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Looking for Some Historical Roots
No full textKnowledge comes from the observation that what surrounds us is provoked by the questions people poses when thinking on it; is reachecorrespondingd thanks to reasoning, and usually through establishing hypotheses and further testing them and their consequences against the reality. Speculation lays at the basic level of both ‘thinking on it’, and ‘establishing and testing hypotheses’
Preface
No full textWhat follows is not a proper text on fuzzy logic, the basic field of research which has seen the now retired first two authors active for around 50 years, and the third for over twenty. Instead, it is but a booklet containing a collection of reflections that fly further from fuzzy logic by continuing where some previous papers by the three authors have left
A Formal Skeleton of Commonsense Reasoning
No full textAfter referring several times to Commonsense or Ordinary Reasoning, let’s devote a few pages to present a (minimal) mathematical model of it that can be seen as the ‘Skeleton’ of Reasoning, since it is defined by a set of few, simple laws appearing in the models of particular and specialized modes of reasoning like, for instance: Boolean Algebras for the reasoning with precise concepts; Orto-modular lattices for the reasoning with the concepts of Quantum Physics; and also in the so called Algebras of Fuzzy Sets for the reasoning with imprecise concepts, and among them De Morgan-Kleene algebras. All these models have interesting applications
Conclusions for Part II
No full textHuman beings are animals endowed with a great curiosity. They continuously ask themselves how things are, where they come from, and where they go to. Questioning is at the origins of reasoning; and possibly, without the capability of self-questioning and guessing, neither directed thinking, nor reasoning, will exist. Their existence makes them a matter of study
Trying to Pose the Main Problem: Measurable Meaning
No full textWe have shown the necessity to reconsider the concept of ‘meaning’. In this framework ‘meaning’ should be a situational concept requiring to be bounded by specific definitions rendering it applicable to our needs. Membership functions should as well be seen as ‘measures’ of meaning, which would give them a meaning as well
Conclusions for Part I
No full textThanks to thinking, memory, and language, human beings can dedicate a non-minor part of their time to tell, themselves or the others, events, descriptions, true or imagined histories, etc. Part of the human conversation consists in telling, and most of the times reasoning starts from the self-telling of something
Examples on the Analysis of Statements Trough Design
No full textThe first example concerns the analysis of two statements on which very few things are known, with the goal of establishing which one is truer, and what should be previously known in order to capture their respective meanings
Context, Inference’s Safety, Proving and Further Comments
No full textIn no way does this Chap. 2 try to reach definitive conclusions. It is just a preliminary inquiry, containing no more than some initial reflections made basing Commonsense Reasoning on perception. Specifically, on the possibilities that measurable meaning and Indistinguishability Operators offer for its study. Human beings are slave of their senses that, usually, do not distinguish things below some threshold
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