81,751 research outputs found
Evidence for erbium-erbium energy migration in erbium(III) bis(perfluoro-p-tolyl)phosphinate
No full textCopyright 2008 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. This article appeared in Applied Physics Letters 92, 103303 (2008) and may be found at
Additions to the moss flora of Endau Rompin National Park, Johore State, peninsular Malaysia
No full textIn a recent survey of the Endau Rompin National Park (ERNP) in Johore State, 81 species and 4 varieties of mosses were documented. This increases the previous count from 62 species and 3 varieties of mosses in ERNP to 111 species and 5 varieties in total. Of these, 30 species are new records for Johore State. Rhaphidostichum bunodicarpum and Trichosteleum stigmosum are two species new to Peninsular Malaysia. Thuidium assimile is a new record for West Malesia. A new combination, Papillidiopsis aquaticum (Dix.) Boon-Chuan Ho & B.C. Tan is proposed. In terms of species composition, the pan-tropical families of Calymperaceae, Fissidentaceae, Leucobryaceae and Sematophyllaceae predominate the moss flora of ERNP
A 2 h periodic variation in the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1
No full textSpectroscopy of the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1 using the Gran Telescopio Canarias have revealed a ?2 h periodic variability that is present in the three strongest emission lines. We tentatively interpret this variability as due to orbital motion, making it the first indication of the orbital period of Ser X-1. Together with the fact that the emission lines are remarkably narrow, but still resolved, we show that a main-sequence K dwarf together with a canonical 1.4 M? neutron star gives a good description of the system. In this scenario, the most likely place for the emission lines to arise is the accretion disc, instead of a localized region in the binary (such as the irradiated surface or the stream-impact point), and their narrowness is due instead to the low inclination (?10°) of Ser X-1
Search for new hadronic decays of h c and observation of h c → p p ¯ η
No full textAbstract A search for the hadronic decays of the h c meson to the final states p p ¯ π + π − π 0, p p ¯ η , and p p ¯ π 0 via the process ψ(3686) → π 0 h c is performed using (4.48 ± 0.03) × 108 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector. The decay channel h c → p p ¯ η is observed for the first time with a significance greater than 5σ and a branching fraction of (6.41 ± 1.74 ± 0.53 ± 1.00) × 10 −4, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and that from the branching fraction of ψ(3686) → π 0 h c . Strong evidence for the decay h c → p p ¯ π + π − π 0 is found with a significance of 4.9σ and a branching fraction of (3.84 ± 0.83 ± 0.69 ± 0.58) × 10 −3. The significances include systematic uncertainties. No clear signal of the decay h c → p p ¯ π 0 is found, and an upper limit of 6.59 × 10 −4 on its branching fraction is set at the 90% confidence level
Gastromyzon aeroides Tan & Sulaiman, 2006, new species
No full textGastromyzon aeroides, new species Figs. 3-4 Gastromyzon ridens (non Roberts) - Choy & Chin, 1994: 762; Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 235 Gastromyzon monticola (non Vaillant) - Chin, 1990: SC-22 (part); Rahim et al., 2001: 126. Material examined: SABAH (Mengalong River basin): HOLOTYPE: MUS uncatalogued, 38.8 mm SL; Sipitang: Sungai Malamum, ca. 9 km into track, tributary to Mengalong River (04º59.120'N115º37.581'E [50 m asl]); H. H. Tan, K. K. P. Lim & R. Goh, 9 Dec 2000. PARATYPES: MUS uncatalogued, 3 ex., 32.6-34.7 mm SL; ZRC 47021, 4 ex., 32.1- 43.4 mm SL; same locality as holotype. SABAH (Padas River basin): ZRC 47022, 7 ex., 35.0-45.9 mm SL; Keningau: Sungai Agudon, mile 1 from Keningau to Crocker Range National Park headquarters, (05°21.206'N116°07.532'E [395 m asl]); H. H. Tan, K. K. P. Lim & R. Goh, 7 Dec 2000. NON-TYPE MATERIAL: SABAH (Petagas River basin): ZRC 47023, 3 ex., 37.7- 44.4 mm SL; Penampang: Penampang River, Sungai Moyog, Kampong Kibunut (05°53.301'N116°14.102'E [225 m asl]); H. H. Tan, K. K. P. Lim & R Goh, 10 Dec 2000. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (Temburong district: Temburong River basin): UBD-B-1a, 1 ex., 33.0 mm SL; ZRC 38760, 2 ex., 33.3-37.8 mm SL; Sungai Belalong at Kuala Belalong; K. K. P. Lim et al., 14-17 Jun 1995. ZRC 47024, 5 ex., 31.0-34.4 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, in front and near to the Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre (04°32'50.4"N115°09'27.6"E [80 m asl]); H. H. Tan & K. K. P. Lim, 4-7 Oct 2001. UBD- SC/92/7/F5a, 1 ex., 41.9 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, Kuala Belalong Field Study Centre; S. Choy, 27 Jul 1992. Diagnosis. Gastromyzon aeroides differs from its congeners in having the following unique combination of characters: angular gill slit; subopercular groove present and continuous to pectoral fin origin; body, including dorsum, brown; head dorsum with very fine cream reticulate pattern (similar to a cream head with brown spots and blotches); dorsal, caudal and anal fins blue in life; presence of sublacrymal groove; snout rounded when viewed dorsally; absence of secondary rostrum; absence of postoral pouch; scales absent on belly; 47-65 scales in lateral line (Sabah population: 56-65, Brunei population: 47-49); pelvic fin not overlapping level of anal fin origin, adpressed dorsal fin falling short of level of anal fin origin. Maximum size: 45.9 mm SL (ZRC 47022). Description. General body shape and appearance as in Figs. 3-4. Meristic and morphometric data appear in Table 1. Head rounded in dorsal view; relatively long (27.9- 32.5 % SL) and wide (23.5-30.7 % SL, 83.1-100.0 % HL), head relatively flattened (head depth 12.6-15.2 % SL, 42.3-52.7 % HL); snout relatively long (snout length 59.6-70.3 % HL). Tubercles over entire head and anterior half of body. Sublacrymal groove present, not visible from side. Angular gill slit. Subopercular groove present and continuous to pectoral fin origin. Postoral pouch absent. No scales on belly. Posterior part of pectoral fin overlapping pelvic fin origin. Pelvic fin not reaching level of anal fin origin. Pectoral and pelvic fins with serrae on anteriormost rays. Dorsal fin situated at about mid body (predorsal length 53.8-60.4 % SL). Adpressed dorsal fin falling short of level of anal-fin origin. Deepest part of body at dorsal-fin origin (body depth at dorsal-fin origin 17.7-21.4 % SL). Anus situated just behind posterior margin of pelvic fin base. Caudal peduncle relatively deep (9.5-11.2 % SL) and short (6.8-9.6 % SL). Body pigmentation and life coloration. See Fig. 3. Body uniform brown on dorsum and sides; a white spot on posterior edge of every body scale; ventrum cream. Head dorsum brown, with fine cream reticulate pattern (i.e. reticulations very dense, the head creamy with brown spots and blotches). Dorsal fin with 4 irregular black bars, the subdistal bar the most complete; interradial membranes and margin of fin blue; anterobasal black spot present. Caudal fin with 4-5 black bars, the interradial membranes and margin of fin blue (blue most intense in middle of fin). Anal fin with 2 faint black bars, the interradial membranes and margin of fin blue. Pectoral and pelvic fins brown with fine cream reticulate pattern and a brown margin. Pelvic axillary flap brown. Colour in alcohol. See Fig. 4. Body black on dorsum and sides; ventrum cream. Head dorsum black. Dorsal fin grey with 4 irregular black bars, the subdistal bar most complete, interradial membranes and margin hyaline; fin with antero-basal black spot. Caudal fin grey, with 4-5 black bars, the interradial membranes and margin hyaline. Anal fin grey, with 2 faint black bars, the edges hyaline. Pectoral and pelvic fins greyish-black, with marked hyaline margin. Pelvic axillary flap dark grey. Remarks. In addition to the characters mentioned in the diagnosis, G. aeroides can be differentiated from other congeners of the G. punctulatus group by the following characters: dorsal, caudal and anal fins blue in life (vs. yellow in G. punctulatus); head rounded in dorsal view (vs. head truncate in G. punctulatus); body plain (vs. spotted in G. punctulatus); caudal peduncle depth greater than in G. punctulatus (13.0-15.1 vs. 12.0- 13.9 % BL). The populations of G. aeroides in Brunei and Sabah exhibit some differences, the most prominent being the range of lateral scale counts. The Brunei population has 47-49 lateral line scales, whereas the Sabah population has 56-65 scales. However, based on present limited material available, the two populations cannot otherwise be readily discerned. Distribution. Gastromyzon aeroides is found in the Petagas, Padas and Mengalong river basins in western Sabah and in the Temburong River basin in Brunei Darussalam (Fig. 7). Etymology. From the Latin aeroides, meaning sky-blue. This is in allusion to the blue dorsal, anal and caudal fins in life. Used as a noun. Field notes. Syntopic species of Balitoridae include: G. lepidogaster (Padas River basin); G. borneensis, G. lepidogaster (Mengalong River basin); and G. cranbrooki, G. lepidogaster, G. punctulatus, G. venustus and Neogastromyzon sp. (Temburong River basin).Published as part of H. H. Tan & Z. H. Sulaiman, 2006, Three new species of Gastromyzon (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from the Temburong River basin, Brunei Darussalam, Borneo., pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 1117 on pages 9-1
Gastromyzon cranbrooki Tan & Sulaiman, 2006, new species
No full textGastromyzon cranbrooki, new species Figs. 1-2 Gastromyzon borneensis (non Günther) - Cranbrook & Edwards, 1994: 327; Choy & Chin, 1994: 761; Doi, 1997: 19 (list; in part). Gastromyzon fasciatus (non Inger & Chin) - Choy & Chin, 1994: 762; Kottelat & Lim, 1995: 235 (part). Material examined: BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (Temburong district, Temburong River basin): HOLOTYPE: UBD uncatalogued, 48.2 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, in front and near to Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre (04°32'50.4"N115°09'27.6"E [80 m asl]); H. H. Tan & K. K. P. Lim, 4-7 Oct 2001. PARATYPES: UBD uncatalogued, 26 ex., 20.0-45.0 mm SL; ZRC 47003, 26 ex., 19.9-53.5 mm SL; same locality as holotype. ZRC 38757, 12 ex., 19.7-61.4 mm SL; Temburong River basin: Sungai Belalong at Kuala Belalong; K. K. P. Lim et al., 14-17 Jun 1995. CMK 11553, 2 ex., 45.2-47.7 mm SL; Temburong River basin: Sungai Temburong, about 1 km downstream of Kuala Belalong; K. K. P. Lim et al., 16 Jun 1995. NON-TYPE MATERIAL: Brunei Darussalam (Temburong district: Temburong River basin): UBD-SC/92/7/F6, 4 ex., 17.9-52.8 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, Kuala Belalong Field Study Centre; S. Choy, 27 Jul 1992. UBD-SC/91/8/3, 1 ex., 75.5 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, upper Sungai Babi, past HP171; S. Choy & S. Nyawa, 7 Aug 1991. UBD-SC/92/6/2, 3 ex., 38.7-52.0 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, near Kuala Belalong Field Study Centre; S. Choy, 28 Jun 1992. UBD uncatalogued, 4 ex., 45.7-58.1 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, opposite Kuala Belalong Field Study Centre intake pipe; S. Choy, 27 Jul 1992. UBD-SC/92/7/1, 3 ex., 40.5-42.6 mm SL; Sungai Belalong, near intake pipe; A. K. Zainal & Awg. Moss, 27 Jul 1992. UBD-SC/92/8/7, 6 ex., 39.9-59.2 mm SL; Sungai Belalong near Kuala Belalong Field Study Centre, near water intake pipe; S. Choy, Dec 1991. UBD-B-11, 11 ex., 14.6- 54.6 mm SL; Sungai Belalong at Kuala Belalong; K. K. P. Lim et al., 14-17 Jun 1995. ZRC 31803, 1 ex., 46.7 mm SL; Sungai Belalong near Kuala Belalong Field Study Centre; S. C. Choy, 24 Jul 1992. ZRC 47004, 3 ex., 35.0-54.1 mm SL; Belalong River basin; Sungai Enkabang, about 15 minutes upstream of Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre (04°32'13.5"N115°09'35.0"E [100 m asl]); H. H. Tan & K. K. P. Lim, 5 Oct 2001. ZRC 47005, 1 ex., 51.3 mm SL; Belalong River basin; Sungai Belalong at mouth of Sungai Enkabang (04°32'13.5"N115°09'35.0"E [100 m asl]); H. H. Tan et al., 6 Oct 2001. ZRC 47006, 5 ex., 39.4-52.2 mm SL; Belalong River basin; Sungai Belalong at mouth of Sungai Esu (04°32'17.9"N115°09'35.2"E); H. H. Tan et al., 6 Oct 2001. ZRC 47007, 1 ex., 48.7 mm SL; Sungai Temburong, just upstream of confluence of Sungai Temburong and Sungai Belalong; H. H. Tan et al., 5 Oct 2001. ZRC 47008, 2 ex., 33.5-57.5 mm SL; Belalong River basin; Sungai Engkiang, about 40 minutes upstream of Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre (about 3-4 km upstream) (04°29'08.7"N115°08'43.4"E [120 m asl]); H. H. Tan & K. K. P. Lim, 8 Oct 2001. Diagnosis. Gastromyzon cranbrooki differs from its congeners in having the following unique combination of characters: presence of distinct secondary rostrum; presence of complete postoral pouch; body brown, with 9-10 grey bars, head dorsum dark brown, with thin grey reticulate pattern; absence of subopercular groove; gill slit vertical; presence of sublacrymal groove; snout truncate when viewed dorsally; abdomen without scales; 56-60 scales in lateral line; pelvic fin not overlapping anal fin origin, adpressed dorsal fin falling short of level of anal fin origin. Maximum size: 75.5 mm SL (UBD-SC/91/8/3). Description. General body shape and appearance as in Figs. 1-2. Meristic and morphometric data appear in Table 1. Head truncate when viewed in dorsal view, relatively short (26.2-29.6 % SL) and wide (26.2-30.4 % SL, 88.5-106.7 % HL), head relatively flattened (head depth 13.5-14.9 % SL, 47.4-52.4 % HL). Tubercles concentrated on anterior part of snout below secondary rostrum. Snout relatively long (65.7-70.3 % HL), with broadly rounded secondary rostrum; mature males with secondary rostrum longer than primary rostrum. Sublacrymal groove present, not visible from side. Gill slit vertical, its length less than eye diameter. Subopercular groove absent. Postoral pouch complete. No scales on belly. Pectoral and pelvic fins with serrae on anteriormost rays. Posterior part of pectoral fin just reaching anterior part of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin not reaching anal fin origin. Dorsal fin situated at about mid body (predorsal length 53.8-58.8 % SL), adpressed dorsal fin falling short of level of anal-fin origin. Deepest part of body at dorsal-fin origin (body depth at dorsal-fin origin 17.3-20.8 % SL). Anus between posterior base of fused pelvic fins and anal fin origin. Some specimens with tubercles on posterior part of lower half of body. Caudal peduncle relatively deep (8.6-9.6 % SL) and short (7.6- 10.4 % SL). Body pigmentation and life coloration- See Fig. 1. This species was first depicted by Cranbrook & Edwards (1994: 327). Body dark brown on dorsum and sides, body with 9- 10 grey bars on side of body that are continuous across dorsum and connect with bars on opposite side; a white spot on posterior edge of every body scale; ventrum cream. Head dorsum dark brown with thin grey reticulate pattern. Eye with golden iris. Dorsal fin grey on lowermost two-thirds of rays, the interradial membranes and margin of fin hyaline. A basal black spot present on anterior part of dorsal fin. Caudal-fin base black, the fin with 4-5 black bars, fin with hyaline edge and with golden sheen in the middle section of fin. Anal-fin rays black on lowermost two-thirds; margin of fin broadly hyaline, with golden sheen. Pectoral-fin rays dark brown with 2-3 faint grey bands and hyaline margin. Pelvic axillary flap brown with yellowish margin. Pelvic-fin dark brown with 2 faint grey bands, thin hyaline margin on anterior part of fin; a thicker hyaline margin on posterior part of fin. Colour in alcohol. See Fig. 2. Body black on dorsum and sides, with 9-10 grey bars extending from one side to the other side across dorsum; ventrum cream. Head dorsum black with faint thin grey reticulate pattern. Dorsal-fin rays grey on lowermost two-thirds, the interradial membranes and margin of fin hyaline. A basal black spot present on anterior part of dorsal fin. Caudal fin base black, the fin rays grey with 4-5 black bars across fin, and with interradial membranes and posterior margin hyaline. Anal-fin rays grey, with 2 black bars, and with a wide hyaline area on posterior margin of fin. Pectoral fin black, with 2-3 faint grey bands, and with a very thin hyaline posterior margin. Pelvic axillary flap black, with a thin grey margin. Pelvic fin black, with 2 faint grey bands, a very thin hyaline margin anteriorly, and a thick hyaline margin posteriorly. Juveniles with up to 11 cream bars on body, head with faint cream reticulate pattern, caudal fin with 2 black bars. Distribution. Gastromyzon cranbrooki is currently known only from the Temburong River basin, Brunei Darussalam (Fig. 7). Remarks. Gastromyzon cranbrooki may be readily confused with G. borneensis, which also possesses a barred body and a secondary rostrum. In addition to characters included in the Diagnosis, G. cranbrooki can be further differentiated from the other congeners of the G. borneensis group by the following characters: presence of a secondary rostrum (vs. absence in G. monticola and G. ornaticauda); head truncate in dorsal view (vs. rounded in G. monticola); pelvic fin not overlapping anal fin origin (vs. overlapping in G. ornaticauda); pectoral fin length less than in G. ornaticauda (37.4-41.5, vs. 41.4-43.7 % SL); greater head width than in G. ornaticauda (26.2-30.4, vs. 21.7-25.9 % SL); greater orbit diameter than in G. monticola (3.7-4.5, vs. 2.9-3.5 % SL). Etymology. Named for the Earl of Cranbrook, in recognition of his contributions to the study of biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Field notes. Gastromyzon cranbrooki is the most common Gastromyzon species in the riffle zones of Sungai Belalong. Most specimens were obtained from a rocky area about 15 metres wide, just 20 metres upstream of the Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre (Fig. 8), in shallow flowing water less than 50 cm deep, and with the pH 6.6. The substrate consists of a mix of small rocks and gravel of quartz, basalt and shale origin. Syntopic species include three other Gastromyzon (G. aeroides, G. punctulatus, G. venustus) and two additional balitorid species (Parhomaloptera microstoma and Neogastromyzon sp.). Other syntopic species include Barbonymus collingwoodii, Hampala bimaculata, Lobocheilos cf. bo, Nematabramis steindachneri, Paracrossocheilus acerus, Rasbora agyrotaenia, Tor tambra (Cyprinidae), Glyptothorax major (Sisoridae), Eugnathogobius sp., Parawaous sp. (Gobiidae), and Macrognathus maculatus (Mastacembelidae).Published as part of H. H. Tan & Z. H. Sulaiman, 2006, Three new species of Gastromyzon (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from the Temburong River basin, Brunei Darussalam, Borneo., pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 1117 on pages 3-
sj-pdf-1-tan-10.1177_17562864221101083 – Supplemental material for Leaving the day behind: endovascular therapy beyond 24 h in acute stroke of the anterior and posterior circulation
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-1-tan-10.1177_17562864221101083 for Leaving the day behind: endovascular therapy beyond 24 h in acute stroke of the anterior and posterior circulation by Jan C. Purrucker, Peter A. Ringleb, Fatih Seker, Arne Potreck, Simon Nagel, Silvia Schönenberger, Anne Berberich, Ulf Neuberger, Markus Möhlenbruch and Charlotte Weyland in Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders</p
Gastromyzon scitulus Tan & Leh, 2006, new species
No full textGastromyzon scitulus, new species Figs. 1-2 Material examined: BORNEO: SARAWAK (Sadong River basin). HOLOTYPE: SM uncatalogued, 25.1 mm SL; Serian, Sungai Kuhas, 6.9 km from Tebelu Tebakang turnoff, 5.8 km inside right side road (01º0910.0”N110º2922.7”E); H. H. Tan et al., 5 Sept. 1995. PARATYPES: ZRC 47035, 5 ex., 18.0-23.5 mm SL; CMK 11959, 3 ex., 18.7-23.6 mm SL; same collection data as holotype. The following paratypic lots are also from the type locality, but with different collectors and dates of collection, as indicated. ZRC 47036, 3 ex., 23.3-26.1 mm SL; H. H Tan et al., 14 Jan. 1996. ZRC 47037, 6 ex., 18.4- 26.7 mm SL; H. H. Tan et al., 19 Feb. 1997. SM uncatalogued, 9 ex., 16.7-25.0 mm SL; ZRC 47038, 9 ex., 15.2-29.7 mm SL; Honours 98/99 Fish Group, 23 June 1998. NON-TYPE MATERIAL: ZRC 47046, 4 ex., 23.2-25.0 mm SL; Sarawak: Tebedu, Sungai Ahi, on road towards Mongkos (00º55.44'N110º32.34'E); H. H. Tan et al., 12 June 1999. The following non-type lots are from the type locality, but with different collectors and dates of collection, as indicated. ZRC 41214, 20 ex., 17.0-30.9 mm SL; H. H Tan et al., 19 Feb. 1997. ZRC 43620, 2 ex., 18.1-27.8 mm SL; H. H Tan & W. K. Goh, 6 Feb. 1999. ZRC 47039, 5 ex., 16.6-25.0 mm SL; H. H. Tan et al., 29 Oct. 1997. ZRC 47040, 21 ex., 12.0-23.6 mm SL (site 1, sample 2); ZRC 47041, 4 ex., 12.3-26.8 mm SL (site 1, sample 3); Honours 98/99 Fish Group, 24 June 1998. ZRC 47042, 6 ex., 17.4-28.2 mm SL (site 2, sample 2); ZRC 47043, 14 ex., 15.6-20.5 mm SL (site 2, sample 3); Honours 98/99 Fish Group, 25 June 1998. ZRC 47044, 13 ex., 11.5-21.3 mm SL (site 3, sample 2); Honours 98/99 Fish Group, 26 June 1998. ZRC 47045, 57 ex., 17.2-31.3 mm SL; H. H. Tan et al., 10 June 1999. ZRC 47190, 23 ex., 16.6-30.6 mm SL; native collectors, 22 June 2002. Diagnosis. Gastromyzon scitulus differs from its congeners in having the following unique combination of characters: gill slit angular; subopercular groove present and continuous to pectoral fin origin; body black with numerous evenly spaced small light brown spots, head dorsum black with numerous cream spots, pectoral and pelvic fins with cream spots; caudal fin with iridescent blue streaks in life; sublacrymal groove present; snout strongly sloping from eye to snout, snout rounded when viewed dorsally; absence of a secondary rostrum; absence of a postoral pouch; abdomen without scales; 57-58 scales in lateral line; pelvic fin just reaching anal fin origin, adpressed dorsal fin just reaching level of anal fin origin. Maximum size: 31.3 mm SL (ZRC 47045). Description. General body shape and appearance as in Figs. 1-2. Meristic and morphometric data appear in Table 1. Head rounded in dorsal profile; short (27.6-28.8 % SL) and relatively wide (20.1-21.8 % SL, 69.7-77.3 % HL), head relatively flattened (head depth 13.9-14.9 % SL, 48.5-54.2 % HL), tubercles over entire head; snout relatively long (snout length 53.0-62.5 % HL); sublacrymal groove present, not visible from side; gill slit angular; subopercular groove present and continuous to pectoral fin origin; postoral pouch absent; belly scales absent; posterior part of pectoral fin overlapping anterior fourth of pelvic fin; pelvic fin just touching anal fin origin; serrae on anterior rays of pectoral and pelvic fins; dorsal fin situated about mid body (predorsal length 55.2-58.2 % SL), adpressed dorsal fin just touching level of anal-fin origin; deepest part of body at dorsal-fin origin (body depth at dorsal-fin origin 19.0-20.9 % SL); anus situated just beyond posterior margin of pelvic fin; caudal peduncle short (8.4-10.5 % SL) and relatively narrow (9.9-10.5 % SL). Pigmentation and life coloration.-See Fig. 1. Body dark brown, dorsum and sides with numerous evenly spaced small light brown spots; ventrum cream. Head dorsum dark brown, with numerous cream spots. Eye with golden iris. Dorsal fin base with 3 cream spots. Dorsal fin light brown, with 3 black bars, the subdistal bar most distinct; proximal part of dorsal fin yellowish, with hyaline fin margin and interradial membrane; anterobasal black spot present. Caudal fin base yellowish, fin rays brown, the central portion black and shaped in a figure 8; caudal streaked with iridescent blue on interradial membranes, the top distal half of rays with thick hyaline edge, middle with thin hyaline edge, and bottom half of rays with thin reddish edge. Anal fin brown with 2 black bars and a hyaline edge. Pectoral and pelvic fins dark brown with 2-3 rows of light brown spots and a light brown edge. Pelvic axillary flap brown with 4-5 cream spots. Color in alcohol.-See Fig. 2. Body dark brown or black, the dorsum and sides with numerous faint, evenly spaced small cream spots; ventrum cream. Head dorsum dark brown or black, with numerous cream spots. Dorsal fin base with 3 cream spots. Dorsal fin light brown, with 3 black bars, the subdistal bar most distinct; fin with hyaline interradial membrane and margin; antero-basal black spot present. Caudal fin base grey, fin rays cream, central portion black with figure 8 shape, thick hyaline edge. Anal fin cream, with 2 black bars and hyaline edge. Pectoral and pelvic fins dark brown with 2-3 rows of light brown spots and brown edge. Pelvic axillary flap brown, with faint spots. Remarks.- Gastromyzon scitulus can be further differentiated from G. ctenocephalus by the following characters: dorsal fin without iridescent blue spots (vs. spots present); dorsal fin base with 3 cream spots (vs. 4-5 spots); pelvic axillary flap with 4-5 spots (vs. 7 or more spots); fewer pectoral-fin rays (25-26, mode 25, vs. 27-29, mode 28); fewer pelvic-fin rays (17, vs. 18-19, mode 19); fewer lateral-line scales (57-58, mode 58, vs. 59- 62, mode 60); fewer predorsal scales (24-27, mode 25, vs. 30-33, mode 30); fewer caudalpeduncle scales (5.1.5, vs. 6-7.1.6-7); narrower head width (20.1-21.8, vs. 21.5-27.0 % SL); greater interorbital width (12.3-13.4, vs. 10.7-12.5 % SL). Distribution.- Gastromyzon scitulus is currently only known from the Sadong River basin, in southern Sarawak (Fig. 7). Etymology -The species name is from the Latin scitulus, meaning beautiful, elegant. This is in allusion to the pretty body pattern and coloration in life. Used as an adjective. Field notes.-The type locality, Sungai Kuhas (Fig. 8), is an unshaded hill stream running next to a Bidayuh village (Kampung Lanchang). This village is surrounded by pepper and cocoa plantations, with scrub and secondary vegetation and with some remnant hill forest. The Gastromyzon species are most common above, below, and within the riffle zone, about 1-3 metres wide in shallow running water (pH 7.0) amongst the submerged rocks. Syntopic balitorid species present were Gastromyzon crenastus, G. farragus, Glaniopsis sp., Homaloptera weberi and Nemacheilus saravacensis. Other syntopic species include: Barbonymus collingwoodi, Esomus metallicus [introduced], Hampala macrolepidota, Paracrossocheilus vittata, Puntius banksi, P. kuchingensis, P. orphoides, P. sealei, Rasbora caudimaculata, R. sarawakensis (Cyprinidae), Silurichthys marmoratus (Siluridae), Glyptothorax major (Sisoridae), Clarias leiacanthus (Clariidae), Dermogenys collettei, Hemirhamphodon keukenthali (Hemiramphidae), Betta taeniata (Osphronemidae), Channa gachua, C. lucius (Channidae), and Macrognathus maculatus (Mastacembelidae). Short-term ecological observations were made during a week-long fourth year Honours field course conducted in June 1998. From preliminary surveys conducted earlier, G. farragus was the most common species (65% of total Gastromyzon specimens) and G. crenastus the least common (10% of specimens); which was substantiated by this survey (based on 298 specimens). All three species preferred larger rocks and areas with fast water current. None was obtained from the small rock area with slow water current. However, none was obtained from areas with large rocks and slow water current. Perhaps the larger rocks provide more conducive spots for the fish to reside. Where the water current is strong, smaller sized substratum is usually lacking due to the currents washing these away. There appears to be no difference in gut length between the three species (gut length 248-353 % SL for G. crenastus [n=9], 228-350 % SL for G. farragus [n=12], 234-342 % SL for G. scitulus [n=9]). However, the gut length is consistent with their herbivorous habits, ranging from 248-353 % of standard length (Clayton, 1993). The guts were dissected and the contents of the stomach and foregut examined with a stereoscope. Much of the gut contents was mush and probably consisted of algal and detrital matter. When parts of the gut content were fixed in 75 % alcohol, a greenish colour was leached out, suggesting the presence of chlorophyll, which indicates algal or plant origins.Published as part of H. H. Tan & C. U. M. Leh, 2006, Three new species of Gastromyzon (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from southern Sarawak., pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 1126 on pages 3-
C−H Oxygenation Reactions Enabled by Dual Catalysis with Electrogenerated Hypervalent Iodine Species and Ruthenium Complexes
No full textThe catalytic generation of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents by anodic electrooxidation was orchestrated towards an unprecedented electrocatalytic C−H oxygenation of weakly coordinating aromatic amides and ketones. Thus, catalytic quantities of iodoarenes in concert with catalytic amounts of ruthenium(II) complexes set the stage for versatile C−H activations with ample scope and high functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment and computation substantiate the role of the iodoarene as the electrochemically relevant species towards C−H oxygenations with electricity as a sustainable oxidant and molecular hydrogen as the sole by-product. para-Selective C−H oxygenations likewise proved viable in the absence of directing groups.</p
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