94 research outputs found
A Comparative Study of the "Tropical Highlands" : Utilization of the Great Altitudinal Differences in the Himalayas-Tibet and the Andes
No full text本稿は, 高度差利用と農耕牧畜の移動の問題に焦点を当て, 低緯度山岳地域である中部ヒマラヤ及びチベットと中央アンデスを比較したものである. 両地域の10 度以上の緯度の違いが, とりわけ牧畜の形態に大きな影響を与える. ヒマラヤのヤク・ゾムの牧畜では移牧が行なわれており, アンデスの牧畜は定牧(定住的牧畜)である. 両地域の農牧複合, 専業牧畜, チベットにおける多様な形態を総合すると, 「遊牧」「移牧」「定牧」「定牧移農」「移牧移農」「移牧定農」「定牧定農」という論理的に可能なすべてのタイプが出揃うことになる
Nomadic Pastoralism and Trade on Changtang Plateau in the Southeast Ladakh, India
No full text筆者は, 総合地球環境学研究所の「高所プロジェクト」の一環として, 2012年9月に短期間チャンタン高原のルプシュの遊牧民の調査を行った. チャンタンでは, 医学班が2011年に遊牧民の健診を実施している. そこで, 本調査では, その研究との連携を主目的とし, 遊牧の移動のパターン, 世帯, 住居, かつて行われていた交易とその衰退, また, その変化について論じた. ルプシュ遊牧民は, 一年を通して, 8ヶ所のキャンプ地を移動する. ルプシュでは, キャンプ地が固定しているだけでなく, その中でのテントサイトも固定する傾向にある. 石積みの半地下式テントサイトは, 寒さを防ぎ少しでも快適に生活するための工夫である. ラダークのチャンパは, 以前は遊牧と交易によって生計を立ててきた. 遊牧については, 基本的なシステムは継承されている. 一方, かつて行われていた, 北のチベット, 西のザンスカル, 南のヒマチャル・プラデーシュへとゆく長距離のキャラバン交易は, 約15年前に消滅した. その背景は, 中国との国境紛争, 舗装道路の開通, 政府による食糧配給による援助, さらに, レーの都市の拡大・観光化や軍の需要などによる市場経済化である. 交易の消滅に伴って, ルプシュの遊牧民の活動は以前よりも軽減した. またオオムギに大幅に依存していた食生活は, 配給制度によって食材の多様性が増すなどの変化が起こっている.This article describes the research of nomad's life in Rupshu community on Changtang plateau which was conducted as a part of the project; Human Life, Aging, and Disease in High-Altitude Environments: Physiomedical, Ecological and Cultural Adaptation in the Great "Highland Civilizations" at the Research Institute of Humanity and Nature in September 2012. A medical team of the project had carried out health-checkup of the nomads on Changtang plateau in 2011. This research aimed to collaborate with the medical research for the further understanding of the lifestyle of nomads, such as patterns of nomadic migration, family unit, camping place, traditional barter system and its declination and changes in their lifestyle. Rupshu-pa, the nomads in the Rupshu community, move to eight camp sites in a year. Their camping areas are fixed even though they are moving. Moreover, their tent sites are also fixed. They usually use the same halfbasements with piled stones every year, and set the tents on them. Chang-pa, people on Changtang plateau, used to live by nomadic pastoralism and trade. They continue the original system of the pastoralism still today. On the other hand, the long-distance "caravan trade" which used to travel to Tibet to the north, Zanskar to the west, and Himachal Pradesh to the south, disappeared about 15 years before. Backgrounds of the disappeared caravan trade were the border dispute with China, the newly-opened paved road, food aids by the government, and the transition to a market economy caused by the rapid urban growth of Leh, with expanding tourism and military needs. Rupshu-pa reduced their nomadic activities along with the disappearing caravan trade. Their dietary style had been changing to get various foods by the government's aids, from the traditional diet largely depended on barley
Changes in the Life and Society of the Raute Hunter-gatherers of Western Nepal
No full textIn the western part of Nepal there is a people called the Raute, who practice a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering in the forest. The men hunt monkeys, and the women collect wild plants. They also make vessels and other wooden items from trees cut in the forest, and exchange them with farmers for rice and other crops. The authors did fieldwork among the Raute from November 2007 until December 2010, visiting their camps in the forest a number of times. In this article we first introduce their traditional life and society, based on some studies realized in the late 1990's and published in Nepal, then describe the rapid changes of their lives in recent years that are evident from our fieldwork and analyze the social background of those changes. Individual Raute people now receive money through government aid, and as a result the market economy is entering into Raute society. This has led to a decline in the authority of the Mukiya or Raute leader. In 1996 a Maoist group began fighting against the government, declaring the equality of minorities such as indigenous peoples, lower castes, and women. After 10 years of battle, they reached a peace agreement and the Maoist party joined the government. Through the influence of these developments "extremely small ethnic groups" such as the Raute came to form a single political group, and the Raute became famous as "the last hunters of Nepal". These are the reasons why the Raute now receive aid from the government. The Raute call themselves "kings of the forest", and want to live freely in the forest. The king of Nepal gave them the right to live freely and use the resources of the forest. But the king was expelled in 2008. Moreover, a "community forest" system, whereby the residents of each region have the right to manage and use the resources of forests in their region, was established in 1992, leading to increasing conflict between Raute and local residents. This system is making it difficult for the Raute to live freely in the forest. All these interrelated political, social, and economic factors are forcing the Raute to change and adapt, and are creating disturbances in their life and society
Changes in the Pastoralism of Merak, in the Far-eastern Highlands of Bhutan, and their Historical and Social Background
No full textメラックの牧民は, 本来はヤクとその交雑種ゾムの移牧に専業的に従事していたが, 約60年前に, ジャツァム(在来ウシ♀とミタン♂の交雑家畜)やミタンを, 下流の農村から導入した. そして, 近年, より多くのジャツァム, ジャツァム・ゾム(ジャツァムとヤク♂の交雑種), ヤンクム・ゾムなど(ヤクと在来ウシとミタンの「三元交雑」を含む)多様な交雑種を飼うようになった. そうした変化の要因の一つは, 1962年に起こった中国インドの国境紛争の結果, チベット由来の種ウシが供給されなくなったこと, そして人口増加により, 低地で放牧できる家畜の需要が高まったことが挙げられる. 他に, 経済的理由がある. つまり, ジャツァムは手に入れやすく, ジャツァム・ゾムは多くのミルクを生産する. またジャツァム・ゾムとミタンの交雑により, ゾムの再生産が可能となった. それらは, 市場経済化によってより多くの現金が必要となった牧民のニーズに適合した. 飼養家畜, とくに新しいタイプの交雑の多様化は, 歴史的社会的背景に対する, メラックの牧民のユニークな適応戦略と言えるHerders in Merak, in the far-eastern highlands of Bhutan, traditionally used to raise only yaks and their hybrids, but about 60 years ago they introduced jatsams (hybrids between local cattle and mithun bulls) and mithun bulls from downstream villages. In recent years they are raising increasing numbers of jatsams, jatsam zoms (hybrids between jatsams and yak bulls), yangkum zoms and other types of hybrids (including multiple crosses of yaks, local cattle, and mithuns). One factor that has led to these changes is a lack of Goleng bulls (a Tibetan breed of cattle) due to the border conflict that erupted between China and India in 1962 and the resulting cessation of trade with Tibet. Another is the decrease and deterioration of high pastureland for yak grazing and the pressure of population increase, which has led to a demand for animals that can be pastured in lowland pastures. Yet another factor is economic. Jatsams and local cattle are easy to obtain, jatsam zoms produce large quantities of milk, and through backcrossing with mithun the reproduction of jatsam zoms has become possible. These changes coincide with the needs of herders who require more cash than in the past because of the introduction of a market economy. The diversification of raised animals, especially new type of hybrids, is a unique strategy of adaptation by the herders of Merak to their historical and social circumstances
Pastoralism in the Andes and the Himalayas: Transhumance and typology of animal husbandry adapted to the highland.
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Use of Mithun in Himalaya in View from Genetic Study on Crossbred Livestock in Bhutan
No full textヒマラヤ南部にはウシ科家畜のミタンが広く分布する. ブータンではミタンがアルナーチャルプラデーシュから輸入され, 在来牛との交雑で得る雑種が全国的に搾乳や農耕に利用されてきた. ミタンやその雑種は森林環境に高い適応性を発揮する. ブータンでは伝統的な交配システムにより多様な雑種が生産されてきた. 雑種は移牧に供され, 亜熱帯から温帯の森林を利用した牧畜が行われている. 本稿ではヒマラヤ地域におけるミタンの利用を概説し, 森林国における交雑家畜を利用した畜産の特徴を紹介する. さらに, ブータンの在来牛集団へのミタン遺伝子の浸透とミタンの家畜化起源を調べるために行った集団遺伝学的研究の成果について説明し, ヒマラヤにおけるユニークな家畜利用の事例について考える.Mithun, a kind of bovine livestock, is broadly distributed in southern part of Himalayan region. This animal has been introduced from Arunachal Pradesh to Bhutan and its crossbreeds with indigenous cattle are commonly used for farming and milking in Bhutan. Mithun and its hybrids demonstrate high adaptability to forest environment. Various grades of mithun hybrids are produced through traditional system of mating. Herders of those hybrids perform pastoral transhumance in temperate and subtropical zones in the stock farming. In this review, we overviewed the use of mithun in Himalayan region and discussed the characteristics of animal husbandry in the forest country. We also explained the results of our population genetic study to assess gene flow between mithun and local cattle populations in Bhutan and to evaluate domestication origin of Mithun for further understanding of utilization of a unique livestock in Himalayan region
Characteristics of the Traditional Animal Husbandry, its Social Background and Transformation in Domkhar Valley, Ladakh, India
No full textラダーク地方のドムカルは、ヒマラヤ地域の谷としては、最も高所(約4, 150m)まで農耕が行われている地域のひとつであり、非常に寒冷で乾燥した地域である。そこでは、農耕とともに、ヤク、ディモ(雌ヤク)、ゾモ(ウシとヤクの交雑種)、ゾー(ゾモの雄)、バラン(在来ウシ)などの移牧が行われ、数名の男性の牧者グループが、夏の間プーと呼ばれる高所草原(約4, 550m)で他の住民の家畜も預かって管理し、搾乳と乳加工を行う。ドムカルでは、このような移牧のほかにも、いくつかの伝統的な家畜飼養の形態がある。ドムカルにおける農牧複合は、この地方の厳しい自然環境に適応した、独自の特徴を持っている。それは互酬的相互扶助などの社会システムによって支えられてきた。本稿では、ドムカルの最高所の集落クラムリックとプーのひとつであるテペスムドに焦点を当て、ドムカルの家畜飼養の特徴を論じ、その社会的背景を概観する。また、相互に結びついた生業と社会、およびその変容について論じる。Domkhar valley is one of the highest agricultural places in Himalayan valleys, with its highest altitude about 4, 150m, along with very cold and dry climate condition. Pastoral transhumance of yak, drimo (male yak), dzomo (female hybrid between cow and yak), dzo (male dzomo) and baling (local cattle) is practiced at the same time with agriculture in this area. Herders groups composed of a few men breed the animals on the high grassland so called "Phu" located around 4, 550m ASL, and do milking and processing. Moreover, there are some more patterns of traditional animal husbandry, besides this type of pastoral transhumance in Domkhar. The agro-pastoral complex in Domkhar had been adapted to the severe natural environments in this area and developed the unique characteristics. It is also related strongly to the social systems such as reciprocal aid in the community. In this article, authors describe the characteristics of animal husbandry and create an overview of its social background, focusing on Kuramrik, the highest community in Domkhar valley and a Phu "Tepesumdo". Connection of the subsistence and social system, and its transformation are also discussed
Lifestyle and Culture in Bade, Lowland Papua, Indonesia; A Preliminary Study for the Collaboration between Cultural Anthropology and Medical Research
Get PDF本稿は2012年3月6日から3月16日までインドネシアのパプア州南西部の先住民族アウユの居住地域で実施した文化人類学的予備調査の成果である. この調査は, 医学調査及び食・栄養調査と共同で行った. 前半は, ディグール川下流域の町バデとその周辺で調査を行った. ここでは, バデの町の地図を作成し, 町の主要な行政機関, キリスト教会(カトリックとプロテスタント), イスラム寺院, 市場などを観察した. ついで, 栄養調査の受診者のひとりの家庭を訪問し, その生活状況を見た. また, 近隣の湿地におけるサゴヤシからのデンプン採取とその調理を観察した. 後半には, イア川沿いの村々における医学調査に同行し, 家屋の構造, 地域の主要産業であるゴム生産と家計収入などの地域経済とその変化, 父系クランとリーダーシップなどの概要を調査した. 全体として, 文化人類学と医学・食と栄養学の共同調査の方法を探った.This article describes a preliminary study carried out along with medical and nutritional research in March 2012, in the southwest of Papua, Indonesia where the indigenous people Auyu settles. First, we started our research in Bade, a town located lower part of Digul River and around the town. Author of this article walked around Bade visiting government offices, Christian church (both Catholics and Protestants), Muslim temple, and a market and then created the map of the town. And then, we visited a home of a diabetic patient who joined medical/nutritional check-up to observe her lifestyle. We also observed the process to get Sago starch from Sago palm in the neighboring marshy jangle, as well as Sago cooking at her home. Later, we visited some villages along with Ia River and observed the structure of houses, researched local economy such as rubber industrials and household income and its change, and patrilineal clan and its leadership. Through these researches, we sought the optimal method for the collaboration between cultural anthropology and medical/nutritional research in the field
The Transformation of the Community of Tsaatan Reindeer Herders in Mongolia and Their Relationships with the Outside World
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