285 research outputs found
Amiodarone and reperfusion ventricular fibrillation
No full text[No abstract available]Ayoub CM, 2009, EUR J ANAESTH, V26, P1056, DOI 10.1097-EJA.0b013e32832f0dfb; NANAS JN, 1995, CIRCULATION, V91, P451; SAMANTARAY A, 2009, J CARDIOTHORAC VASC1
The impact of process sequences on pollutant removal efficiencies in tannery wastewater treatment
No full textA laboratory-scale study was conducted to determine the removal efficiencies of nine contaminants from a tannery wastewater using a number of physicochemical processes. Coagulation-flocculation using bittern as coagulant, oxidation-utilizing ozone, and adsorption using activated carbon were applied separately and in different sequences. Jar tests were utilized to conduct the experimental work. Except for arsenic, the highest removal efficiencies were recorded when coagulation-flocculation was conducted on the alkalized samples using a bittern dose of 5 mL-L. Activated carbon adsorption improved removal efficiencies of several contaminants. The coagulation- flocculation-adsorption sequence using the optimum dose of 5 mL-L of bittern resulted in high removal efficiencies for total suspended solids (TSS) (97percent± 1), apparent color (100percent±0), turbidity (97percent±1), total nitrogen (86percent±1), and chromium (100percent±0). On the other hand, the same sequence resulted in moderate removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) (72percent±7) and total phosphorus (74percent±5) and relatively low removals for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (55percent±10) and arsenic (42percent ±14). The removal efficiencies for the different tested sequences demonstrated that each sequence did improve the removal efficiencies for most of the parameters tested and consequently, the quality of tannery effluent. However, no single optimum sequence was capable of attaining high removal efficiencies for all nine parameters. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.Aber S, 2010, CHEM ENG J, V162, P127, DOI 10.1016-j.cej.2010.05.012; Ahn DH, 1999, PROCESS BIOCHEM, V34, P429, DOI 10.1016-S0032-9592(98)00111-3; American Public Health Association (APHA), 2005, STAND METH EX WAT WA; Apaydin O, 2009, GLOBAL NEST J, V11, P546; Ates E, 1997, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V36, P217, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(97)00390-9; Ayoub G. M., 2001, INT J ENVIRON STUD, V58, P85; Ayoub GM, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P640, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00162-1; Ayoub GM, 2001, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V127, P196, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:3(196); Ayoub GM, 2011, DESALINATION, V273, P359, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2011.01.045; Ayoub GM, 1999, WATER ENVIRON RES, V71, P443, DOI 10.2175-106143097X122031; Bes-Pia A, 2008, DESALINATION, V221, P225, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.01.079; Blanco J, 2012, DESALINATION, V286, P394, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2011.11.055; Bodalo A, 2005, DESALINATION, V180, P277, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2005.02.008; Dantas Tirzha Lins Porto, 2003, Acta Scientiarum Technology, V25, P91; Deepali K. K., 2009, INDIAN J ENV SCI, V3, P49; De Gisi S, 2009, DESALINATION, V249, P337, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2009.03.014; Di Iaconi C, 2009, BIORESOURCE TECHNOL, V100, P6121, DOI 10.1016-j.biortech.2009.06.022; Dogruel S, 2004, J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A, V39, P1705, DOI 10.1081-ESE-120037871; Ellouze E, 2012, DESALINATION, V286, P16, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2011.09.025; Fababuj-Roger M, 2007, DESALINATION, V204, P219, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.02.032; Feng JW, 2007, J ENVIRON SCI-CHINA, V19, P1409, DOI 10.1016-S1001-0742(07)60230-7; Ganesh R, 2006, BIORESOURCE TECHNOL, V97, P1815, DOI 10.1016-j.biortech.2005.09.003; Goltara A, 2003, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V48, P207; Haydar S, 2009, J HAZARD MATER, V168, P1035, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2009.02.140; Haydar S, 2009, J HAZARD MATER, V163, P1076, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2008.07.074; Jawahar AJK, 1998, INDIAN J ENV PROTECT, V18, P672; KABDASLI I, 1993, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V28, P97; Kim TH, 2002, WATER RES, V36, P3979, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00113-6; Koteswari Yalavarthi Naga, 2003, Turkish Journal of Biology, V27, P163; Kurt U, 2007, J HAZARD MATER, V143, P33, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2006.08.065; Leta S, 2004, APPL MICROBIOL BIOT, V66, P333, DOI 10.1007-s00253-004-1715-2; Lopez A, 1999, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V40, P99, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(99)00490-4; Mandal T, 2010, J HAZARD MATER, V180, P204, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2010.04.014; Prabhavathy C, 2010, J HAZARD MATER, V176, P434, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2009.11.048; Preethi V, 2009, J HAZARD MATER, V166, P150, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2008.11.035; Rajalo G, 1996, ENVIRON TECHNOL, V17, P605, DOI 10.1080-09593331708616424; Rameshraja D, 2011, INT J ENVIRON RES, V5, P349; Ryu HD, 2007, ENVIRON ENG SCI, V24, P394, DOI 10.1089-ees.2006.0095; Scholz WG, 2005, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V39, P8505, DOI 10.1021-es050330p; Song Z, 2004, DESALINATION, V164, P249, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(04)00193-6; Song Z, 2001, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V79, P23, DOI 10.1205-095758201531103; Srinivasan SV, 2012, CLEAN TECHNOL ENVIR, V14, P251, DOI 10.1007-s10098-011-0393-x; Sundarapandiyan S, 2010, J HAZARD MATER, V180, P197, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2010.04.013; Suresh V., 2001, J CLEANER PRODN, V9, P483, DOI DOI 10.1016-S0166-4972(01)00117-1; SZPYRKOWICZ L, 1995, WATER RES, V29, P517, DOI 10.1016-0043-1354(94)00176-8; Szpyrkowicz L, 2005, WATER RES, V39, P1601, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2005.01.016; Tahir SS, 2007, SEP PURIF TECHNOL, V53, P312, DOI 10.1016-j.seppur.2006.08.008; Tare V, 2003, J AIR WASTE MANAGE, V53, P976; Tiravanti G, 1997, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V36, P197, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(97)00388-0; TUNAY O, 1994, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V29, P121; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1997, FED GUID STAT LOC PR, V2; Vidal G, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V49, P287; Vlyssides AG, 1997, ENVIRON POLLUT, V97, P147, DOI 10.1016-S0269-7491(97)00062-611
Post treatment of tannery wastewater using lime/bittern coagulation and activated carbon adsorption
No full textThe use of lime, bittern and activated carbon were evaluated in the post treatment of tannery wastewater effluent, collected from an existing tannery, after being subjected to medium sized screening and micro-screening. Effluent from an existing tannery was used as the test medium. Jar tests were conducted after raising the pH of the medium to 11.3 ± 0.1 by injecting 5percent w-v lime slurry followed by the addition of different doses of bittern as a coagulant. The characteristics of the influent and effluent after the chemical treatment were determined. The clarified effluent was then passed through an activated carbon adsorption column and the various constituents of the effluent were re-measured. The results indicate very good removals of total suspended solids (TSS) (97percent), apparent color and turbidity (99percent), total phosphorus (87percent), and chromium (99.7percent). Good removals were also attained for chemical oxygen demand (COD) (71percent) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (57percent). The addition of lime and bittern increased concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity by 30percent and 36percent, respectively. Low arsenic removal was recorded in the range of 56percent as a result of combined coagulation with lime, bittern, and activated carbon adsorption. Comparison of coagulation process using bittern, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride indicated that the three coagulants operate equally well when applied at their optimal pH values. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.American Public Health Association (APHA), 2005, STAND METH EX WAT WA; Ayoub GM, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P640, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00162-1; Ayoub GM, 1999, WATER ENVIRON RES, V71, P443, DOI 10.2175-106143097X122031; AYOUB GM, 2000, J ENV STUD, V58, P85; Di Iaconi C, 2002, WATER RES, V36, P2205; Haydar S, 2009, J HAZARD MATER, V163, P1076, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2008.07.074; Haydar S, 2009, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V59, P381, DOI 10.2166-wst.2009.864; RASOAZANANY EO, 2007, HEP MAD 07 INT C ANT; Ros M, 1998, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V37, P145, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(98)00245-5; Ryu HD, 2007, ENVIRON ENG SCI, V24, P394, DOI 10.1089-ees.2006.0095; SEMERJIAN L, 2003, ADV ENVIRON RES, V7, P3; Song Z, 2004, DESALINATION, V164, P249, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(04)00193-6; Song Z, 2001, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V79, P23, DOI 10.1205-095758201531103; Song Z., 2002, Resource and Environmental Biotechnology, V3, P203; Song Z, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P2171, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00358-9; Szpyrkowicz L, 2005, WATER RES, V39, P1601, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2005.01.016; Tahir SS, 2007, SEP PURIF TECHNOL, V53, P312, DOI 10.1016-j.seppur.2006.08.008; Tariq SR, 2005, J HAZARD MATER, V122, P17, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2005.03.017; TARIQ SR, 2006, THESIS U ISLAMABAD P; Tiravanti G, 1997, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V36, P197, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(97)00388-0; Vijayaraghavan K, 1997, BIOPROCESS ENG, V16, P151, DOI 10.1007-s00449005030215141
Precipitation softening: A pretreatment process for seawater desalination
Get PDFReduction of membrane fouling in reverse osmosis systems and elimination of scaling of heat transfer surfaces in thermal plants are a major challenge in the desalination of seawater. Precipitation softening has the potential of eliminating the major fouling and scaling species in seawater desalination plants, thus allowing thermal plants to operate at higher top brine temperatures and membrane plants to operate at a reduced risk of fouling, leading to lower desalinated water costs. This work evaluated the use of precipitation softening as a pretreatment step for seawater desalination. The effectiveness of the process in removing several scale-inducing materials such as calcium, magnesium, silica, and boron was investigated under variable conditions of temperature and pH. The treatment process was also applied to seawater spiked with other known fouling species such as iron and bacteria to determine the efficiency of removal. The results of this work show that precipitation softening at a pH of 11 leads to complete elimination of calcium, silica, and bacteria; to very high removal efficiencies of magnesium and iron (99.6 and 99.2 percent, respectively); and to a reasonably good removal efficiency of boron (61 percent). © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Al-Rawajfeh AE, 2011, HEAT TRANST ENG, V33, P272; Al-Rawajfeh AE, 2013, CHEM PROCESS ENG-INZ, V34, P253, DOI 10.2478-cpe-2013-0021; Al-Rawajfeh AE, 2012, MEMBR WATER TREAT, V3, P253; Al-Rawajfeh Aiman E., 2008, Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering, V1; Al-Rawajfeh AE, 2008, CHEM ENG COMMUN, V195, P998, DOI 10.1080-00986440801906922; Al-Sofi MAK, 1999, DESALINATION, V126, P61, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(99)00155-1; American Public Health Association (APHA) American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Environment Federation (WEF), 2012, STANDARD METHODS EXA; AYOUB GM, 1992, WATER RES, V26, P817, DOI 10.1016-0043-1354(92)90013-T; AYOUB GM, 1986, J WATER POLLUT CON F, V58, P924; AYOUB GM, 1986, WATER RES, V20, P1265, DOI 10.1016-0043-1354(86)90157-0; Bonnelye V, 2007, DESALINATION, V205, P200, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.04.045; Brehant A., 2003, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, V3, P437; Brehant A, 2002, DESALINATION, V144, P353, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(02)00343-0; Choi YH, 2009, DESALINATION, V247, P137, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.12.019; Comstock SEH, 2011, WATER RES, V45, P4855, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2011.06.035; Dalvi AGI, 2000, DESALINATION, V132, P217, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(00)00153-3; DEMAIO A, 1983, DESALINATION, V45, P197; El Din AMS, 2005, DESALINATION, V177, P241, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2004.09.030; El-Manharawy S, 2003, DESALINATION, V153, P109, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(02)01110-4; Fernandez-Alvarez G, 2010, DESALINATION, V263, P264, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2010.06.068; Gabelich CJ, 2011, DESALINATION, V272, P36, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2010.12.050; Gilron J, 2000, DESALINATION, V127, P271, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(00)00016-3; Greenlee LF, 2009, WATER RES, V43, P2317, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2009.03.010; Hassan AM, 1998, DESALINATION, V118, P35, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(98)00079-4; Hussain MA, 2007, US Patent, Patent No. [7,198,722, 7198722]; IRVING LAURENCE, 1926, JOUR MARINE BIOL ASSOC, V14, P441; Isaias NP, 2001, DESALINATION, V139, P57, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(01)00294-6; Koseoglu H, 2008, DESALINATION, V223, P126, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.01.189; Koseoglu H, 2008, DESALINATION, V227, P253, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2007.06.029; LECHEVALLIER MW, 1988, APPL ENVIRON MICROB, V54, P2492; Antony A, 2011, J MEMBRANE SCI, V383, P1, DOI 10.1016-j.memsci.2011.08.054; Matin A, 2011, DESALINATION, V281, P1, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2011.06.063; MAVIS JD, 1975, IND ENG CHEM PROC DD, V14, P204, DOI 10.1021-i260055a002; Melian-Martel N, 2012, DESALINATION, V305, P44, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2012.08.011; Mohammadesmaeili F, 2010, WATER RES, V44, P6021, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2010.07.070; Morse JW, 2007, CHEM REV, V107, P342, DOI 10.1021-cr050358j; Nadav N, 2005, DESALINATION, V185, P121, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2005.03.075; Parks JL, 2007, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V133, P149, DOI 10.1061-(ACSE)0733-9372(2007)133:2(149); Pearce GK, 2008, DESALINATION, V222, P66, DOI 10.1016-j.desa1.2007.05.029; Rahardianto A, 2007, J MEMBRANE SCI, V289, P123, DOI 10.1016-j.memsci.2006.11.043; Rahardianto A, 2010, DESALINATION, V264, P256, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2010.06.018; Rincon AG, 2004, APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON, V51, P283, DOI 10.1016-j.apcatb.2004.03.007; Sanciolo P, 2012, DESALINATION, V295, P43, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2012.03.015; Sheikholeslami R, 2001, DESALINATION, V139, P83, DOI 10.1016-S0011-9164(01)00297-1; Sheikholeslami R, 2011, DESALINATION, V278, P259, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2011.05.034; Subramani A, 2012, SEP PURIF TECHNOL, V88, P138, DOI 10.1016-j.seppur.2011.12.010; Valavala Ramesh, 2011, Environmental Engineering Research, V16, P205; Vedavyasan CV, 2007, DESALINATION, V203, P296, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.04.012; Wildebrand C, 2007, DESALINATION, V204, P448, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2006.03.547; Zebger I, 2003, POLYM DEGRAD STABIL, V80, P293, DOI 10.1016-S0141-3910(03)00013-20
Adsorption of arsenate on untreated dolomite powder
No full textRaw dolomite powder was evaluated for its efficiency in adsorbing As(V) from water. An experimental setup comprised of a fluidized dolomite powder bed was used to assess the impact of various test variables on the efficiency of removal of As(V). Test influents including distilled water (DW), synthetic groundwater (SGW) and filtered sewage effluent (FSE) were employed to assess the effect of influent parameters on the adsorption process and the quality of the effluent generated. Dolomite exhibited good As(V) removal levels for distilled water (92percent) and synthetic ground water (84percent) influents at all initial As(V) concentrations tested (0.055-0.600 ppm). Breakthrough of dolomite bed occurred after 45 bed volumes for DW and 20 bed volumes for SGW influents with complete breakthrough taking place at more than 300 bed volumes. As(V) removal from FSE influents was relatively unsuccessful as compared to the DW and SGW influents. Partial removal in the order of 32percent from filtered sewage effluent at initial concentration of 0.6 mg-L started at 75 bed volumes and gradually stopped at 165 bed volumes. Varying degrees of As(V) adsorption capacities were observed by the different test influents employed, which indicate that the adsorption of As(V) is adversely affected by competing species, mainly sulfates and phosphates present in the influent. The adsorptive behavior of dolomite was described by fitting data generated from the study into the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Both models described well the adsorption of dolomite. The average isotherm adsorptive capacity was determined at 5.02 μg-g. Regeneration of the dolomite bed can be achieved with the use of caustic soda solution at a pH of 10.5. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ahn JS, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P2478, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00637-1; American Public Health Association (APHA), 1999, STAND METH EX WAT WA; *ASTM, 2000, STAND TEST METH PART; Ayoub GM, 2001, WATER ENVIRON RES, V73, P478, DOI 10.2175-106143001X139533; Ayoub GM, 2006, WATER ENVIRON RES, V78, P353, DOI 10.2175-106143005X90001; CLIFFORD DA, 1998, P 3 INT C ARS EXP HL; DeMarco MJ, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P164, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00238-5; Genc H, 2003, J PHYS IV, V107, P537, DOI 10.1051-jp4:20030359; Genc H, 2003, J COLLOID INTERF SCI, V264, P327, DOI 10.1016-S0021-9797(03)00447-8; Genc-Fuhrman H, 2004, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V38, P2428, DOI 10.1021-es035207h; Genc-Fuhrman H, 2004, J COLLOID INTERF SCI, V271, P313, DOI 10.1016-j.jcis.2003.10.011; HADDAD F, 1990, THESIS U BEIRUT LEBA; HERING JG, 2002, ENV CHEM ARSENIC, P167; Joshi A, 1996, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V122, P769, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:8(769); KALINIAN H, 1991, THESIS AM U BERIUT; KARSCHUNKE K, 2000, P 26 WEDC C DHAK BAN, P221; Katsoyiannis IA, 2004, WATER RES, V38, P17, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2003.09.011; Khan AH, 2000, J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A, V35, P1021; Lakshmipathiraj P, 2006, J HAZARD MATER, V136, P281, DOI 10.1016-j.jhazmat.2005.12.015; MCCAULOU DR, 1994, J CONTAM HYDROL, V15; Mc-Ghee T.J., 1991, WATER SUPPLY SEWERAG; Mokashi SA, 2002, LETT APPL MICROBIOL, V34, P258, DOI 10.1046-j.1472-765x.2002.01083.x; MURCOTT S, 1999, ARS BANGL GROUND WAT; NOKOLAIDIS NP, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P1417; Petrusevski B, 2002, WA SCI TECHNOL, V2, P127; POKHREL D, 2005, RADIOACTIVE WASTE MA, V9, P152; Pokrovsky OS, 1999, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC, V63, P3133, DOI 10.1016-S0016-7037(99)00240-9; Ramaswami A, 2001, WATER RES, V35, P4474, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(01)00168-3; Selvin N, 2002, WA SCI TECHNOL, V2, P11; Smith E, 2002, J ENVIRON QUAL, V31, P557; SUBRAMANIAN KS, 1996, P 1995 WAT QUAL TECH, P1063; Thirunavukkarasu O. S., 2002, URBAN WATER, V4, P415, DOI 10.1016-S1462-0758(02)00029-8; Thirunavukkarasu OS, 2003, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V142, P95, DOI 10.1023-A:1022073721853; Thirunavkukkarasu OS, 2001, WATER QUAL RES J CAN, V36, P55; Vaishya RC, 2003, J WATER SUPPLY RES T, V52, P299; Viraraghavan T, 1999, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V40, P69, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(99)00432-1; *WHO, 2001, 224 ENV HLTH CRIT; Wilkie JA, 1996, COLLOID SURFACE A, V107, P97, DOI 10.1016-0927-7757(95)03368-8; ZALDIVAR R, 1974, BEITR PATHOL, V151, P38467
On a group of the Form 210:(U5(2):2)
No full textThe full automorphism group U5(2):2 of the special unitary group U5(2) has a 10-dimensional absolutely irreducible module over GF(2): Hence a split extension of the form G = 210:(U5(2):2) does exist. In this paper we first determine the conjugacy classes of G using the coset analysis technique. The structures of the inertia factor groups were determined. These are the groups U5(2):2; 21+6:((31+2:8):2) and O5(2):2. We then determine the Fischer matrices and apply the Clifford-Fischer theory to com-pute the ordinary character table of G: The Fischer matrices Fi of G are all Z-valued, with sizes range between 1 and 5. The full character table of G; which is 109 x 109 C-valued matrix is available in the PhD Thesis [1] of the rst author, which could be accessed online
Coagulation of highly turbid suspensions using magnesium hydroxide: Effects of slow mixing conditions
No full textLaboratory experiments were carried out to study the effects of slow mixing conditions on magnesium hydroxide floc size and strength and to determine the turbidity and total suspended solid (TSS) removal efficiencies during coagulation of highly turbid suspensions. A highly turbid kaolin clay suspension (1,213 ± 36 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) was alkalized to pH 10.5 using a 5 M NaOH solution; liquid bittern (LB) equivalent to 536 mg-L of Mg2+ was added as a coagulant, and the suspension was then subjected to previously optimized fast mixing conditions of 100 rpm and 60 s. Slow mixing speed (20, 30, 40, and 50 rpm) and time (10, 20, and 30 min) were then varied, while the temperature was maintained at 20.7 ± 1 °C. The standard practice for coagulation-flocculation jar test ASTM D2035-13 (2013) was followed in all experiments. Relative floc size was monitored using an optical measuring device, photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA 2000). Larger and more shear resistant flocs were obtained at 20 rpm for both 20- and 30-min slow mixing times; however, given the shorter duration for the former, the 20-min slow mixing time was considered to be more energy efficient. For slow mixing camp number (Gt) values in the range of 8,400-90,000, it was found that the mixing speed affected floc size and strength more than the time. Higher-turbidity removal efficiencies were achieved at 20 and 30 rpm, while TSS removal efficiency was higher for the 50-rpm slow mixing speed. Extended slow mixing time of 30 min yielded better turbidity and TSS removal efficiencies at the slower speeds. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.American Public Health Association (APHA) American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Environment Federation (WEF), 2012, STANDARD METHODS EXA; [Anonymous], 2013, D203513 ASTM; Ayoub GM, 2013, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V224, DOI 10.1007-s11270-012-1379-y; Ayoub GM, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P640, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00162-1; Ayoub G.M., 2000, INT J ENVIRON STUD, V58, P85, DOI 10.1080-00207230008711318; Ayoub GM, 2001, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V127, P196, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:3(196); Ayoub GM, 1999, WATER ENVIRON RES, V71, P443, DOI 10.2175-106143097X122031; Ayoub GM, 2002, ADV ENVIRON RES, V6, P277, DOI 10.1016-S1093-0191(01)00058-2; Barbot E, 2010, CHEM ENG J, V156, P83, DOI 10.1016-j.cej.2009.10.001; CORNWELL DA, 1983, J AM WATER WORKS ASS, V75, P470; Ebeling JM, 2003, AQUACULT ENG, V29, P23, DOI 10.1016-S0144-8609(03)00029-3; Fitzpatrick CSB, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V50, P171; Ghernaout D, 2012, DESALIN WATER TREAT, V44, P15, DOI 10.5004-dwt.2012.2186; Gregory J, 2009, ADV COLLOID INTERFAC, V147-48, P109, DOI 10.1016-j.cis.2008.09.003; Gregory J, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V50, P163; Gregory J, 2001, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V44, P231; Jarvis P, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V50, P63; Jarvis P., 2005, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-Technology, V4, P1, DOI 10.1007-s11157-005-7092-1; Jarvis P, 2005, WATER RES, V39, P3121, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2005.05.022; Judkins JF, 1987, WATER POLLUT CONTROL, V50, P2446; Kan CC, 2002, COLLOID SURFACE A, V203, P1, DOI 10.1016-S0927-7757(01)01095-0; Kan CC, 2002, J WATER SUPPLY RES T, V51, P77; KANG LS, 1995, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V121, P893, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:12(893); LEENTVAAR J, 1982, WATER RES, V16, P655, DOI 10.1016-0043-1354(82)90087-2; Lin JL, 2008, CHEMOSPHERE, V72, P189, DOI 10.1016-j.chemosphere.2008.01.062; Liu T, 2011, WATER RES, V45, P4260, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2011.05.037; Manning AJ, 1999, MAR GEOL, V160, P147, DOI 10.1016-S0025-3227(99)00013-4; MUYIBI SA, 1995, WATER RES, V29, P2689, DOI 10.1016-0043-1354(95)00133-6; Photometric Dispersion Analyser PDA, 2000, OP MAN; Rossini M, 1999, WATER RES, V33, P1817, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(98)00367-4; Semerjian L, 2003, ADV ENVIRON RES, V7, P389, DOI 10.1016-S1093-0191(02)00009-6; Solomentseva I, 2007, COLLOID SURFACE A, V298, P34, DOI 10.1016-j.colsurfa.2006.12.016; Spicer PT, 1998, POWDER TECHNOL, V97, P26, DOI 10.1016-S0032-5910(97)03389-5; Xiao F, 2010, DESALINATION, V250, P902, DOI 10.1016-j.desal.2008.12.050; Yeung A, 1997, J COLLOID INTERF SCI, V196, P113, DOI 10.1006-jcis.1997.5140; Yu WZ, 2011, CHEM ENG J, V171, P425, DOI 10.1016-j.cej.2011.03.098; Yukselen MA, 2004, INT J MINER PROCESS, V73, P251, DOI 10.1016-S0301-7516(03)00077-2; Zhao JH, 2012, DESALIN WATER TREAT, V45, P153, DOI 10.5004-dwt.2012.3232; Zouboulis AI, 2005, J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT, V80, P1136, DOI 10.1002-jctb.13000
The effect of fast mixing conditions on the coagulation-flocculation process of highly turbid suspensions using liquid bittern coagulant
No full textThe effect of fast mixing on floc formation and pollutant removal, using magnesium hydroxide as a coagulant, was investigated through characterization of relative strength and size of the formed flocs while operating at different mixing speeds and mixing times using a dynamic optical monitoring apparatus, and photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA2000). The parameters investigated included fast mixing speed (80, 100, and 120 rpm) and time (20, 40, and 60 s). Highly turbid kaolin clay suspensions (1213 ± 36 NTU) were alkalized using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to pH values of 10.51 ± 0.02 at temperatures 20.7 ± 0.1°C, and liquid bittern (LB) was used as a coagulant. Fast mixing time had a clear effect on the flocs resistance to applied shear during the slow mixing phase. For all fast mixing times, 120 rpm caused the formation of largest flocs. Stronger flocs, indicated by the least change in flocculation index with time, required 60 s to form at all fast mixing speeds. Turbidity and TSS removal efficiencies are not only dependent on fast mixing speed but also on fast mixing time, such that higher fast mixing speeds were required for shorter mixing times. © 2014 © 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.Ayoub GM, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P640, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00162-1; Ayoub G.M., 2000, INT J ENVIRON STUD, V58, P85, DOI 10.1080-00207230008711318; Ayoub GM, 2001, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V127, P196, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(2001)127:3(196); Ayoub GM, 1999, WATER ENVIRON RES, V71, P443, DOI 10.2175-106143097X122031; Ayoub GM, 2002, ADV ENVIRON RES, V6, P277, DOI 10.1016-S1093-0191(01)00058-2; CORNWELL DA, 1983, J AM WATER WORKS ASS, V75, P470; Gregory J, 2009, ADV COLLOID INTERFAC, V147-48, P109, DOI 10.1016-j.cis.2008.09.003; Gregory J, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V50, P163; Hubbard A.T., 2002, FINE DAY FLOCCUATION, P2197; Jarvis P., 2005, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-Technology, V4, P1, DOI 10.1007-s11157-005-7092-1; Jarvis P, 2005, WATER RES, V39, P3121, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2005.05.022; Jefferson B, 2004, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V50, P47; Kan CC, 2002, COLLOID SURFACE A, V203, P1, DOI 10.1016-S0927-7757(01)01095-0; Kan CC, 2002, J WATER SUPPLY RES T, V51, P77; Li T, 2006, POWDER TECHNOL, V168, P104, DOI 10.1016-j.powtec.2006.07.003; Liu T, 2011, WATER RES, V45, P4260, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2011.05.037; Rossini M, 1999, WATER RES, V33, P1817, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(98)00367-4; Semerjian L, 2003, ADV ENVIRON RES, V7, P389, DOI 10.1016-S1093-0191(02)00009-6; Sheng WY, 2006, DRY TECHNOL, V24, P1271, DOI 10.1080-07373930600840377; Solomentseva I, 2007, COLLOID SURFACE A, V298, P34, DOI 10.1016-j.colsurfa.2006.12.016; Spicer PT, 1998, POWDER TECHNOL, V97, P26, DOI 10.1016-S0032-5910(97)03389-5; Xu W., 2011, J WATER SUSTAINABILI, V1, P45; Yu WZ, 2011, CHEM ENG J, V171, P425, DOI 10.1016-j.cej.2011.03.098; Yu WZ, 2010, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V44, P6371, DOI 10.1021-es1007627; Yukselen MA, 2004, INT J MINER PROCESS, V73, P251, DOI 10.1016-S0301-7516(03)00077-2; Yukselen MA, 2004, J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT, V79, P782, DOI 10.1002-jctb.1056; Zhao JH, 2012, DESALIN WATER TREAT, V45, P153, DOI 10.5004-dwt.2012.3232; Zouboulis AI, 2005, J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT, V80, P1136, DOI 10.1002-jctb.13000
Impact of intermittent water supply on water quality in Lebanon
No full textLebanon in general and its capital, Beirut, suffer from water shortage due to the increasing water demand and the lack of proper management despite its abundant water resources. An intermittent water supply strategy was implemented in order to minimise deficiency problems. This, however, can seriously affect water quality due to the potential suction of non-potable water by negative pressures, biofilm detachment, and microbial re-growth especially when static conditions occur. Intermittent supplies also entail storing water in household tanks to satisfy demand during no-flow periods, and these tanks often encourage bacterial re-growth. Dumping of disinfectants in order to circumvent bacterial presence and the subsequent formation of undesirable byproducts is another concern. A study was conducted in Beirut over an eight-month period, during which samples were collected from household tanks and drinking water taps of Beirut's network. This paper presents the findings of the study and highlights key aspects in intermittent water supply systems. Copyright © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.*AGFUND WHO CEHA, 2003, NAT SEM STRAT PROT Q; AYOUB G, 2003, NAT SEM STRAT PROT Q; Boe-Hansen R, 2002, WATER RES, V36, P4477, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00191-4; CLARK RM, 1995, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V121, P423, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9496(1995)121:6(423); Clark RM, 1998, J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, V124, P1203, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:12(1203); Coelho ST, 2003, WA SCI TECHNOL, V3, P119; Delahaye E, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P3689, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(03)00288-4; Fass S, 2003, WATER RES, V37, P493, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(02)00362-7; Geldreich EE, 1996, MICROBIAL QUALITY WA; LECHEVALLIER MW, 2003, J WATER HEALTH, V1, P1; Lu W, 1999, WATER RES, V33, P827, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(98)00229-2; Menaia J, 2003, WA SCI TECHNOL, V3, P209; METNI M, 2002, THESIS AM U BEIRUT; *MOE, 2001, LEB MIN ENV STAT ENV; Momba MNB, 1998, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V38, P283, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(98)00703-3; Ollos PJ, 1998, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V38, P275, DOI 10.1016-S0273-1223(98)00702-1; Percival SL, 1998, WATER RES, V32, P243, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(97)00132-2; Powell JC, 2000, WATER RES, V34, P117, DOI 10.1016-S0043-1354(99)00097-4; Rompre A, 2000, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V41, P287; Sarin P, 2004, WATER RES, V38, P1259, DOI 10.1016-j.watres.2003.11.022; Tokajian S, 2003, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V47, P229; VIEIRA P, 2003, ACCOUNTING INFLUENCE; WHO, 1995, GUID DRINK WAT QUAL, V154
Lidocaine lollipop for awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy [22]
No full text[No abstract available]GOTTA AW, 1981, BRIT J ANAESTH, V53, P1055, DOI 10.1093-bja-53.10.1055; REASONER DK, 1995, J NEUROSURG ANESTH, V7, P94, DOI 10.1097-00008506-199504000-00004; SANCHEZ A, 1996, AIRWAY MANAGEMENT PR, P15921
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