241 research outputs found
Boycott South African products
No full textNot peer reviewedPamphletWritten with assistance from the U.N. Special Committee Against Aparthei
Boycott South African products
No full textNot peer reviewedPamphletWritten with assistance from the U.N. Special Committee Against Aparthei
U.S. reaction towards U.N. sanctions against Rhodesia from 1965-1977: an analysis, 1981
No full textThis is a study of American reactions to United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia 1965-1977. It examines in par ticular the reaction of four American administrations (Johnson, Nixon, Ford and Carter) towards Ian Smith's minor ity regime. The study is based on a review of the literature in books, journals and newspapers on American policy towards Rhodesia and the entire Southern Africa Sub-Continent. Chapter I looks at the theory of sanctions, defines and looks at conditions under which economic sanctions will be effective or ineffective. Chapter II presents a chronological account of American reactions to U.N. sanctions against Rhodesia under the Johnson administration, following the 1965 Unilateral decla ration of Independence. It traces the growing gap between the Johnson administration's anti-minority regime rhetoric and its more limited anti-Smith action. Chapter III looks at American reaction during the Nixon and Ford years. This chapter is called the "Kissingerian Period" due to the dominance of the Secretary of State in international affairs, and it traces the shift in American rhetorical support of U.N. sanctions to a policy of "Com munications" and contact with the racist minority regime of Southern Africa. Chapter IV examines the changes in the Carter admini stration from "Communications" to a return of rhetorical support of United Nations Sanctions on Rhodesia. Chapter V illustrates American complicity in the erosion of U.N. sanctions by U.S. corporations. It also lists and discusses sanction breaking activities by U.S. government. Chapter VI, concludes that the major differences in these four administrations were rhetorical. The Carter and Johnson administrations appeared to support sanctions but offered no concrete support against the.illegal minority regime in Rhodesia. In the "Kissingerian Period" there was actual opposition to sanctions. The study thus concludes that the United States under all four administrations was consistently committed to preserving the status quo in Rhodesia
Provisions in the U.N. Draft Code within the Context of South Africa
No full textFirst, this comment will briefly explain the Sullivan Principles and the European Economic Community Code of Conduct. Second, the propriety of the human rights and non-collaboration provisions of the U.N. Code will be explored within the context of South Africa. Finally, the author will comment on some of the issues raised in this paper
‘Company’ and ‘Shares’ Under the 2016 India-Mauritius Protocol and The U.N. Model Treaty
No full textIn this article, the author discusses the meaning of ‘‘company’’ and ‘‘shares’’ in the new protocol to the India-Mauritius tax treaty and the U.N. model treaty and how the interpretation of those terms could affect the taxation of capital gains
‘Company’ and ‘Shares’ Under the 2016 India-Mauritius Protocol and The U.N. Model Treaty
No full textIn this article, the author discusses the meaning of ‘‘company’’ and ‘‘shares’’ in the new protocol to the India-Mauritius tax treaty and the U.N. model treaty and how the interpretation of those terms could affect the taxation of capital gains
Child labour in Zambia : an analysis of the extent, nature and proposed solutions to the problem
No full textThis thesis is centred on the problem of child labour in
the urban areas of Zambia. The origins, types and context
of child labour are extensively described as are the
incidence and distribution of the problem by locality,
trade and activity. The very definition of 'child labour'
is uncertain with legal, historical, comparative,
customary and academic definitions being somewhat
contradictory. The differing notions are considered and
reconciled. As child labour is mainly concentrated in the
'informal sector', the nature of this sector in Zambia
and other poor countries is analysed. The limited
opportunities for education, employment and productive
and fulfilling self-employment in the informal sector are
highlighted.
An account of the historical origins and development of
child labour in the pre-colonial and colonial periods is
provided. An assessment of the measures designed to
control or ameliorate child labour follows. This covers
the work of international organisations, the colonial and
post-colonial governments in Zambia, the voluntary sector
and concerned individuals. The effectiveness and coverage
of the relevant international conventions and local legal
provisions and enforcement are evaluated. The
consequences on child labour of more recent interventions
by international agencies, for example the Structural
Adjustment Program of the World Bank, are illustrated.
Three main forms of analysis have been used in this
thesis. First a descriptive account of child labour has
been supplied using secondary accounts and unpublished
reports. Second, the author has undertaken a comparative
analysis, examining child labour in two other African
countries as well as two countries in each of the
continents of Asia and Latin America. Third, extensive
interviews with child labourers themselves and those who
are close to their plight have been undertaken, to
provide the actor's own graphic and personal views on the
issues discussed.
The thesis concludes with an appraisal of the
significance of the study, general prescriptive comments
and some more specific policy recommendations designed to
address and combat the incidence and worst features of
child labour in Zambia
Victims of Peace: Current Abuse Allegations against U.N. Peacekeepers and the Role of Law in Preventing Them in the Future
No full textThis article addresses the increasingly prevalent and horrific allegations of sexual abuse made against U.N. peacekeepers. The primary allegations addressed are those from the Congo, as the most plentiful and readily available evidence of these abuses comes from the region. The goal of this paper is not merely to critique the U.N. and its handling of the current peacekeeper abuse allegations, as such a critique would only serve half of the problem. Rather, this paper will use the past and current understandings of the U.N. Charter, peacekeeping, international law, and military justice to suggest several options for handling both the current allegations facing U.N. peacekeepers, especially those in the Congo, and for a fundamental change in the peacekeeping mission, apparatus, and law in the future. Part II of this paper examines the origins of the concept of peacekeeping. It goes beyond the current concepts of U.N. peacekeeping to explore the plain language of Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, and the way in which it was originally interpreted – namely to substantiate a standing U.N. military force and centralized command with no mention of peacekeeping activities per se. Part III discusses the current allegations against U.N. peacekeepers in the Congo and elsewhere. Also included in this Part is the U.N. reaction to the allegations and the condom distribution system in effect for U.N. peacekeepers. Finally, this Part will discuss the spread of HIV through U.N. peacekeepers and the lax HIV testing requirements in place for peacekeepers both before and during their active duty. Part IV discusses the current laws in effect regarding peacekeepers. This discussion will illustrate that U.N. peacekeepers are essentially shrouded in protection from their home countries. Part IV looks at the current International Criminal Court (ICC) statute and discusses why the extension of the ICC crimes and procedures to peacekeepers would not be an effective way to ensure either prosecution of peacekeepers for individual abuses or eligibility for prosecution at all. To set the framework for the discussion in Part VI, this Part also includes a basic outline of the sanction power possessed by the United Nations Security Council. Part V describes the current status of the United States Code of Military Justice (USCMJ) and what prosecutions of peacekeepers would be allowed under it. A comparison of the procedural aspects of a prosecution under the USCMJ and the ICC statute provisions will be made as well. The culmination of this paper is Part VI, in which the author presents several possible options for addressing the current U.N. peacekeeper abuse allegations and for changing peacekeeping in the future. The conclusion of this paper, Part VII, restates the problems and suggestions discussed and offered throughout the paper. It also expresses the author’s belief that peacekeeping as a concept offers many benefits, but that these benefits are outweighed by any types of abuses
Legal Analysis of the 2006 U.N. Security Council Resolutions Against North Korea\u27s WMD Development
No full textIn Part I, the author will clarify the facts regarding the evolution of the incidents and the adoption of the resultant resolutions. In Part II, the author will analyze the legal questions regarding the two resolutions. Part II will first examine the legality of the missile launch on the basis of Security Council Resolution 1540, customary international law and the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. Second, Part II will examine Resolution 1695\u27s terminology by comparing it to previous resolutions. Third, it will discuss the sanctions based on national legal authorities and legislations. Fourth, Part II will examine international law regarding nuclear weapons control. Part III investigates the legally binding force of the two resolutions. Resolution 1695 does not refer to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter (the Charter ) in its main text, indicating that the Security Council may not take any collective security measures toward North Korea. The legally binding force of the resolution has been controversial since its drafting. That question will be discussed here. Resolution 1718 authorized the Security Council to enact non-military sanctions under Article 41 of the Charter. Resolution 1718 also prevents U.N. Member States from providing any arms or technology related to ballistic missiles or WMD. Furthermore, the United States demanded that U.N. Member States take part in cargo inspection to and from North Korea. The final section will be devoted to analyzing the cargo inspection with respect to the law of the sea
Self-Defence under the U.N. Charter(Special Issue Dedicated to Professor Kenji FUKIYA)
No full textThis article focuses on the right of self-defence under the legal regime of the U.N. Charter; a certain use of armed force for self-defencive purposes is legally legitimate under the general injunction against the use of force. The present work explores under what condition and at which timing such a use of force is considered legitimate. (In the near future, the author also plans to investigate which instrument needs to be employed in what manner.) The analysis interprets the meaning of "armed attack" as the key idea, while attempting to fill in the gap between armed reprisal and anticipatory self-defence.8KJ00005058083論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
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