1,721,517 research outputs found
Systematic palaeontology of the first cretaceous fish fauna from Malaysia / Teng Yu He
Full text linkThe fluvial/lacustrine red-beds in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia, produced a fossil fish assemblage that comprises mainly isolated teeth, bone fragments and fish scales. The red-beds are equivalent to part of the Tembeling Group of Jurassic-Cretaceous age, which is distributed along the eastern part of the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. Specimens have been collected from the site and prepared using mechanical matrix removal method in the Palaeontological laboratory. A total of nine taxa have been identified from approximately 100 specimens collected from the site. They are six forms of sharks (two species of Heteroptychodus, and one of Hybodus, Isanodus, Mukdahanodus and Isanodus? sp.) and three forms of ray-finned fishes (Lepidotes sp., Caturus sp. and Semionotidae genus indet). A non-marine depositional environment is implied by the presence of Heteroptychodus, Isanodus and Mukdahanodus as they have previously been found only in brackish/freshwater sediments. Heteroptychodus kokutensis, Isanodus, Mukdahanodus and Isanodus? sp. are endemic to Thailand and Malaysia, while Hybodus and Lepidotes and Caturus are cosmopolitan. This Malaysian fish fauna is closely similar to that of the Sao Khua Formation of the Khorat Group in Thailand. The Malaysian fish fauna is interpreted to be coeval with the fish fauna of the Sao Khua Formation, therefore is dated at upper Barremian to lower Aptian age. Strong similarities between these two fish faunas also indicate a possible pathway for freshwater fauna interchange between Peninsular Malaysia and the Khorat Plateau during the late Early Cretaceous
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Land Use Regulation and Compensation from the Perspective of Property Protection: The Introduction of Regulatory Takings Doctrine in the United States
No full text土地使用管制雖未剝奪所有權，但仍可能造成財產權人嚴重的損失。美國聯邦最高法院認為財產權雖然可於某程度內被管制，但若太過分，便會構成管制準徵收，我國大法官也採取了名為特別犧牲的類似概念。惟管制何時會構成特別犧牲，始終沒有定論，而在我國實務運作下，更是問題叢生。我國行政法院一律以無法律即無補償之理由，駁回人民的訴訟，而大法官也未提出明確的判斷標準。
在借鏡美國判決後，本文發現美國大法官可分成兩種立場，而這種對立實肇因於大法官採取了不同的財產權理解。在比較這兩種財產權理解後，本文認為財產權除了是憲法保障之基本權利外，同時也是一種合理分配有限資源的社會制度。任何對財產權的解釋與保障，都是一種資源分配的決定，沒有放諸四海皆準的固定公式可資依循。土地使用管制是否構成特別犧牲的判斷也不例外，必須結合個案事實，綜合各種因素進行利益衡量。而個案衡量並不等於毫無標準，本文從美國判決中，歸納出四個重要指標，並對其操作方式作出選擇與細緻化。
在本文之模型下，土地使用管制並不易構成特別犧牲，但這不代表不保障財產權。而是一方面基於對財產權特性的認識，以及社會正義與均富目標的肯認，來考慮資源應如何分配；他方面透過健全的程序保障來確保分配結果的正當性與合理性。因此管制作成前若無利害關係人的程序參與，法院可將其撤銷。
最後，本文提出之模型必須結合我國之制度。行抽象審查之大法官並不適合採取此一模型，因此行政法院應肩負起實質審查的工作，甚至將本文所提出之模型進一步類型化，而大法官則可退居審查管制法律中是否有充分之程序保障規定等。如此一來，土地使用管制何時會構成特別犧牲的問題雖然困難，但仍有理論基礎一貫的模型可供運用，且本文之建議應是對現狀改變較小、較為可行之轉變。Although land use regulation does not deprive people’s property right, it may still cause serious loss to property interest holders. The U.S. Supreme Court stated that while property might be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation went too far it would be recognized as a taking. The Constitutional Court in Taiwan also adopted a similar idea named as the principle of “special sacrifice”. However, there is no conclusion about when a regulation in question would constitute special sacrifice. The question becomes even more problematic if coupled with judicial practices in Taiwan. When dealing with cases relating to takings, the administrative court always dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint due to lack of compensation in the law, and the Constitutional Court also failed to give a clear standard for judgment of the constitution of special sacrifice.
When analyzing the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, I find out that the opinions of the Justices can be divided into two kinds, and I believe this difference results from different understandings of property right. After comparing these two different understandings, I argue that property right is not only a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution, but also a social institution for distributing limited resources. Any interpretation or protection of property right is a decision concerning the distribution of resources, and there is no set formula for making the decision. The judgment of whether land use regulation constitutes special sacrifice is no exception. It has to be made by ad hoc factual inquiries and multi-factor balancing. Nevertheless, ad hoc balancing doesn’t mean that there is no standard at all. I identify four important guiding principles from the U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Since there are different interpretations of these principles, I shall choose the interpretations and further refine the principles according to my understanding of property right stated above.
Land use regulation does not easily constitute special sacrifice according to my model, but it does not mean that I don’t favor the protection of property right. My proposition on the one hand is based on the special character of property right and the pursuit of social justice through fair distribution of resources; on the other hand is to ensure the legitimacy and fairness of the distribution through reasonable procedural protection. Therefore, if there is no procedural participation from property interest holders before the decision of the regulatory authorities, the court should revoke the regulation.
Finally, in order to put my model into practice, I have to take the judicial review system in Taiwan into consideration. The Constitutional Court, which is still confined to conducting abstract review, is not suited to adopt the model I advocate. Therefore, the administrative court should take the responsibility to review if the regulation goes too far and even further refine my model through precedents. As for the Constitutional Court, it can review if there is sufficient procedural protection in the statutes that authorize the regulation. As a result, although how a land use regulation in question will be deemed special sacrifice is still a difficult question, there is a workable model with consistent understanding of property right to be applied, and the suggestion I make should be a practical and less drastic adjustment to the status quo.簡目
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 問題意識與研究動機 2
第二節 研究範圍與方法 3
第三節 概念名詞的先行界定 4
第四節 本文論點與架構 6
第二章 我國土地使用管制相關案例之研究 8
第一節 我國憲法對於財產權之保障 8
第二節 行政法院判決 10
第三節 大法官解釋 23
第四節 小結 28
第三章 美國土地使用管制相關案例之借鏡 30
第一節 美國憲法對於財產權之保障 30
第二節 聯邦最高法院之相關判決 32
第三節 本文分析 55
第四章 從財產權之不同理解重新出發 61
第一節 對於財產權的兩種理解 62
第二節 判斷管制準徵收的四種模型 90
第三節 本文見解 99
第五章 我國現行土地使用管制制度之檢討與建議 123
第一節 現行制度之檢討 123
第二節 本文建議 131
第三節 小結 146
第六章 結論 148
參考文獻 i
詳目
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 問題意識與研究動機 2
第二節 研究範圍與方法 3
第三節 概念名詞的先行界定 4
第四節 本文論點與架構 6
第二章 我國土地使用管制相關案例之研究 8
第一節 我國憲法對於財產權之保障 8
第二節 行政法院判決 10
第一項 相關判決簡介 10
第一款 捷運周圍建築限制 10
第二款 劃入水質水量保護區 11
第三款 農地受污限制耕作 12
第四款 保育彌猴影響農作 13
第五款 道路用地無法利用 14
第六款 地上施作河岸提防 15
第七款 提防隔絕使用受限 16
第八款 水土保持施工整地 18
第二項 本文分析 21
第一款 程序保障 21
第二款 實體保障 22
第三節 大法官解釋 23
第一項 相關大法官解釋簡介 23
第一款 大法官第336號解釋 24
第二款 大法官第400號解釋 24
第三款 大法官第440號解釋 25
第四款 大法官第444號解釋 25
第五款 大法官第564號解釋 26
第二項 本文分析 26
第一款 程序保障 26
第二款 實體保障 27
第四節 小結 28
第三章 美國土地使用管制相關案例之借鏡 30
第一節 美國憲法對於財產權之保障 30
第二節 聯邦最高法院之相關判決 32
第一項 排他權受限之案例 32
第二項 使用權受限之案例 37
第一款 管制準徵收之提出 37
第二款 個案衡量之提出 39
第三款 個案衡量之限縮 45
第四款 回歸個案衡量 48
第三節 本文分析 55
第一項 程序保障 56
第二項 實體保障 56
第一款 判斷標準之歸納 57
第二款 兩種不同的操作方式 58
第四章 從財產權之不同理解重新出發 61
第一節 對於財產權的兩種理解 62
第一項 先於實定法與國家存在的天賦權利 63
第一款 財產權重要而應與其他基本權受到相同的保障 63
第一目 保障財產權之重要性 63
第二目 應與其他基本權受到相同程度之保障 64
第二款 財產權是一種人對物的支配 66
第一目 細分為各種權利 66
第二目 受到同等程度的保障 66
第三款 維持原狀 67
第一目 財產權內涵固定不變 67
第二目 按既有財富比例之剩餘分配 67
第四款 反對財富重分配 68
第一目 反對國家進行財富重分配 68
第二目 租稅是不得已的較佳手段 72
第五款 仰賴司法保障 74
第一目 不信任政治程序 75
第二目 司法積極 75
第二項 合理分配有限資源的社會制度 76
第一款 財產權特殊性與管制必要性 76
第一目 財產權特殊而應與其他權利受到不同對待 77
第二目 管制必要性 79
第二款 財產權之物質關係與社會關係 81
第一目 人與物的物質關係 81
第二目 人與人的社會關係 81
第三款 隨社會改變 82
第一目 動態的財產權內涵 82
第二目 內在義務 83
第四款 財產權是分配性的權利 84
第一目 支持財富重分配 84
第二目 手段不限於租稅 87
第五款 司法能力有限 88
第一目 並無簡單公式可資依循 88
第二目 事前程序保障之必要 89
第二節 判斷管制準徵收的四種模型 90
第一項 財產權作為一種先於實定法與國家存在的天賦權利 90
第一款 放任自由主義論者的模型：以Epstein的模型為代表 91
第一目 管制目的 91
第二目 管制手段 92
第二款 美國保守派大法官的模型 93
第一目 管制目的 94
第二目 管制手段 94
第二項 財產權作為一種合理分配有限資源的社會制度 95
第一款 新自由主義論者的模型：以Coletta的模型為代表 96
第一目 管制目的 96
第二目 管制手段 97
第二款 美國自由派大法官的模型 98
第一目 管制目的 98
第二目 管制手段 99
第三節 本文見解 99
第一項 財產權理解之選擇 100
第一款 財產權理解的演變趨勢 100
第二款 第一種財產權理解的缺點 102
第三款 社會生活的選擇 103
第二項 判斷模型之提出 104
第一款 一律回歸個案衡量 105
第二款 財產權理解對於判斷標準的影響 107
第一目 管制目的之兩面性 108
第二目 整體觀察受限程度 109
第三目 長期利益互惠之原則與例外 110
第四目 合理投資期待納入衡量 114
第三款 小結 115
第三項 程序保障之必要 117
第一款 程序保障之功能 118
第二款 程序保障之理論基礎 120
第三款 實質參與之基本要求 121
第五章 我國現行土地使用管制制度之檢討與建議 123
第一節 現行制度之檢討 123
第一項 程序保障不足 123
第一款 法規無明文規定 125
第二款 法規有明文規定 126
第二項 實體保障受限 127
第一款 行政法院未發揮救濟功能 127
第二款 大法官解釋標準不明 130
第二節 本文建議 131
第一項 立法上的建議 131
第二項 司法上的建議 131
第一款 財產權理解與判斷模型之確立 132
第二款 行政法院與大法官之分工 132
第一目 行政法院所應扮演的角色 133
第二目 大法官所能扮演的角色 137
第三款 我國案例之重新檢視 138
第一目 捷運周圍建築限制 138
第二目 劃入水質水量保護區 139
第三目 農地受污限制耕作 139
第四目 保育彌猴影響農作 140
第五目 道路用地無法利用 141
第六目 地上施作河岸提防 141
第七目 提防隔絕使用受限 143
第八目 水土保持施工整地 144
第三節 小結 146
第六章 結論 148
參考文獻
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Intracranial and extracranial venous hemodynamic in multiple sclerosis
No full text一．研究背景與目的
多發性硬化症一直被認為是自體免疫脫髓鞘病變，義大利的科學家Dr Zamboni針對多發性硬化症的病人，，利用頸部與經顱都普勒超音波檢測發現慢性腦脊髓靜脈功能不全(chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency)發生率極高，且和正常對照組相比有顯著的差異性。因此他提出了一個新的假說：就是所謂慢性腦脊髓血流靜脈循環不全(chronic cerebral spinal venous insufficiency) 來解釋多發性硬化症的病理生理變化。但是也有一些研究抱持著反對意見，認為這兩者的關連性不高。但之前的研究多著重在顱外靜脈且使用超音波檢查為主，我們利用核磁共振靜脈造影研究多發性硬化症病人與健康受試者的頭頸部靜脈，由靜脈型態與流向的特徵，分析是否這些病人較常發生靜脈回流的異常，同時也由顱內外靜脈血流的量化指標比較病人與對照組之間的差異。
二．研究方法
本研究經倫理委員會同意進行，我們收集了二十七位多發性硬化症的病人與三十位年齡與性別盡量配對的健康受試者，進行一般頭部核磁共振造影與顯影劑顯像及相位對比靜脈造影，由顯影劑顯像的靜脈造影我們可以分析頭頸部靜脈回流的型態與狹窄與否，相位對比靜脈造影可得到在兩側內頸靜脈和顱內硬腦膜靜脈竇包含兩側橫竇、上矢狀竇、直竇的血流流向、血流尖峰速率、平均速率與平均流量的資料，我們也分析了病患腦內斑塊的體積，還有收集病患的臨床資料包含患病時間，第一次發作時間，疾病覆發頻率，以及行為能力殘缺量表(EDSS)。
在病例組與對照組顱內外血流量化指標的比較是用Mann-Whitney test來分析，在病患的顱內外血流量化指標與臨床資料和腦部斑塊的相關性分析是利用Pearson correlation test。多發性硬化症相對於健康受試者的危險因子研究是用logistic regression分析。
三．研究結果
病例組與對照組在顱內外靜脈型態分析發現有部份比例的人有內頸靜脈狹窄，病例組有七人，對照組有16人，病例組有一人懷疑左側內頸靜脈有靜脈瓣功能不全，在硬腦膜靜脈竇的型態上，病例組有三人有橫竇狹窄，對照組有一人，在顱內外靜脈的流向分析方面，病例組有三人在內頸靜脈出現逆流，對照組也有三人，在靜脈型態的比較上，病例組與對照組無明顯的差別。關於病例組與對照組在顱內外靜脈血流量化指標的比較，在直竇的尖峰速率與平均速率和左橫竇之尖峰速率有統計上顯著的差異。病例組在臨床病況指標與腦部斑塊和顱內外靜脈血流量化指標的相關性分析得到第一次發病的年齡和上矢狀竇與直竇的血流呈中度負相關，斑塊體積與上矢狀竇、直竇與左橫竇血流相關，病患年齡也與上矢狀竇的平均流量成中度負相關，同時病患的第一次發病年齡與其年齡呈現高度正相關。
四．結論
我們運用核磁共振靜脈影像檢查發現顱內靜脈竇之直竇的流速在多發性硬化症與健康對照組有顯著的差異，且直竇引流的腦部區域恰好對應於與多發性硬化症的腦部斑塊好發部位，而推測直竇的血行力學變化在此疾病的病因扮演著重要角色。顱內靜脈竇的血流量化指標和多發性硬化症的腦部斑塊體積與第一次發病年齡有中度相關性，暗示顱內靜脈回流可能是影響此病的原因之一或是長期病程演化而導致靜脈流量減少的結果，其因果關係尚未明朗。再來是多發性硬化症病人其顱外靜脈的型態與流向分析病未發現與健康對照組有顯著的差異。Purpose
Multiple sclerosis was a disease combined with chronic inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central venous system, and was heterogeneity in clinical course, imaging findings, and treatment response among patients. Diversity in the risk factors of multiple sclerosis was existed and the pathogenesis was still investigated. It was reported strong association between multiple sclerosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency examined by Doppler by Zomboni in 2009 and angioplasty seemed to play a role in the functional improvement of these patients. However, some studies with opposite opinions were also published. The prior studies focused mainly on the abnormality of extracranial veins examined by ultrasound. We used contrast-enhanced and phase contrast MR venography to study the intra- and extracranial venous hemodynamics in multiple sclerosis, and found if anomalous cerebrospinal venous return occur more frequently in multiple sclerosis than normal control. The relationship of flow pattern of cerebrocervical veins on phase contrast MR and plaque burden was also investigated.
Method
The study was approved by National Taiwan University Hospital Research Ethics Committee and informed consent was obtained. There were 27 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis according to the revised Mcdonald’s criteria enrolled and 26 patients were classified relapsing-remission type and one secondary progressive type. Neuromyelitis optica and clinical isolated syndrome were excluded. The health control group included 21 females and 9 males. Routine brain MR protocol, phase contrast and contrast-enhanced MRV involving the cerebrocervical region were performed. 2D Phase contrast MRV slices were positioned at coronal plane for bilateral transverse and superior sagittal sinuses, oblique coronal plane perpendicular to straight sinus for SS, and axial plane at C2-3 level for bilateral internal jugular veins. The plaque burden was calculated by summation of manually selected region of interest on a series of parallel axial planes separated by a fixed distance on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) imaging, and included the supratentorial region and brainstem.
Morphologic analysis was performed by the contrast-enhanced MRV of the cerebrocervical veins. Stenosis of IJV was defined absent or pinpoint flow on contrast-enhanced MRV. Flow direction, peak velocity, average velocity and average flow were recorded for the target dural sinuses and bilateral internal jugular veins on PC MRV. Mann-Whiney test was used for comparison of the difference of flow parameters between patients and control group. Pearson correlation test was used for the association between flow parameters, plaque burden, disease duration, first event age as well as age.
Result
The anomalous morphology of the patient group included absent or pinpoint flow in 7 patients. Stenosis at transverse sinus was noted in 3 patients, valve incompetence of IJV in 1, and fenestrated IJV in 1. Of the control group, anomalous morphology of IJV was found in 16 people, stenosis at transverse sinus in 1, and fenestrated IJV in 1. Reversed flow of IJV was found in 3 of the patient group and 3 of the control group.
The flow parameters between the patient and control groups were significantly different in peak velocity of SS (p=0.048), average velocity of SS (p=0.026) and peak velocity of left transverse sinus (p=0.035). The correlation analysis of intracranial venous flow quantification and disease characters in MS patients showed moderate correlation between first event age and average flow and velocity of SSS, first event age and peak and average velocity of SS, plaque volume with peak velocity of superior sagittal and left transverse sinuses and average flow of straight sinus. Patient age also had moderate reverse correlation with average velocity and average flow of SSS.
The relationship between flow parameters and age showed moderate correlation with average flow of SSS in the health control group.
Conclusion
The morphologic analysis of intra- and extracranial veins revealed a substantial abnormal morphology and reversed flow of IJV in both the patient and control groups. Significant lower velocity of SS and left transverse sinus in the patient group as compared with the health controls hinted that decreased velocity of intracranial venous drainage may play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The disease condition of multiple sclerosis, like plaque volume, first event age and patients’ age had moderate reverse correction with the hemodynamics of intracranial venous drainage
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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