western Mexico and elsewhere will certainly result in the identification of new species of this group, and a careful revision of museum material along with molecular analyses will help us to better understand the species-level diversity and evolutionary history of the group. Conservation. Iron ore mining is an important economic activity in the mountains surrounding the Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, which is inhabited by E. grunwaldi. Mining activities have had a negative impact in the ecosystems and communities around the area; for example, a new open pit mine has already destroyed one of the only localities for the rare Manantlán Long-tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus lannomi) (Reyes-Velasco, personal observation; see also Reyes-Velasco et al. 2010 for a discussion on the biological importance of the region). The Sierra Huichol in northern Jalisco has some of the last remains of old growth forest in the Sierra Madre Occidental, which now contains less than 0.65 % of its original extent (Lammertink, 1996). Logging and the conversion of forest into agricultural fields are some of the biggest threats to the biodiversity of the region. The Wixárika or Huichol people, for whom E. wixarika is named, have been greatly affected by new economic activities in the area, including new roads and mining projects, logging, agriculture and the expansion of drug cartels in recent years (authors personal observation; Boni, Garibay, & McCall, 2014; González-Elizondo et al., 2012; Liffman, 2011; Tetreault & López, 2011). The culture and traditions of the Wixárika as well as the biodiversity of the area are increasingly threatened by human encroachment, and deserve protection if they are to persist in the long term.Published as part of Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, Ahumada-Carrillo, Ivan, Burkhardt, Timothy R. & Devitt, Thomas J., 2015, Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (subgenus Syrrhophus) from western Mexico, pp. 301-317 in Zootaxa 3914 (3) on pages 309-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3914.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/24105
Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi Reyes-Velasco, Ahumada-Carrillo, Burkhardt & Devitt, 2015, new species
No full textEleutherodactylus grunwaldi, new species Holotype. MZFC 27472. Adult male, collected by Jacobo Reyes-Velasco and Alexander Hermosillo-Lopez on July 17, 2011, 3.5 km ESE of El Sauz, on road to El Terrero, Municipality of Minatitlán (19.43161 N, - 103.97871 W, 1,329 m; datum = WGS 84), Colima, Mexico (Fig. 1). Paratypes. MZFC 27467–27471, five adult males, collected along the side of a dirt road between El Sauz and El Terrero, Municipality of Minatitlán, Colima, Mexico, collected by Chris I. Grünwald, on July 14, 2008; MZFC 27473–27475, two adult males and a young adult, dirt road between El Sauz and El Terrero, collected on the same day as the holotype by Jacobo Reyes-Velasco and Alexander Hermosillo-Lopez; MZFC 27483, adult male, 6.7 km SW of El Terrero, on road to El Sauz, collected by Jacobo Reyes-Velasco and Gabriela Zamora-Silva on July 15, 2012 (Fig. 2). Diagnosis. Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi is a member of the E. longipes species series of the subgenus Syrrhophus as defined by Hedges et al. (2008). It is one of the largest members of the species series, with adult males measuring 28.4–32.4 mm SVL. Vocal slits are present in males; digital discs are greatly expanded, usually three times the width of narrowest part of digit on fingers three and four (Fig. 3 A); shape of digital discs is similar to the condition seen in E. longipes in Lynch (1970; Fig. 1 F), which were described as triangular; first finger shorter than second finger; snout angular in dorsal view (as defined by Savage, 2002 p. 171), and acuminate in profile; the head slightly longer than wide; tympanum width 40 % – 50 % of eye width, never more than 50 %; body robust but thinner than head; no compact lumbar glands; dorsal coloration consisting of greenish or yellowish irregular blotches, spots, or reticulations on dark background; no mid-dorsal stripe or light interorbital bar are present; dorsal and ventral skin smooth; ventral coloration white; no dark or pale interorbital bar or bars on thighs; tympanum medium to small, diameter of tympanum maximum 50 % of diameter of eye; iris copper-green. Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi differs from the other members of the subgenus, with the exception of E. dennisi, E. longipes and E. saxatilis by the presence of digital discs on the hands which are three times the width of the narrowest part of the digit (Fig 3 A). It can readily be distinguished from E. saxatilis by the absence of compact lumbar glands, as well as broader digital discs on the fingers, usually double the narrowest width of the third and fourth digits in E. saxatilis and from two and a half times to three times the width of the narrowest part of the third and fourth digits in E. grunwaldi. This species can be distinguished from E. dennisi and E. longipes by having a smaller tympanum to eye ratio, always 50 % or less, as opposed to 50–65 % in male E. dennisi and 60–90 % in male E. longipes; E. dennisi also has a conspicuous light interorbital bar, which E. grunwaldi lacks. While E. longipes has a light ground color with darker blotches and/or spots, and a dark brown interorbital bar or triangle, E. grunwaldi shows a dark ground color with yellowish marbling or reticulations and no interorbital marks. The new species is distinguished from most other members of Syrrhophus, except for E. saxatilis and some members of the E. marnockii species group of Hedges et al. (2008) by its dorsal coloration. This species has been collected in sympatry with Eleutherodactylus nivicolimae and E. modestus, and at slightly higher elevation than E. nitidus. Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi differs from E. nivicolimae in size, with males over 28 mm in E. grunwaldi and under 23.5 mm in E. nivicolimae, as well as by having a dark gray ground color with yellow or yellowish-green spots and reticulations, whereas E. nivicolimae has a grayish, reddish or yellowish ground color without spots (Fig. 4 A). Eleutherodactylus nivicolimae occasionally has a pale middorsal stripe, which is not present in E. grunwaldi. Eleutherodactylus modestus is smaller, with males never reaching over 22 mm, and has a shorter, narrower head with a rounded snout (as defined by Savage, 2002). Eleutherodactylus modestus further differs from E. grunwaldi by having a reddish or orange ground color, which is covered in darker gray or black spots, dashes or reticulations (Fig. 4 B–C), very distinct from the greenish or yellowish spots present in E. grunwaldi. The new species can be distinguished from E. nitidus by size (males> 28 mm in SVL vs. <27 mm in SVL in E. nitidus); they also differ by the very expanded toe pads of E. grunwaldi, reaching more than twice the width of the narrowest part of the digit in the new species, but only to less than one and a half the width of the narrowest part of the digits in E. nitidus, and by the presence of compact lumbar glands in the latter species (Fig. 4 D). Description of the holotype. Male of moderate size (29.7 mm SVL); head as wide as long, 10.7 mm. in length and width, wider than body; snout truncate, angular, non-rounded from a dorsal view, acuminate from a lateral profile; lip slightly flared; tympanum rounded, upper edge indistinct, no supratympanic fold, greatest tympanum diameter 1.7 mm; greatest eye diameter 3.6 mm; tympanum-to-eye ratio 0.5; eyelid 2 mm wide, about half as wide as interorbital distance; first finger shorter than second; finger lengths from shortest to longest 1-2 - 4 - 3; digital pads on fingers three and four greatly expanded, approximately three times the narrowest point of the digit; three palmar tubercles, inner palmar tubercle just over a third as large as middle tubercle, outer palmar tubercle about a fifth as large as middle palmar tubercle; toe lengths from shortest to longest 1-2 - 5 - 3-4. Both dorsal and ventral skin texture smooth. FL 13.8 mm, TL 15.3 mm, FeL 13.5 mm, FoL 8.3 mm, IND 2.8 mm, IOD 4 mm, END 3.6 mm. FeL to SVL 45 %, TL to SVL 52 %, FL to SVL 46 %, HL to SVL 36 %, HW to SVL 36 %. Dorsal, lateral and ventral skin texture smooth. Vocal slits present. See Figure 1 for a photograph of the holotype in life. Figures 5 A–B show the holotype in preservative. Coloration in life pale gray on the lateral surfaces, with almost no pattern, while dorsal surfaces dark gray to blackish, with network of greenish-yellow botches forming reticulations on the back, head, neck, forelimbs and hind limbs; venter white; hands and feet pale gray without markings, though some faint markings present on hands; uninterrupted gray line running from snout through nares and lower half of eye, continuing past tympanum and axilla where it grades into lateral gray coloration. Coloration in preservative dark, ground coloration of varying shades of brown, with pale blotches sometimes forming uniformly pale grayish tan reticulations; ventral coloration is white. Variation. Mensural variation is presented in Table 1. This species shows remarkably little color variation when compared to some other species in the subgenus (e.g., E. modestus). The color pattern consists of greenish yellow or yellowish blotches, spots or reticulations on a black ground color. The amount and intensity of the pale blotches varies such that some specimens appear to be dark frogs with pale colored blotches, while others have more intense reticulation. Distribution and ecology. This species is known from the Sierra de Manantlán in the municipalities of Minatitlán, Colima, and Tolimán, Jalisco (Fig. 6 A). It is probably distributed throughout the Sierra de Manantlán, and may range north into some of the other coastal sierras of Jalisco (Sierra de Cacoma, Sierra de Talpa). This species has been collected between 1300–2200 m in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve and at lower elevations (~ 800m) in the Grutas de Toxín in Jalisco. It inhabits tropical deciduous forest, Madrean pine-oak woodland and the ecotone between tropical deciduous forest and pine-oak woodland. Like E. saxatilis, this species appears to be strictly saxicolous and found almost exclusively on limestone outcrops. All specimens have been found on limestone, either in outcrops, sink holes or caves. A single specimen was found while calling from a tree, however the ground consisted of soil mixed with broken limestone. Frogs were collected during the months of June, July and August, which correspond to the beginning of the rainy season and when breeding appears to take place. One specimen was collected in the dry season (February) from inside a cave, and many other individuals were seen active on the walls of the cave. A photograph of the type locality is shown in Figure 6 B. Etymology. The species epithet is a patronym for German-Mexican naturalist Christoph I. Grünwald, who collected the original specimen (now lost) on July 18 th, 2005. This original specimen came from near 2200 m at 4.8 km E of El Terrero, Municipality of Minatitlán, Colima.Published as part of Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, Ahumada-Carrillo, Ivan, Burkhardt, Timothy R. & Devitt, Thomas J., 2015, Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (subgenus Syrrhophus) from western Mexico, pp. 301-317 in Zootaxa 3914 (3) on pages 303-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3914.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/24105
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