1,721,008 research outputs found
Use of WMO47 Metadata in a Global Flux Climatology
Full text linkThe SOC Flux Climatology (Josey et al., 1998) is unique in its use of Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) metadata to improve the quality of ocean surface flux estimates obtained from merchant ship data within the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set Release 1a (COADS, Woodruff et al. 1993). Corrections to the ship data combined two WMOsponsored data sources: firstly the VOS Special Observing Project - North Atlantic (VSOP-NA) which identified errors in merchant ship weather observations and secondly the metadata collected by Port Meteorological Officers around the world and published annually by the WMO (WMO47, e.g. WMO 1994). The metadata were merged with COADS individual reports giving instrument types and heights for most VOS weather reports. These metadata allowed the identification of those reports that required correction following the recommendations of the VSOP-NA.The resulting fluxes are now starting to be validated and the total heat flux from the SOC climatology agrees well with high quality research data from buoys where that is available
Book review: Air-sea interaction: laws and mechanisms, (by G.T. Csanady, Cambridge University Press, 2001, 239pp.)
No full textRRS Frederick Russell Cruise 9/86, 11 October - 21 November 1986. HEXOS - Humidity Exchange Over the Sea Experiment
Full text linkSummary report of SCOR Working Group 110: intercomparison and validation of ocean-atmosphere energy flux
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Ships Observing Marine Climate: a catalogue of the VOS participating in the VSOP-NA
Full text linkOur present knowledge of the marine climate, as represented by data sets such as COADS (Woodruff et al., 1987), is based on meteorological observations from the Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS). Because the VOS are merchant ships, rather than specially designed meteorological platforms, errors and biases exist in the data. However there is little information readily available to the climatologist either on the nature of the VOS fleet or on the observing practises which are used. This report, describing the forty-six ships that participated in the Voluntary Observing Ships' Special Observing Project - North Atlantic (VSOP-NA), therefore serves two purposes:(i) it provides a reference document to aid analysis of the VSOP-NA data set,(ii) it gives a detailed description of a subset of the VOS, which will be of value in the interpretation of marine climate data sets.This report is in two parts, Part 1 is an overall summary of the ship characteristics, Part 2 is a ship by ship description. The next section will briefly describe the VSOP-NA project, followed by a summary of the characteristics of the VSOP-NA ships (Section 3). Since these ships were specially selected (Section 2.2), the degree to which they are representative of the whole VOS fleet will be carefully considered. The meteorological instrumentation used by the VOS varies depending on which meteorological agency recruited the ships. That used on the chosen VSOP-NA ships is typical of VOS recruited by the countries bordering the North Atlantic, and will be described in Section 4. Section 5 is a summary of Part 1 of the report.Part 2 presents the VSOP-NA ship catalogue. This includes, for each ship, diagrams of the layout (indicating in particular the exposure of the sensors), a summary of the geographical positions at which observations were obtained, and details of the instrumentation used.<br/
Toward estimating climatic trends in SST. Part I: methods of measurement
No full textTo assess climatic changes in sea surface temperature (SST), changes in the measurement method with time and the effect of these changes on the mean SST must be quantified. Observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) have been analyzed for the period from 1970 to 1997 using both SST measurement metadata contained within the dataset and a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) catalog of observing ships. The WMO metadata were particularly important in identifying engine-intake SSTs during the 1970s, but increased method identification over the entire period. There are strong regional variations in the preferred SST measurement method, with engine-intake SST most common in the Pacific and bucket SST preferred by countries bordering the Atlantic. The number of engine-intake SSTs increases over time and becomes more numerous than buckets by the early 1980s.There are significant differences between SST observations made by different methods. The rounding of reports is more common for engine-intake SST than for either bucket or hull sensor SST, which degrades its quality. Significant time-varying biases exist between SST derived from buckets and from engine intakes. The SST difference has a strong seasonal signal with bucket SST being relatively cold in winter, probably resulting from heat loss from the buckets, and warm in summer, probably resulting from solar warming or the sampling of a shallow warm layer. There is also a long-term trend with engine-intake SST being relatively warm in the early period but with a small annual mean difference between the two methods by 1990
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