88 research outputs found
Two Novel Mechanistic Paradigms in Pig Pregnancy: I. Osteopontin Binds to the ITGAV (the ��v Integrin Subunit) to Promote Porcine Endothelial Progenitor Cell Incorporation into Developing Vasculature. II. Expression and Regulation of Genes for Glucose and Arginine Transporters in Pig Uteri, Conceptuses and Placentae Increases during Pregnancy.
No full textDuring pregnancy, uterine and placental blood vessels develop to facilitate maximal transfer of nutrients to the fetus. These studies focus on the incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) into the growing placental and uterine vasculatures (Study 1), and on the expression of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SLC5A1) and amino acid transporter (SLC7A3) in uterine and placental tissues (Study 2). For Study 1, RT-PCR indicated that purified monocytes isolated from newborn piglets differentiated into an endothelial-like phenotype in culture. While human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) alone invaded a 3D collagen model to form multicellular tubes with lumens and branching structures, EPCs alone did not invade the matrices. However, when cultured in the presence of HUVECs, EPCs incorporated into vascular structures. Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular molecule highly expressed in regions of angiogenesis within the pig placenta. When HUVECs and EPCs were cultured in the presence of OPN, the number of EPCs that incorporated into newly-forming HUVEC sprouts increased significantly. EPCs express integrins, which act as transmembrane receptors for OPN. Affinity chromatography followed by immunoprecipitation studies suggested that the ITGAV subunit on EPCs directly bound OPN. Knocking down the ITGAV subunit using siRNA significantly decreased the ability of EPCs to adhere to OPN-coated culture wells in adhesion assays. For Study 2, in situ hybridization and qPCR revealed that SLC5A1 mRNA expression in uterine luminal (LE) and peaked on Day 12-13 of pregnancy. in situ hybridization analysis confirmed that SLC5A1 expression increased specifically in LE of pseudopregnant model and qPCR revealed that estrogen increased SLC5A1 mRNA (P<0.05) in vivo and in vitro. SLC7A3 was induced in the chorion between Days 25 and 30. qPCR confirmed a significant increase in SLC7A3 mRNA in Day 60 as compared to Day 30 placentae. In conclusion, we hypothesize: (1) that OPN binds to ITGAV-containing integrins on EPCs as an essential initial step in EPC incorporation into the growing vasculature to maximize placental vascularization; and (2) that SLC5A1 is increased in uterine LE of pigs by estrogens to mediate glucose transport, while SLC7A3 may mediate arginine transport across the placenta to support developing fetuses in pigs
Schildia fragilis
No full textSchildia fragilis (Carrera, 1944) (Figs 12, 31–34, 38) (Carrera, 1944: 88, 89) Schildia (Shannomyioleptus) fragilis (Hull 1962: 314). Schildia fragilis (Martin 1965: 114; Martin 1968b: 5; Martin 1975: 189; Artigas & Papavero 1988: 98, 102). Schildia zonae (Martin, 1975: 190, 192). syn.n. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from its congeners by the wide face, the light brown to brown lateral postpronotal lobes, the long postocular setae, and the long presutural dorsocentral setae. Redescription. Head: Face silver pruinose, sometimes dorsal half apruinose, wide, wider than adjacent ommatidium; mystax light yellow, 2 setae; vertex wide, wider than face at clypeal–facial margin, silver pruinose; occipital triangle apruinose, distance between triangle and median eye margin more than adjacent ommatidium; occiput laterally grey pruinose, median dorso-ventral stripe silver pruinose; postocular setae yellow, long; proboscis brown; Antennae: scape and pedicel light yellow, light yellow to light brown setae dorsally and ventrally; postpedicel light yellow proximally, light brown distally, silver pruinose, between 1.5–2 times as long as combined length of scape and pedicel; stylus brown, 1/4 as long as postpedicel, composed of 1 element. Th orax: Predominantly brown, parts silver and brown pruinose; antepronotum, postpronotum, and median postpronotal lobes silver pruinose; lateral postpronotal lobes apruinose, light yellow to light brown; scutum brown, sometimes antero-laterally lighter brown, predominantly apruinose, lateral and posterior margins brown pruinose; presutural dc setae: 1 short, 1 intermediate, 1 long, postsutural dc setae: 3–5 short anteriorly oriented setae, 5–6 short acr setae, 1 npl and 1 spa seta; anepisternum brown, few yellow anepisternal setae on anterior and dorsal margins, anteriorly and dorsally silver and remaining parts brown pruinose; anepimeron, proepimeron, katepisternum, katepimeron and meron+metanepisternum brown, proepimeron silver pruinose, katepisternum anteriorly and antero-dorsally silver pruinose, posterodorsally brown pruinose, central area apruinose, meron+metanepisternum brown pruinose anteriorly, medially apruinose, posteriorly silver pruinose, metkatepisternum brown, silver pruinose; scutellum brown, silver pruinose, few very short apical scutellar setae; Legs: light yellow to light brown; coxae and trochanters light yellow; pro and mes femora light yellow with 2 transverse light brown bands, met femur mostly light yellow to light brown, clubbed in distal 1/3, club brown, yellow transverse band at proximal margin of club, scattered brown macrosetae on pro and mes femora, met femur with distinct rows of brown macrosetae; pro and mes tibiae light yellow with 2 light brown transverse bands, met tibia brown with median yellow transverse band, about 2 times as long as width of tibia, all tibiae with yellow to light brown erect macrosetae in rows, pro and mes tibiae with 2 long apical macrosetae, met tibia with 2 apical macrosetae; tarsus light yellow to light brown, proximal tarsomere always longer than 2 following tarsomeres combined, short and long macrosetae on all tarsomeres; all empodia minute, sometimes met empodium 1/4 of median claw; median claw more than half as long as lateral claw; Wings (Fig. 12): length = 4.4–4.7 mm; few microtrichia, trichoid spicules short, symmetrical dorsally and ventrally, about 18–20 on M1 between r-m and diversion of M1 and M2; cell d small, terminating in M2 and M3, r-m situated proximal to separation of M3 and CuA1; R1 reaching C well proximal to R5 and M1 joining C, R2+3 straight proximally and smoothly arching posteriad distally; halter light yellow, knob dark brown, length = 0.9 mm. Abdomen: Brown; T2 length = 2.7–3.0 mm, T2 with yellow transverse band medially, T2–3 with short, erect, evenly spaced macrosetae, remaining T with irregularly spaced and longer macrosetae, T7–8 with lateral sensory areas (Fig. 34); Male terminalia (Figs 31–33): epandrial halves fused medially, distal tip straight, pointed; epandrium and hypandrium fused proximally, gonocoxite and hypandrium fused to form gonocoxite-hypandrial complex; Aedeagus: not protruding from hypopygium, very short, prong a wide tube; Female genitalia (see Figs 9and 10in Artigas and Papavero 1988) - spermathecae occupying only segment 8, individual spermathecal ducts long and coiled; spermathecal reservoirs not sclerotized, as wide as individual ducts, forming a coil. Type material. The ♂ holotype of Shannomyioleptus fragilis is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / ♂ / HOLOTIPO (red label) / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 ♂ M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border) / 104435” (MZSP). The specimen was originally double mounted (attached to triangular label paper), but was destroyed when shipped to the authors (the remnants are preserved in a vial). A ♀ paratype is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Maio 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / ♀ / ALLOTIPO (red label) / 104436 / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 ♀ M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border) / ♀ ” (MZSP). The specimen was originally double mounted (minuten attached to pin), but has been destroyed when shipped to the authors (the remnants are preserved in a vial). A paratype of undeterminable gender is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / PARATIPO (red label) / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border)” (USNM). The specimen is double mounted (attached to triangular piece of label paper) and is in good condition (abdomen broken posterior to T 2). Another paratype of undeterminable gender is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / ♀ / PARATIPO (red label) / S.W. Bromley Collection 1955 / Shannomyioleptus fragilis n. sp. 44 M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border)” (USNM). The specimen is double mounted (attached to triangular piece of label paper) and is in poor condition (antennae, right wing, most legs, and abdomen broken). Another paratype of undeterminable gender is labeled “Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / PARATIPO (red label) / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black bor- der)” (MCZ). The specimen is directly mounted (glued laterally to pin) and is in fair condition. The ♀ holotype of Schildia zonae is labeled “ PANAMA C. Z. Piña Area 18 Nov 57 W.J. Hanson (date handwritten) / USU (red ink) / HOLOTYPE Schildia zonae Chas. H. Martin (species name handwritten, red label) / zonae (handwritten)” (EMUS). The specimen is doubled mounted (attached to paper point), and is in very good condition. The ♂ paratype of Schildia zonae is labeled “ PANAMA C. Z. Piña Area 18 Nov 57 W.J. Hanson (date handwritten) / USU (red ink) / ALLOTYPE Schildia zonae Chas. H. Martin (species name handwritten, red label)” (EMUS). The specimen is doubled mounted (attached to paper point) and is in good condition (T 5–8 glued to paper point). Specimens. Brazil: Paraná: 2♀ Morretes, 25°34’S 048°53’W, 10–13.iv.2002, M. Tavanes et al. (MZSP); British Guyana: 1? Essequibo R., Moraballi Creek, 12°15’S 070°54’W, 21.ix.1929, Oxford University Expedition (BMNH); Peru: Madre de Dios: 1♀ Manu (Erika near Salvacion), 12°15’S 070°54’W, 5–6.ix.1988, A.Freidberg (USNM). Distribution. Brazil, British Guyana, Panama, Peru (Fig. 38). Biodiversity hotspot/ high-biodiversity wilderness area: Cerrado, Mesoamerica/Amazonia (Fig. 38). Remarks. Schildia zonae, described from Panama, is here synonymized with S. fragilis as this species is here shown to be more widespread than initially thought by Martin (1975). Morphologically, the holotypes are indistinguishable and the male terminalia also provide evidence that the two described species are actually one taxon.Published as part of Dikow, Torsten & Bayless, Keith M., 2009, Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species, pp. 253-289 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 40 on pages 268-271, DOI: 10.1163/187631209X458358, http://zenodo.org/record/397524
Schildia fragilis
No full textSchildia fragilis (Carrera, 1944) (Figs 12, 31–34, 38) (Carrera, 1944: 88, 89) Schildia (Shannomyioleptus) fragilis (Hull 1962: 314). Schildia fragilis (Martin 1965: 114; Martin 1968b: 5; Martin 1975: 189; Artigas & Papavero 1988: 98, 102). Schildia zonae (Martin, 1975: 190, 192). syn.n. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from its congeners by the wide face, the light brown to brown lateral postpronotal lobes, the long postocular setae, and the long presutural dorsocentral setae. Redescription. Head: Face silver pruinose, sometimes dorsal half apruinose, wide, wider than adjacent ommatidium; mystax light yellow, 2 setae; vertex wide, wider than face at clypeal–facial margin, silver pruinose; occipital triangle apruinose, distance between triangle and median eye margin more than adjacent ommatidium; occiput laterally grey pruinose, median dorso-ventral stripe silver pruinose; postocular setae yellow, long; proboscis brown; Antennae: scape and pedicel light yellow, light yellow to light brown setae dorsally and ventrally; postpedicel light yellow proximally, light brown distally, silver pruinose, between 1.5–2 times as long as combined length of scape and pedicel; stylus brown, 1/4 as long as postpedicel, composed of 1 element. Th orax: Predominantly brown, parts silver and brown pruinose; antepronotum, postpronotum, and median postpronotal lobes silver pruinose; lateral postpronotal lobes apruinose, light yellow to light brown; scutum brown, sometimes antero-laterally lighter brown, predominantly apruinose, lateral and posterior margins brown pruinose; presutural dc setae: 1 short, 1 intermediate, 1 long, postsutural dc setae: 3–5 short anteriorly oriented setae, 5–6 short acr setae, 1 npl and 1 spa seta; anepisternum brown, few yellow anepisternal setae on anterior and dorsal margins, anteriorly and dorsally silver and remaining parts brown pruinose; anepimeron, proepimeron, katepisternum, katepimeron and meron+metanepisternum brown, proepimeron silver pruinose, katepisternum anteriorly and antero-dorsally silver pruinose, posterodorsally brown pruinose, central area apruinose, meron+metanepisternum brown pruinose anteriorly, medially apruinose, posteriorly silver pruinose, metkatepisternum brown, silver pruinose; scutellum brown, silver pruinose, few very short apical scutellar setae; Legs: light yellow to light brown; coxae and trochanters light yellow; pro and mes femora light yellow with 2 transverse light brown bands, met femur mostly light yellow to light brown, clubbed in distal 1/3, club brown, yellow transverse band at proximal margin of club, scattered brown macrosetae on pro and mes femora, met femur with distinct rows of brown macrosetae; pro and mes tibiae light yellow with 2 light brown transverse bands, met tibia brown with median yellow transverse band, about 2 times as long as width of tibia, all tibiae with yellow to light brown erect macrosetae in rows, pro and mes tibiae with 2 long apical macrosetae, met tibia with 2 apical macrosetae; tarsus light yellow to light brown, proximal tarsomere always longer than 2 following tarsomeres combined, short and long macrosetae on all tarsomeres; all empodia minute, sometimes met empodium 1/4 of median claw; median claw more than half as long as lateral claw; Wings (Fig. 12): length = 4.4–4.7 mm; few microtrichia, trichoid spicules short, symmetrical dorsally and ventrally, about 18–20 on M1 between r-m and diversion of M1 and M2; cell d small, terminating in M2 and M3, r-m situated proximal to separation of M3 and CuA1; R1 reaching C well proximal to R5 and M1 joining C, R2+3 straight proximally and smoothly arching posteriad distally; halter light yellow, knob dark brown, length = 0.9 mm. Abdomen: Brown; T2 length = 2.7–3.0 mm, T2 with yellow transverse band medially, T2–3 with short, erect, evenly spaced macrosetae, remaining T with irregularly spaced and longer macrosetae, T7–8 with lateral sensory areas (Fig. 34); Male terminalia (Figs 31–33): epandrial halves fused medially, distal tip straight, pointed; epandrium and hypandrium fused proximally, gonocoxite and hypandrium fused to form gonocoxite-hypandrial complex; Aedeagus: not protruding from hypopygium, very short, prong a wide tube; Female genitalia (see Figs 9and 10in Artigas and Papavero 1988) - spermathecae occupying only segment 8, individual spermathecal ducts long and coiled; spermathecal reservoirs not sclerotized, as wide as individual ducts, forming a coil. Type material. The ♂ holotype of Shannomyioleptus fragilis is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / ♂ / HOLOTIPO (red label) / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 ♂ M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border) / 104435” (MZSP). The specimen was originally double mounted (attached to triangular label paper), but was destroyed when shipped to the authors (the remnants are preserved in a vial). A ♀ paratype is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Maio 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / ♀ / ALLOTIPO (red label) / 104436 / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 ♀ M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border) / ♀ ” (MZSP). The specimen was originally double mounted (minuten attached to pin), but has been destroyed when shipped to the authors (the remnants are preserved in a vial). A paratype of undeterminable gender is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / PARATIPO (red label) / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border)” (USNM). The specimen is double mounted (attached to triangular piece of label paper) and is in good condition (abdomen broken posterior to T 2). Another paratype of undeterminable gender is labeled “ Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / ♀ / PARATIPO (red label) / S.W. Bromley Collection 1955 / Shannomyioleptus fragilis n. sp. 44 M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black border)” (USNM). The specimen is double mounted (attached to triangular piece of label paper) and is in poor condition (antennae, right wing, most legs, and abdomen broken). Another paratype of undeterminable gender is labeled “Serviço Febre Amarela M.E.S., Bras. / Maracaju Mato Grosso Brasil / Junho 1937 / PARATIPO (red label) / Shannomyioleptus fragilis Carrera, 1944 M. CARRERA DET. (species name and author handwritten, black bor- der)” (MCZ). The specimen is directly mounted (glued laterally to pin) and is in fair condition. The ♀ holotype of Schildia zonae is labeled “ PANAMA C. Z. Piña Area 18 Nov 57 W.J. Hanson (date handwritten) / USU (red ink) / HOLOTYPE Schildia zonae Chas. H. Martin (species name handwritten, red label) / zonae (handwritten)” (EMUS). The specimen is doubled mounted (attached to paper point), and is in very good condition. The ♂ paratype of Schildia zonae is labeled “ PANAMA C. Z. Piña Area 18 Nov 57 W.J. Hanson (date handwritten) / USU (red ink) / ALLOTYPE Schildia zonae Chas. H. Martin (species name handwritten, red label)” (EMUS). The specimen is doubled mounted (attached to paper point) and is in good condition (T 5–8 glued to paper point). Specimens. Brazil: Paraná: 2♀ Morretes, 25°34’S 048°53’W, 10–13.iv.2002, M. Tavanes et al. (MZSP); British Guyana: 1? Essequibo R., Moraballi Creek, 12°15’S 070°54’W, 21.ix.1929, Oxford University Expedition (BMNH); Peru: Madre de Dios: 1♀ Manu (Erika near Salvacion), 12°15’S 070°54’W, 5–6.ix.1988, A.Freidberg (USNM). Distribution. Brazil, British Guyana, Panama, Peru (Fig. 38). Biodiversity hotspot/ high-biodiversity wilderness area: Cerrado, Mesoamerica/Amazonia (Fig. 38). Remarks. Schildia zonae, described from Panama, is here synonymized with S. fragilis as this species is here shown to be more widespread than initially thought by Martin (1975). Morphologically, the holotypes are indistinguishable and the male terminalia also provide evidence that the two described species are actually one taxon.Published as part of Dikow, Torsten & Bayless, Keith M., 2009, Taxonomic revision of the genus Schildia Aldrich, 1923 (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) with the description of new extant and extinct species, pp. 253-289 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 40 on pages 268-271, DOI: 10.1163/187631209X458358, http://zenodo.org/record/397524
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