82 research outputs found
“One-Eyed Dragon” Li Keyong in the Historical and Fictional Literature of China in the Song Era (X—XIII Centuries)
No full textThe features of the reflection of the ruler of the Turks Shatuo Li Keyong (856—908, ruler in 887—908) activities in the Chinese literature of the Song era (X—XIII centuries) are examined in the article. It is shown that the deeds of Li Keyong found a detailed reflection in the historical chronicles and treatises dedicated to the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907—979), primarily “Jiu Wu-dai shi” and “Zizhi tongjian”. It is noted that the author of the most famous art-historical work “The newly compiled pinghua on the history of the Five Dynasties” describes in detail the activities of Li Keyong: he shows the Shatuo Turks as a people supporting Chinese cultural and political traditions and in many respects defending the Chinese traditional statehood. It is indicated that Li Keyong actually became the founder of the Turkic-Chinese empire of the Late Tang and was considered in the historical and fiction literature as a consistent defender of the Chinese statehood. It is proved that Li Keiong was perceived by the author of pinghua, following the authors of the historical work “Zizhi tongjian”, as a defender of Chinese statehood and Chinese political tradition, and not as a stranger, despite his Turkic origin
On the Relationship between Shatuo Later Tang Dynasty and the Nine Tatars
No full textThe success of the Tang Dynasty in quelling the Huang Chao 黄巣 Rebellion (875-884) was in large part made possible by the contingent of Shatuo 沙陀 Turks and Tatars 達靼 led by Shatuo warlord Li Keyong 李克用, whose son, Li Cunzu 李存勗, would found the Later Tang polity of the Five Dynasties Period. The close relationships that would exist between the Later Tang Dynasty and the Tatar settlements in the north Gobi Desert at the beginning of the 10th century dates back at least to 878, when Li Keyong along with his father Li Guochang raised their own rebellion against the Tang Dynasty, were defeated and took refuge among the Tatar tribes. The purpose of this article is to trace the origins of the Tatars who interacted with the Shatuo warlords during the final years of the Tang Dynasty, by discussing the Nine Tatars settled in the northern Gobi.
To begin with, the author points to a letter written by Li Keyong to his arch-enemy Zhu Quanzhong 朱全忠, in which we discover the existence of a tribal settlement in Yinshan 陰山, which Li refers to as Yiqin 懿親.
A review of the use of “Yinshan” in the Tang Period sources, mainly epitaphs mentioning people of Turkic descent, shows that while 1) Yinshan could refer to the present day Yinshan and Tianshan mountain ranges of the southern Gobi Desert, there is also its use as 2) a synonym for all of northern China and 3) possible reference to Ötükän yïš 于都斤山 (the Khangai Mountains of central Mongolia) in the northern Gobi. The problem is 1) that there is no record of Tatar (Shiwei 室韋 in the Tang records) settlements in the Yinshan Mts, and the fact that the Yinshan region, being a mixed agricultural-pastoral area, played only a peripheral role in the nomadic states of the period, meaning that the only region capable of spawning large powerful nomadic organizations was the northern Gobi.
Consequently, the author reasons that the migration of Tatar tribes into the central Mongolian steppe around the time of the collapse of the Eastern Uighur Khanate must have included at least one part of the Nine Tatars, the Kelie 克烈 (the Kereyids), settling there during the latter part of the 9th century. The Yuanshi’s 元史 biography of Suge 速哥 describes the Kereyids as matrilineal kin to the “Li Tang”, a polity which should be interpreted as the Later Tang Dynasty, which the Shatuo Li Family claimed to be the legitimate successor to the Tang Dynasty. And if so, the Kereyids correspond to Li Keyong’s Yiqin settlement.
The author concludes that the Tatars who protected Li Keyong and his father in exile, then fought beside the Shatuo warlord in the counterinsurgency effort against Huang Chao were in fact the Nine Tatars of mainland Mongolia, or least one contingent thereof i.e., the Kereyids. Therefore, the history of Mongolia around the 10th century becomes closely connected to the development of the dynasties in mainland China and thus constitutes an indispensable part of eastern Eurasian history.journal articl
The Price of Orthodoxy: Issues of Legitimacy in the Later Liang and Later Tang
No full text五代前期的後梁和後唐淵源於朱溫與李克用在唐末所建立的藩鎮政權，他們利用唐室衰微的時機，憑藉強大軍力不斷擴張，進而建立新的中央政府。依靠武力崛起的地方勢力在試圖轉變為中央政權時，其領導人勢必面臨合理化的問題，須解釋自己為何擁有「天命」而登基。後梁的朱溫希望透過禪讓與郊天儀式，證明自己是天命所歸；後唐的李存勗則以李唐王室的繼承人自居，宣稱唐室中興。不論探取何種方式，這些戎馬出身的領導人都必須要與文士合作，重視禮樂儀式，重建官僚體系。於是，他們原本全以軍事為中心的政權發生改變，也間接造成這些武人統治者的文儒化。 由於這些戎馬出身的統治者接觸文藝知識的時間甚短，對於儒學的理解有限，導致他們過度期待「正統」所能帶來的政治利益。從現實層面而言，儀式的進行須耗費大量金錢與人力，卻無助於政治和軍事問題的根本解決。當朱溫專注於禪讓儀式時，李克用父子得到重整旗鼓的機會；後梁末帝重視文治，卻缺乏統兵的能力，終為李存勗所滅。李存勗在滅梁後暫停軍事擴張，致力模仿唐代皇帝的形象，希望以唐室重建為宣傳，威服南方的獨立王國；執掌大權的郭崇韜則努力重建由世族領導的文人政府，而這兩點都成為其政權快速衰亡的原因。李嗣源取代李存勗的王位，不再追求建立王朝的正統性，而致力於保境安民，這種重視現實的政策反而能達成較長的穩定與和平。這個轉變也成為五代歷史上的一個分水嶺。After the decline of the Tang imperial authority in the late ninth century, a number of local warlords competed to erect autonomous regimes by force, gradually establishing their own dynasties. The first two dynasties after the end of the Tang, the Later Liang and the Later Tang, grew out of the rival regimes established by Zhu Wen and Li Keyong. Both Zhu and Li were bellicose generals, but who increasingly came to realize the importance of legitimacy in the process of building their national regimes. To legitimize his power, Zhu Wen claimed that the Tang orthodox authority had been transmitted to him. In contrast, Li Keyong and his son legitimized their fight against Zhu by claiming that they carried the standard of Tang restoration. Although adopting different approaches, both two military-oriented regimes turned to civil issues, such as organizing the bureaucracy and performing rituals. From a cultural perspective, the political leaders' interest in civil affairs preserved and promoted Confucian tradition under violent conditions. Their claims to orthodoxy before they effectively controlled all of China, however, retarded the military actions of these two regimes, because the attention of their rulers was diverted from the battlefield to civil affairs. This article will analyze the relationship between military expansion and the management of legitimation in both the Later Liang and the Later Tang. The short lives of the Later Liang and the Later Tang, I argue, are partly attributable to their emperors' efforts at legitimation. Military might rather than the appearance of orthodox dynastic practice was crucial to the fortunes of these two dynasties, but the emperors seemed to overemphasize the latter over the former
Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth- Century Turkic Shatuo
No full textModern scholarship has explored aspects of the origin stories of the Shatuo. The latter were the military elite of Turkic extraction who dominated northern China in the second half of the ninth century and built the foundation of four of the northern regimes of the first half of the tenth. This article compares three specific origin stories that differ significantly: 1. the entombed epitaph of Li Keyong (856–907); 2. the Jiu Wudai shi’s chapter “Wuhuang ji” (“Basic Annals of the Martial Emperor [Li Keyong]”); and 3. the “Shatuo liezhuan” (“Shatuo Memoir”), namely, chapter 218 of Xin Tang shu. The primary argument here is that each of these narratives has uniquely reassessed Li Keyong’s historical role and political legitimacy. Moreover, the article questions the narrative of the alleged southeastward migration of the Shatuo– Zhuxie from territories northwest of Beiting to Hedong during the second half of the eighth century and early-ninth century, arguing that this narrative was enhanced in the “Shatuo liezhuan” as a means to create an image of the Shatuo as “subjugated barbarians.
The Conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral Mixed District from 7th to 8th Century
No full text本文處理7至8世紀唐朝與突厥爭奪農牧混合地帶，以及其後續影響。農牧混合地帶是一個從現今遼寧伸延到甘肅、內蒙古西部、陝西北部的狹長過渡地帶。本文焦點，將放在今內蒙古中部及山西北部，大約是唐高宗時期單于大都護府的所在地。所謂唐朝與突厥爭奪農牧混合地帶，包含了7世紀初東突厥滅亡，唐朝就地設置羈縻州，和7世紀末8世紀初，唐朝與後突厥在該區爆發的戰爭。歷史上，草原遊牧國家與農耕中國重複爭奪這個區域，當後者取得勝利時，會沿邊安置歸降部落，以阻擋更外圍的遊牧部落。唐朝之所以設置突厥羈縻州，也是基於上述原因。唐朝為了架空可汗氏族阿史那氏，改以重用阿史德氏族，結果導致阿史那氏的崛起，突厥人在其主導下復國。在內陸亞洲史的脈絡下，後突厥汗國時期，以突厥文字的發明為指標，漠北的遊牧社會開始進入「文明化」。後繼的回紇開始修築城市，引入體系化宗教，完成了「文明化」的過程。受回紇影響的契丹繼承了這些變革，並解散了既有的部落共同體，代表北亞正式進入中世時代。在中國方面，雖然朔方軍的建立、三受降城的修築抵擋了後突厥的入侵，但隨著中唐以後國勢漸衰，藩鎮割據，晉北與內蒙中部在晚唐成為李克用的勢力範圍，下啟五代沙陀諸王朝。以上，無論是突厥的復國、朔方軍的建立，都可以追溯到公元7至8世紀的農牧混合地區。This thesis dual with the conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District from 7th to 8th century and its influence. Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District was a long and narrow transitional area from Liaoning to the west of Inner Mongolia and the north of Shaanxi. This thesis would focus on the nowadays middle part of Inner Mongolia and North of Shanxi, which was the location of Chanyu Protectorate during the Gaozong reign. The conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District means, 1. fall of the First Turkic Khanate in early 7th century and the establishment of Jimifuzhou and 2. The war between Tang Dynasty and the Second Turkic Khanate in late 7th and the early 8th century. In history, nomadic states and agricultural China had conflicts in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District, if the latter won the war, it settled down the surrendered tribes in the same area to defense the outer nomadic tribes. Tang Dynasty created Jimifuzhou for the same reason. Tang Dynasty promoted the members of the Ashide clan(or tribe) and overheaded the members of the Ashina clan(or tribe), it caused the rise of Ashides that the Turks rebuilt their khanate under the leadership of Ashides. In the context of inner Asia history, the Turkic Alphabet was invented in the era of the second Turkic Khanate,, which mean the “civilizing” in the north of Gobi. The following Uyghurs built cities and introduced systemic religion, finished the progress of “civilizing”. Affected by Uyghurs, the Khitans displaced the original tribal communities, as a symbol of medieval period in inner Asia history. In the other hand, although the Tang Dynasty defensed itself from the invasion of Turks by organizing the Shuofang Army and building the three Shouxiangchengs, it came to weaken in 8th to 9th century, the local powers fall into the hands of warlords, Li Keyong controlled the north of Shanxi and the middle part of Inner Mongolia, his followers built the Sha-t’o dynasties. In conclusion, the path of Chinese and Inner Asian history in after 8th century was affected by the conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District from 7th to 8th century in some reason
Optical Properties of Black Carbon Aerosols with Different Coating Models
No full textResearch on the optical properties of black carbon (BC) aerosols is highly important for investigating global climate change. A general inhomogeneous particle superposition model is developed. Inhomogeneous particles with arbitrary shapes can be constructed by this model. BC aerosols with core-shell, spherical, ellipsoid, and irregular coating models are established to explore the impact of coating shape on their optical properties. The optical properties are studied employing the discrete dipole approximation method (DDA). The influences of the morphology of BC aerosols, the coating volume fractions, and the shape of coatings on the optical properties are analyzed. The irregular coating shape causes a higher forward scattering intensity and a lower extinction cross-section. The forward scattering intensity of the core-shell model is lower than other models. The effect of the coating shape on forward scattering intensity becomes smaller as coating volume and fractal dimension increase. Consequently, assuming irregular coating as spherical coating models considered in most studies leads to inaccuracy in the optical properties of BC aerosols. It is necessary to comprehensively consider the effects of aerosol morphology and coating volume for investigating the optical properties of black carbon aerosols
Thermal Shrinkage Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Letahers
No full textThermal shrinkage will take place when leathers are heated to a high temperature, resulting in a decrease in its value and utility. In this paper, changes in mechanical behaviors by thermal shrinkage of leathers are studied systematically for the first time, and the influencing mechanism of thermal shrinkage on the mechanical behaviors of leathers are investigated and analyzed. The results indicate that, by thermal shrinkage, the aperture ratios of leathers are decreased and such mechanical properties of leathers as elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break are increased. The improvement in mechanical behaviors by hydrothermal shrinkage is at the cost of loss of utility and economic value of leathers. The results indicate that shrunken leathers may have a host of new applications because of their excellent mechanical behavior.RESUMENEncogimiento térmico ocurre cuando los cueros son calentados hasta alcanzar alta temperatura, resultando un decremento en su valor y utilidad. En este trabajo, cambios en comportamientos mecánicos por encogimiento térmico se estudiaron sistemáticamente por primera vez, y el mecanismo de encogimiento térmico que influye en el comportamiento mecánico de los cueros fue investigado y analizado. Los resultados indican que, por contracción térmica, las fracciones de apertura en los cueros son reducidas y tales propiedades mecánicas del cuero como el módulo de elasticidad, la resistencia a la tensión, y la elongación a la rotura son incrementadas. Los incrementos en los comportamientos de las propiedades mecánicas son al costo de pérdidas en capacidad de utilización y valor económico de los cueros. Los resultados indican que cueros contraídos [térmicamente] podrían tener numerosas y novedosas aplicaciones por su excelente comportamiento mecánico
The Making of the Shatuo: Military Leadership and Border Unrest in North China’s Daibei (808–880)
No full textIn the early ninth century, a composite military group mostly of Turkic extraction collectively known as the Shatuo moved from the northwestern borderlands to the central provinces of the empire. Shatuo soldiers were recruited in the mobile army under the command of a provincial military governor, and their families and civil settlements were registered as settlers in the borderlands. The Shatuo settled first in Yanzhou and then in Daibei in the mobile garrisons under the command of the Hedong provincial governor. The recruitment of the Shatuo as garrison soldiers was part of the reorganization of the frontier defense undertaken by Dezong (780–805) in Ling-Yan and the subsequent military reforms undertaken by Xianzong (806–820) in 819. For most of the ninth century, Shatuo retainers served under subordinate command, and the provincial governors were able to exert a certain control over them and exploit them as a mobile force. Once Zhuxie Chixin (d. 887) reached the highest provincial position of military governor, however, the power balance between the imperial court and the Shatuo changed to favor the latter. The court lost control over the northern garrisons after a military mutiny in Daibei that led to the slaughter of several officials. In the early 880s, Zhuxie Chixin (now Li Guochang) and his son Li Keyong (856–907) consolidated their power over Daibei, clearing the way for the Shatuo to become the dynastic founders of the tenth-century northern regimes.
This paper explores the stages of the Shatuo’s growth in the late Tang period from retainers to an enlarged military force. It shows how the Zhuxie-Li were able to take advantage of the relative mobility that characterized the Tang military ranks, quickly progressing through the ranks of the army and taking over civilian positions as well. The Shatuo also benefited greatly from the general shortage in manpower in the aftermath of the Uighur refugee crisis and the various mutinies that took place in the Hedong provincial armies during this period. Moreover, this paper shows how the term “Shatuo” was used both in reference to a specific military formation, the Daibei mobile encampment, and to the troops who were more closely affiliated to the Zhuxie-Li clan and rebelled against the Tang court. In both senses, different ethnic elements are to be found under the catch-all term “Shatuo.” This paper shows how ethnicity played little to no role in the internal dynamics of military affiliation. Belonging to the Shatuo was more of a military, political, and constitutional matter. Biological and cultural ties among the Shatuo may have been emphasized and created in later periods as a means of expressing political loyalty. This paper endeavors to explore some aspects of this constitutive process
Edible Films Based on Fish Gelatin and Soluble Soybean Polysaccharide Enriched with Tea Polyphenol for Active Food Packaging
No full textThe increasing demand for environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastic packaging has driven interest in the development of biodegradable edible films with functional properties. In this work, edible blend films were developed based on fish gelatin (FG), soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS), and tea polyphenol (TP) for active food packaging applications. The FG/SSPS/TP films were prepared by solvent casting and characterized in terms of their structural, mechanical, optical, thermal, and barrier properties. FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses revealed TP-induced morphological and structure changes in the biopolymer matrix. The incorporation of TP significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity and UV-shielding properties of the films, while also modifying their flexibility and surface hydrophilicity. The packaging performance of FG/SSPS/TP films was evaluated using beef tallow as a model food product. Compared to neat FG/SSPS and polyethylene films, the FG/SSPS/TP films effectively suppressed lipid oxidation of the samples during storage. The results demonstrated that the prepared FG/SSPS/TP films possess strong potential for use as edible and active packaging materials for food products
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