19 research outputs found
Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of inactivated whole culture contagious caprine pleuropneumonia trial vaccine in National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia
No full textAssisting differential clinical diagnosis of cattle diseases using smartphone-based technology in low resource settings: a pilot study
No full textA smartphone-based application improves the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of cattle disease reporting and surveillance in Ethiopia
No full textComparative evaluation of RBPT, I-ELISA, and CFT for the diagnosis of brucellosis and PCR detection of Brucella species from Ethiopian sheep, goats, and cattle sera
No full textAbstract Background Brucellosis is an economically devastating animal disease and has public health concern. Serological methods such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and Indirect-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) have been used to detect brucellosis. However, there is limited comparative evaluation studies and lack of molecular confirmation of the causative agents in the study areas. The study was aimed to compare RBPT, I-ELISA, CFT, and confirmation using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 2317 sera samples were collected from brucellosis-affected areas of Ethiopia with no vaccination history. All sera were subjected to comparative serological assays. Post-cross tabulation, sensitivity, and specificity were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis software. PCR was performed on 54 seropositive samples using genus- and species-specific primers. Results Among the 2317 sera tested for comparative serological assays, 189 (8.16%) were positive for RBPT, 191 (8.24%) for I-ELISA, and 48 (2.07%) for CFT. Sensitivity to RBPT was 100% (95%) in shoats and 74% (95%) in cattle. Specificity on RBPT was 98.69% (95%), 99.28% (95%), 100% (95%) in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. CFT sensitivity was 4 (95%) in sheep, 9.65 (95%) goats, and 72 (95%) cattle. Specificity on CFT was 100% (95%) for sheep, goats, and cattle. A 223bp Brucella genus-specific and 156bp B. abortus species-specific detected. However, B. melitensis not detected. Conclusion In this study, I-ELISA was the most sensitive and specific test. RBPT detected all Brucellosis-infected sheep and goats; nevertheless, it showed false positive in sheep and goats and false negative in cattle. The presence of B. abortus in small and large ruminants was confirmed by PCR. This is the first report of B. abortus detection in small ruminant in Ethiopia. B.abortus detected in non-preferred hosts. The findings suggest further study on molecular epidemiology of Brucella species
Effect of Fiscal Policy on Unemployment in Ethiopia
Get PDFOver the years unemployment has increased tremendously in Ethiopia. It is a social and economic problem that has eaten deep into the Ethiopian economy. The main objective of this study was to examine the short term and long-term effects of Government spending and Tax revenue on unemployment in Ethiopia. Annual time-series data for the period of 1990-2021 were employed. The ARDL approach to co integration is applied to investigate the long run and short-run determinants of unemployment. The results of unit root suggested that both variables in the model were stationary after first difference. The results from regression analysis revealed that Government expenditure has the negative impact on Unemployment of Ethiopia. Co-integration technique was employed to establish the relationship between Fiscal policy and Unemployment. The results of co-integration test using ARDL test showed that over the period of 1990-2021 their Fiscal policy and Unemployment a negative and statistically significant short-term relationship was found. Furthermore, pairwise Granger causality test as well applied in order to find out the directional causation between Tax rate and Unemployment rate. The result indicates unidirectional causality running from unemployment to Tax and government expenditure. The concerned body should increase government spending. Therefore, the author recommends the need to increase expenditure on in productive ventures that are labor intensive which would increase employment. Keywords: Fiscal policy, Unemployment, co-integration, Tax rate DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-15-03 Publication date:August 31st 202
Africa's engagement with the Universal Periodic Review: commitment or capitulation?
No full textThe UPR presents a striking similarity to the state reporting procedure that has been established under African Charter on Human and Peoples� Rights (ACHPR). Not only are both procedures based on constructive dialogue as a tool, and seeking to enhance introspection and inspection of state�s human rights performances, they also aspire to gauge the degree of compliance with the whole gamut of rights and freedoms. Both procedures are invariably incumbent on all African states, now that the ACHPR has been unanimously ratified by all states of the Continent. The first twenty years of state reporting under the ACHPR saw a myriad of problems, hence dubbed a procedure that has faced implementation crises of dangerous proportions: non-reporting, poor quality reports, poor quality of state delegates, diplomatic rather than honest dialogue, lack of concluding observations and other problems plagued the system. Overall, as one author notes, the reporting procedure under the ACHPR has �tend[ed] to be descriptive, formalistic, legalistic and self-congratulatory, rather than reflective and focused on substance and practical realities, and problems encountered." It is instructive therefore to ask the reasons underlying all African states� almost uniform timely reporting under the UPR and the quality thereof. This paper set out to address the question of whether African states� regular submission of reports under the UPR, which report they failed to submit under the regional instrument, was inspired by capitulation or compliance. It seeks to compare the efficacy of the state reporting procedure under the ACHPR during its first twenty years and the first round of reports under the UPR in the light of the roles of the triple actors involved in the processes - the reporting states, the UN Human Rights Council and NGOs � and the resultant progresses that might have been made in the domestic implementation of the human rights norms being monitored
Isolation, molecular identification, and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus from commercial chicken farms in Mekele and Bishoftu, Ethiopia, 2023–2024
No full textAbstract Background Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease that affects the poultry industry globally. The disease is caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), member of the genus Gammacoronavirus. In Ethiopia, IBV has been reported in both commercial and backyard chickens based on clinical observation. The objectives of this study were to isolate the virus, conduct molecular based identification, and phylogenetic analysis of the circulating IBV isolates. Methods and materials A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2023 and May 2024 in Mekele and Bishoftu, Ethiopia. A total of 49 clinical samples were collected, comprising 12 tissue samples and 39 pooled swab samples. Of these, 6 samples—specifically, 5 swab samples and 1 tissue sample—tested positive for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) through virus-specific conventional RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Nested PCR was performed using serotype-specific primers. The purified PCR products, which targeted the spike glycoprotein S1 subunit gene and the 3′ UTR of the IBV, were sequenced, followed by phylogenetic tree analysis. Results The six positive samples propagated into specific pathogen free embryonated eggs and exhibited characteristic IBV lesions and mortality observed over five consecutive passages. IBV isolates from Bishoftu (n = 4) and Mekele (n = 2) were amplified using one-step RT-PCR to target 466 bp of the S1 subunit gene and 433 bp of the 3ʹUTR. A BLAST search on the S1 partial gene and 3ʹUTR sequences, nested PCR, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the present IBV isolates are genetically similar to the Massachusetts serotype. The S1 gene sequences of the five IBV isolates were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers PQ389500 to PQ389504. Conclusions This is the first detailed study on IB virus isolation, molecular detection, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis in Ethiopia. The findings revealed that the outbreaks were caused by the IB virus, which created a serious health risk and economic losses in the chicken industry. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on the isolation and genetic analysis of IBV in Ethiopia. Further research on the economic impact of IBV in chicken production, farm biosecurity, serotyping of circulating IB virus, and vaccine development based on the local serotypes is recommended
Consideration of Inter-laminar Strain-energy Continuity in Composite Plate Analysis using Improved Higher-order Theory
Get PDFThe main goal of this paper is to suggest an improved higher-order refined theory for analysing perfectly bonded stacked composite laminates with the usual lamination configurations. The analysis incorporates continuous flexural and in-plane displacements at the interfaces. Furthermore, the transverse shear stress is continuous and constrained with the Lagrange-multiplier technique by introducing 14 new unknown variables that are expressed in terms of the interfacial strain energy, which is assuming to be continuous throughout the thickness of the laminate. To determine the newly introduced flexural and in-plane unknown variables, the total potential energy is minimised using variational calculus. The numerical results are compared with those from existing reliable published papers. In general, the proposed approach is sufficient for analysing laminate structures with the required accuracy.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
Identification of serotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from pneumonic cases of sheep and goats and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in Borana and Arsi zones, Ethiopia
No full textAbstract Respiratory diseases caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) have been known to result in a considerable loss due to mortality and reduced production. This study aimed at isolation and identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Identification of serotypes of M. haemolytica and P. multocida was done using indirect haemagglutination test. The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the M. haemolytica were tested using standard disk diffusion method. A total of 52 and 78 nasal swabs were collected from pneumonic cases for bacterial isolation and identification in Borana and Arsi zone, respectively. Four hundred sera samples were collected for identification of serotypes. The results showed that 17 of 52 (32.69%; 95% CI 20.33, 47.11) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals in Borana yielded positive results for Pasteurella/Mannheimia species, 13 (25.00%; 95% CI 14.03, 38.95) of which were M. haemolytica. None of the samples yielded P. multocida. Twenty-three of 78 (29.49%; 95% CI 19.69, 40.89) nasal swabs collected at Arsi from pneumonic animals yielded positive results for M. haemolytica (17) and P. multocida (6). Secondary biochemical characterization revealed that 14 of the 17 isolates conform to M. haemolytica whereas none of the 6 isolates suspected to be P. mutocida were confirmed. Eleven (84.62%) isolates from Borana and 4 (28.57%) from Arsi were confirmed to be M. haemolytica using PCR targeting the Rpt2 genes. Assay for M. haemolytica serotype A1 revealed all belong to A1. None of the isolates with cultural and morphological features of P. multocida gave positive results by molecular assay. Serological assay identified three serotypes of M. haemolytica namely A1, A2 and A7 almost in all of the samples whereas P. multocida serotype A was detected in 78.75% of the samples. The M. haemolytica isolates tested for susceptibility to antibiotics showed resistance against Bacitracin (83.33%) and Penicillin (50.00%) while they were found susceptible to Gentamycin (100%), Chloramphenicol (100%) and Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Tetracycline (83.33%). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed the association of M. haemolytica with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats and can be of use in vaccine development in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, further investigations and continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate selection and prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock sector are required
Effective interventions in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground: Lifestyle choices, metformin, and dietary supplements may prevent GDM, but the effect of intervention characteristics has not been identified. This review evaluated intervention characteristics to inform the implementation of GDM prevention interventions. Methods: Ovid, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) framework was used to examine intervention characteristics (who, what, when, where, and how). Subgroup analysis was performed by intervention characteristics. Results: 116 studies involving 40,940 participants are included. Group-based physical activity interventions (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.95) reduce the incidence of GDM compared with individual or mixed (individual and group) delivery format (subgroup p-value = 0.04). Physical activity interventions delivered at healthcare facilities reduce the risk of GDM (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.49, 0.72) compared with home-based interventions (subgroup p-value = 0.03). No other intervention characteristics impact the effectiveness of all other interventions. Conclusions: Dietary, physical activity, diet plus physical activity, metformin, and myoinositol interventions reduce the incidence of GDM compared with control interventions. Group and healthcare facility-based physical activity interventions show better effectiveness in preventing GDM than individual and community-based interventions. Other intervention characteristics (e.g. utilization of e-health) don’t impact the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions, and thus, interventions may require consideration of the local context. © The Author(s) 2024
