1,726,458 research outputs found
Trans-Tasman Migration, Transnationalism and Economic Development in Australasia
Full text linkThis paper focuses on migration between Australia and New Zealand, which has exhibited a strong, but cyclical, net movement towards Australia since the late 1960s. A long-term historical perspective is taken. Trans-Tasman migration is also compared with inter-island migration within New Zealand. It is argued that differential economic development, driven by forces of globalisation, agglomeration and technological change, has been primarily responsible for the long-run changes in the distribution of population across the regions of Australasia. Asynchronous business cycles, demographic dynamics, perceptions, return migration and the high international mobility of New Zealanders (of whom one quarter of those aged 40-64 have lived abroad for a year or longer) are responsible for the short-run fluctuations. However, permanent and long-term migration is only a small fraction of total trans-Tasman population movement. Moreover, trans-Tasman migration has not offset New Zealand’s ability to recruit population through immigration. Over the last three decades, the outflow of half a million New Zealand citizens has been compensated by a net inflow of three-quarter million citizens from elsewhere. The number of New Zealanders in Australia is expected to continue to grow but the migration flows become increasingly diversified. One-third of the New Zealanders in Australia re-migrates within four years. Future trends will depend on New Zealand’s ability to boost productivity growth, the real cost of air travel, retirement migration and the impacts of climate change.Trans-Tasman migration, Australia, New Zealand, economic development
Marlborough, Nelson and Tasman Regions–A Socio-Demographic Profile 1986-2061
No full textA Socio-Demographic Profile for Marlborough, Nelson and Tasman Regions
[Australia and New Zealand] [cartographic material] : from the original map made under the direction of Abel Tasman in 1644 and now in the Mitchell Library, Sydney /
No full textReproduction of an early Dutch map of Australia and New Zealand commonly attributed to Abel Tasman but drawn originally from many sources by the Dutch East India Company inspired by Tasman's 1642 discoveries. Under orders issued by Governor General van Dieman Abel Tasman set out in 1642 to discover new lands in the southern latitudes. He first discovered Tamania (which he named Van Dieman's Land) in November 1642 on his first voyage, later discovering New Zealand as well as the Fiji Islands. In February 1644 he headed another exploratory mission as directed by the Dutch East India Company, sailing to the south coast of New Guinea to chart any coastline sited of the 'Southland'. But on their return in August 1644 no strait had been discovered south of New Guinea and no sightings of the eastern coast of Australia were reported. Nevertheless, the Dutch East India Company, drawing on Tasman's recent observations and those of previous Dutch explorers, had formed a reasonable estimation of the shape of this southern continent. Naming it 'Compagnis Niew Nederland' or the Company's New Holland, they drew up this composite map (referred to now as the Tasman Composite Chart) featuring a sweeping hypothetical eastern coastline which is nevertheless fairly realistic. The northeast tip of Australia is the greatest discrepancy projecting as far north as New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago and adjoined with New Guinea.; Title proper supplied by cataloguer.; Rex Nan Kivell Collection Map NK 9814
Neonicotinoids disrupt memory, circadian behaviour and sleep, Tasman et al
No full textGlobally, neonicotinoids are the most used insecticides, despite their well-documented sublethal effects on beneficial insects. Neonicotinoids are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists.
Memory, circadian rhythmicity and sleep are essential for efficient foraging and pollination and
require nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling. The effect of field-relevant concentrations of the
European Union-banned neonicotinoids: imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid
were tested on Drosophila memory, circadian rhythms and sleep. Field-relevant concentrations of
imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam disrupted learning, behavioural rhythmicity and sleep
whilst thiacloprid exposure only affected sleep. Exposure to imidacloprid and clothianidin prevented
the day/night remodelling and accumulation of pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neuropeptide in
the dorsal terminals of clock neurons. Knockdown of the neonicotinoid susceptible Dα1 and Dβ2
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in the mushroom bodies or clock neurons recapitulated the
neonicotinoid like deficits in memory or sleep/circadian behaviour respectively. Disruption of learning,
circadian rhythmicity and sleep are likely to have far-reaching detrimental effects on beneficial insects
in the field
A Trans-Tasman Challenge: The Zurich Insurance Litigation Reviewed
Full text linkThe Trans-Tasman Proceedings Acts took effect in Australia and New Zealand in 2013, and since then have created a well-functioning trans-Tasman judicial area in which the process of all Australian and New Zealand courts can be served, and the judgments of all of those courts can be enforced, anywhere in New Zealand or Australia. The unquestioned jurisdiction that is given to all Australian and New Zealand courts in trans-Tasman cases is also limited only by principles of forum conveniens and the enforcement of choice of court agreements. In Zurich Insurance Company Limited v Koper (‘Zurich Insurance’), the validity of the Australian rules of jurisdiction under the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Act 2010 (Cth) was challenged. The New South Wales courts and the High Court of Australia all rejected the challenge. This article is an account of the constitutional considerations that were canvassed throughout the Zurich Insurance litigation, including the possibility that a High Court
majority recognised a positive constitutional implication when upholding the personal jurisdictions created by the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Act 2010 (Cth) and the recognition of a federal power to extend the jurisdiction of state courts in all international cases. It also undertakes an analysis of the private international law issues of Zurich Insurance: the clarification of the effect of the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Acts; and the unsatisfactory conclusions reached on the territorial application of the Civil Liability (Third Party Claims Against Insurers) Act 2017 (NSW) — the issue that forced the need to consider the validity of the Trans-Tasman
Proceedings Act 2010 (Cth) in the first place. In this respect, a plea is made for Australian state parliaments and courts to avoid extra-territorial overreach in the application of state legislation
Textural variations in Neogene pelagic carbonate ooze at DSDP Site 593, southern Tasman Sea, and their paleoceanographic implications
No full textChanges in Neogene sediment texture in pelagic carbonate-rich oozes on the Challenger Plateau, southern Tasman Sea, are used to infer changes in depositional paleocurrent velocities. The most obvious record of textural change is in the mud:sand ratio. Increases in the sand content are inferred to indicate a general up-core trend towards increasing winnowing of sediments resulting from increasing flow velocity of Southern Component Intermediate Water (SCIW), the forerunner of Antarctic Intermediate Water. In particular, the intervals c. 19-14.5 Ma, c. 9.5-8 Ma, and after 5 Ma are suggested to be times of increased SCIW velocity and strong sediment winnowing. Within the mud fraction, the fine silt to coarse clay sizes from 15.6 to 2 µm make the greatest contribution to the sediments and are composed of nannofossil plates. During extreme winnowing events it is the fine silt to very coarse clay material (13-3 µm) within this range that is preferentially removed, suggesting the 10 µm cohesive silt boundary reported for siliciclastic sediments does not apply to calcitic skeletal grains. The winnowed sediment comprises coccolithophore placoliths and spheres, represented by a mode at 4-7 µm.
Further support for seafloor winnowing is gained from the presence in Hole 593 of a condensed sedimentary section from c. 18 to 14 Ma where the sand content increases to c. 20% of the bulk sample. Associated with the condensed section is a 6 m thick orange unit representing sediments subjected to particularly oxygen-rich, late early to early middle Miocene SCIW. Together these are inferred to indicate increased SCIW velocity resulting in winnowed sediment associated with faster arrival of oxygen-rich surface water subducted to form SCIW. Glacial development of Antarctica has been recorded from many deep-sea sites, with extreme glacials providing the mechanism to increase watermass flow. Miocene glacial zones Mi1b-Mi6 are identified in an associated oxygen isotope record from Hole 593, and correspond with times of particularly invigorated paleocirculation, bottom winnowing, and sediment textural changes
The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid disrupts bumblebee foraging rhythms and sleep. Tasman et al.
No full textNeonicotinoids have been implicated in the large declines observed in insects such as bumblebees, an important group of pollinators. Neonicotinoids are agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are found throughout the insect central nervous system and are the main mediators of synaptic neurotransmission. These receptors are important for the function of the insect central clock and circadian rhythms. The clock allows pollinators to coincide their activity with the availability of floral resources and favourable flight temperatures, as well as impacting learning, navigation and communication. Here we show that exposure to the field relevant concentration of 10 µg/L imidacloprid caused a reduction in bumblebee foraging activity, locomotion and foraging rhythmicity. Foragers showed an increase in daytime sleep and an increase in the proportion of activity occurring at night. This could reduce foraging and pollination opportunities, reducing the ability of the colony to grow and reproduce, endangering bee populations and crop yields. Tasman et al Figure 1 contains the activity counts for each individual forager for 5 days of LD (collected using the LAM), in 30 minute bins. Each .txt file is for a single bee, first line shows the run name, followed by the monitor number and then the channel number, e.g. 2015CtM022C08. Here run name is 2015Ct, monitor is number 22 and channel is number 8. This is followed by the date on which the run started. The second line shows the number of bins, the third line shows the length of these bins in minutes and the 4th line shows the time of the first bin, e.g. 09:00. The activity count for each bin is then listed. The file contains the data for colonies 1-3, which were combined for analysis of activity levels and circadian rhythms. Each folder contains a text file detailing which individual received which treatment, e.g. control, IM 1 ug/L or IM 10 ug/L. Tasman et al Figure 2 contains the same type of data as in Figure 1 but for 5 days of DD. Tasman et al Figure 3 contains the same type of data as in Figure 1, for 5 days of LD in both 1 min and 30 mins bins, which was used for sleep analysis. Tasman et al Figure 4 contains excel spreadsheets of the readout for the RFID reader, for the 5 days of LD. There is a folder for each of the three runs, within which there are folders for each day of the run and a spreadsheet for each 30 min bin within that day. These spreadsheets show each read from the RFID reader, listing (from left to right) the date and time of the read, the reader number and the ID of the bee being read. Consecutive reads less than 1 min apart from the same bee were counted as one activity bout. Days start at 9am except Day 1 which starts at 10am. There is a text file showing the colony number and treatment for each reader in each run. This was analysed for foraging activity and rhythmicity. Tasman et al Figure 5 shows the same type of data as in Figure 4 but for 5 days of DD
"Go West, Young Man, Go West!"?
Full text linkWill economic integration lead to skilled citizens being drawn to the larger, richer economic partner? In 1983, Australia and New Zealand signed the Closer Economic Relations Agreement to ensure free trade in goods and services. Was this a modern equivalent of Horace Greeley's famous advice "Go West, young man, go West"? The evidence presented in this paper suggests that Greeley was right; many have indeed gone westward. However, a common labour market has not led to a brain drain. Paradoxically, the effect has been to increase the numbers of lower-skilled migrants from New Zealand and those with higher skills who are older or are not within the approved occupational groupings. The Trans-Tasman picture is further complicated by migration to New Zealand from third countries sufficient to offset the outflow of New Zealand citizens. The imbalance in net migration from New Zealand toward Australia has led to policy tensions. These are discussed briefly.international migration; brain drain
Trans-Tasman differences in student loans
Full text linkThis paper compares student loan and other support arrangements in Australia and New Zealand, with particular reference to the access to these arrangements by citizens of the other country.Both countries provide income contingent student loans to tertiary education students. New Zealand offers them to a broader range of students, but has lower repayment income thresholds and higher repayment rates and charges no interest for those who remain in New Zealand, while Australian loans are indexed at the Consumer Price Index rate. Increasing levels of outstanding student loan debt are an issue in both countries. Outstanding HELP debt in Australia was estimated at A22.3 billion at 30 June 2013, while in New Zealand the outstanding debt amount was NZ13.0 billion at 30 June 2012. Unlike Australia, New Zealand requires debtors who move overseas to continue loan repayments, however overseas-based borrowers are estimated to be responsible for over 80 per cent of the debt currently in default. While both countries are making changes which will bring their arrangements closer, in general New Zealand provides better access to Australian students than Australia does to New Zealanders. This is an ongoing issue for New Zealanders resident in Australia
A Trans-Tasman judicial area: civil jurisdiction and judgments in the Single Economic Market
No full textAustralia and New Zealand concluded the Agreement on Trans-Tasman Court Proceedings and Regulatory Enforcement in 2008, and have now implemented the Agreement by passing the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Acts. The Acts aim, with some significant adjustments, to bring New Zealand into the scheme for sorting cross-border jurisdiction and the cross-border enforcement of judgments that is currently in place for the Australian federation. Accordingly, they provide that litigation in the trans-Tasman market area is to be heard in the court that is the forum conveniens (or ‘the more appropriate court’) or that the parties to a contract have designated as the exclusive forum for the proceedings. Any Australian or New Zealand judgment will be enforceable by registration anywhere in the market area unless contrary to the public policy of the enforcing country or State.
As a result, when in force, the Trans Tasman Proceedings Acts should realise the worthy, longstanding objective of securing a ‘uniform writ stretching from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to the Chathams’. However, in their qualified reliance on the cross-border jurisdiction and judgments model used in the Australian federation, the Acts ignore some strengths of the Australian model and perpetuate some weaknesses.
This article considers and critiques the new trans-Tasman scheme for jurisdiction and judgments. The scheme is overwhelming an improvement in trans-Tasman legal relations and cooperation. However, it has a number of flaws, including (1) removing Australian and New Zealand courts’ ability to deal with the possible problem of parallel and related litigation (‘lis pendens’) in trans-Tasman litigation, and the consequences of lis pendens (ie, possibly conflicting judgments); and (2) retaining public policy as a ground for refusing to enforce a judgment from the other country
- …
