3,665 research outputs found
The cost-effectiveness of child obesity intervention
No full textChildhood obesity has increasingly come to be recognized as a health problem globally. A number of interventions have been implemented in the attempt to reduce the prevalence of obesity in children, involving both curative and preventive measures. Efforts to tackle childhood obesity take a variety of forms, including medicinal, behavioural, school-based, and other types of interventions. Despite considerable efforts to reduce childhood obesity, however, there is as of yet no evidence-based standard protocol for either treatment or prevention.
One potential deterrent to the adoption of an intervention is the uncertainty of return on investment, due largely to unclear future benefits gained from the various interventions, as well as poor cost measurement. This is because most of the health benefits of child obesity interventions are not revealed until adulthood, making health gains from the interventions difficult to observe. Moreover, there is no method to assess the future medical costs saved due to the reduced prevalence of obesity in childhood. Modelling the costs and benefits of the interventions is therefore crucial, especially in making policy decisions as to which interventions are worth implementing using public funding. Cost-effectiveness analysis is an economic evaluation method used in resource allocation that compares the costs and benefits of competing alternatives.
The author explores evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of child obesity interventions, with the aim of making contributions to the existing body of knowledge in this field. The first chapter provides an overview of obesity in childhood, addressing such issues as epidemiology, definition, aetiology, and physical and social consequences. The author then conducts a literature review of the cost-effectiveness of child obesity interventions, with results showing that only a handful of high-quality published studies are available. In order to perform the cost-effectiveness analysis, MEND 7-13, a child obesity intervention that aims to treat obese children aged 7 to 13, is used as a case study. The author explores the background of the MEND 7-13 programme and assesses the extent to which various characteristics of participants affect the benefits uptake of the programme. The data used in the analysis come from the MEND rollout phase, which lasted from January 2007 to December 2009 and included 6,828 participants, with an average follow-up duration of 10 weeks. The results showed that significant predictors of BMI change in White children are gender, programme attendance rate, and baseline BMI; for Asian children, the only significant predictor is having parents who own their own houses; no evidence of association is shown in Black children; and total attendance and gender are significant predictors in the ‘Other’ group. The results also showed that the programme centre influences the change in BMI to some extent in all children.
The effectiveness of the MEND rollout programme, derived from the MEND rollout data, is used in the cost-effectiveness analysis. An economic modelling technique is developed and employed based on the assumption that MEND 7-13 is available to all children who meet the eligibility criteria in England in 2010. The intervention costs and medical costs saved due to the programme are estimated to be £551.2 million and £216 million, respectively. 200,910 incremental QALYs are gained, leading to an estimated ICER of £1,668.2 per QALY. The author performs a sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo methods to assess the effect of parameter uncertainty on the cost-effectiveness outcomes.
The strengths and weaknesses of the economic modelling techniques are then discussed, with emphasis on the knowledge contributed by this thesis to the existing literature. The author also points out the research and policy implications of the results, alongside recommendations for future research
Win-Win business ethics engagement and corruption reform methods
No full textNo abstractThere has been comparatively less work done on how to effectively engage with and reform unethical and corrupt behaviors in business world; behaviors that can be both legal and illegal. According to the author, however, the research that has been done is very encouraging. Effective business ethics methods can be very profitable and sustainable. Effective business ethics methods can be learned and taught. Further, effective business ethics methods can help cause and stimulate better and greater socioeconomic development. In this paper, the author first considers nine types of effective business ethics engagement and corruption reform methods. Second, he examines in some detail six win-win methods with real case examples. Third, theoretical foundations for win-win methods and why win-win ethical business practices and relationships are profitable and sustainable are considered. Fourth, he discusses strengths and limitations of win-win methods. For the author, win-win methods can help facilitate ethical and mutually prosperous association
Rural retention of new medical graduates from the Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctors (CPIRD): a 12-year retrospective study
No full textInternational application of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation in obesity reduction: factors that may influence policy effectiveness in country-specific contexts
No full textEdge contraction and cop-win critical graphs
No full textThe problem is to determine the number of ‘cops’ needed to capture a ‘robber’ where the game is played with perfect information, the different sides moving alternately. The cops capture the robber when one of them occupies the same vertex as the robber at any time in the game. A copwin graph is one in which one cop can always capture the robber. A graph is cop-win edge-critical with respect to edge contraction (CECC) when the original graph is not cop-win, but the contraction of any edge results in a cop-win graph. In this paper, classes of CECC graphs are determined, and k-regular CECC are characterized for k ≤ 4
Strategic Corporate Negotiations: A framework for Win-Win agreements
No full textExploring the concept of win-win agreements, this book analyses how they pose an important challenge for entrepreneurs, managers and advisors involved in complex negotiations among firms. Providing an overview and discussion of existing literature, the author further develops a theoretical framework for analysing corporate negotiations, and illustrates how this can be implemented in real-life situations. This book presents an empirical case study from the automotive industry and analyses the negotiation between Fiat Chrysler in 2009, offering practical strategies for those involved in corporate negotiations. Presenting how win-win agreements can improve competitive advantage, this book will be an invaluable read for practitioners and scholars alike.</p
Strategic Corporate Negotiations: A framework for Win-Win agreements
No full textExploring the concept of win-win agreements, this book analyses how they pose an important challenge for entrepreneurs, managers and advisors involved in complex negotiations among firms. Providing an overview and discussion of existing literature, the author further develops a theoretical framework for analysing corporate negotiations, and illustrates how this can be implemented in real-life situations. This book presents an empirical case study from the automotive industry and analyses the negotiation between Fiat Chrysler in 2009, offering practical strategies for those involved in corporate negotiations. Presenting how win-win agreements can improve competitive advantage, this book will be an invaluable read for practitioners and scholars alike.</p
He Can Win
No full textHe Can Win date: 1917-18 illustrator/author: Dan Smith agency: American Red Cross size: 68.6 x 47 cm poster number: 0011https://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/wwI_posters_redcross/1000/thumbnail.jp
Wildlife and agriculture
No full textPresented at Water for agriculture and wildlife and the environment: win-win opportunities: proceedings from the USCID wetlands seminar on June 27-29, 1996 in Bismarck, North Dakota
Small constructed wetlands
No full textPresented at Water for agriculture and wildlife and the environment: win-win opportunities: proceedings from the USCID wetlands seminar on June 27-29, 1996 in Bismarck, North Dakota.Constructed wetlands were considered as an alternative to manage irrigation return water in an area of the upper Snake River Basin in south-central Idaho. A four-year demonstration project was undertaken to examine practical issues and performance characteristics encountered to effectively integrate wetland features with irrigated agriculture operations. The project activities included sites studies to evaluate feasibility and potential environmental consequences, wetland design and construction, and follow-up monitoring of the water quality and habitat values associated with the site features. Early review of results appears positive, although additional monitoring is needed to assess conditions as the wetland become more fully established. The project results are intended to be applicable to other wetland sites in the area and generally contribute to sustainable water use and more effective watershed management approaches
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