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>> Carlene Tinker: Good morning, Ms. Tagawa. My name is Carlene Tanigoshi Tinker, and I'm a volunteer from Fresno State's uh, Henry Madden Library. Specifically, the Special Collections Research Center. We're conducting oral histories of people who were in relocation camps during World War II [audio issues], and I know that you were in one as well. And um, first of all I want to say thank you for inviting me into your home today, which is located at 216 North Green Street in Hanford, California. Um, as you know, Dr. Howard Ono, whom you met recently is also a volunteer, and he's interested in people just like you, as I am, because both of us were in a relocation camp. It wasn't the same one as yours, but we were in the Granada Relocation Center in southeastern Colorado. And maybe you don't know it by that name. It was renamed Amache, because the nearby town—nearby town of Granada, and they pronounced it Grenada, was getting inundated flooded with over 7,000 letters a day. And so consequently they put pressure on the relocation center and said “we got to do something, so you need to rename it so we don't get your mail and we don't get yours.” Okay. So they -- some people decided that they would rename it after a prominent citizen of that area, and the prominent citizen they were thinking of was John Prowers. He was a cattle baron living in the area in the early 1900s, and they said, well "Okay, maybe we'll name the camp after his wife." And she died, I think, in 1905, but she was a Cheyenne Indian, and her name was Amache, that was her first name. So that's how she got or how the camp got named that and another interesting thing about Amache is that her father was a very prominent chief among the Cheyenne Indians, and he was killed in around, I think it was 1864 in the Sand Creek massacre, which happened about 50 miles west of Amache. And so she was lucky to have survived that massacre. So anyway, that's a little bit of history.
>> Naomi Tagawa: What an interesting history.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. Isn't it?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Oh, yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. So people say, well how in the world did it get named Amache? Well that's how it got its name. Yeah. So, anyway, Dr. Howard Ono and I were little kids in Amache, and because of our interest in camps, our personal histories we wanted to reach out to people like yourself and compare your experiences with ours. So that's why we're participating in this project.
>> Naomi Tagawa: Thank you. Thank you so very much.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. So before we begin, will you give me your full name?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Naomi Tagawa is my full name.
>> Carlene Tinker: Do you have a middle name?
>> Naomi Tagawa: No, I do not.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay. Well that's interesting.
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: What is your birth date?2
>> Naomi Tagawa: February 20, 1920.
>> Carlene Tinker: So how old are you now?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Ninety-seven.
>> Carlene Tinker: Oh, that's wonderful, that's wonderful. And where were you born?
>> Naomi Tagawa: I was born in Hanford, California.
>> Carlene Tinker: Oh, so your parents were living here at the time?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay. And have you lived at this residence the longest?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Probably, okay.
>>Naomi Tagawa:Yes
>> Carlene Tinker: Because I think your dad built the house or had it built?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes, because they worked for the Vendome Hotel in Hanford in the 1900s.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay.
>> Naomi Tagawa: And they made enough money to buy the five lots for one gold coin, which is 600.>>CarleneTinker:Isn′tthatamazing?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Inthe1900s,early1900s?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Oh.>>NaomiTagawa:Andsothentheybuiltthis,Ihadatwostorybuildingforaboardinghouse.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andmomcookedforfiveyears,andshegottired,sothentheywentintothelaundrybusiness.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,that′showitbecamethelaundrybusiness,becauseyourmomgottired?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.[brieflaughter]>>CarleneTinker:Idon′tblameher.[laughs]>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.3>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Let′ssee.Now,haveyoulivedanywhereelsebesidesHanford?>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,inSanFranciscowhenIwenttoschoolupthere.>>CarleneTinker:Butthatwasonlyforshorttime?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.Justaboutayearoryearandahalf.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Nowjustanaside,IwanttopointouttoourreadersthatNaomihasdoneaninterview,averydetailedinterviewwhichisonlineinourcollectionaswellfrom1980.Doyouremembergivingthat?>>NaomiTagawa:Ithinkso.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah.>>NaomiTagawa:IgottospeakattheCollegeofSequoiaforsixyears,becausetheprofessorthereknewaboutalltheJapaneseandwhathappened.AndsoIspoketoherclassforsixdifferentyears,andthentothePioneerSchool,theeighthgradehistoryclassIspoketothemtoo.>>CarleneTinker:Okay,sothat′sprobablyhowthatinterviewcameaboutandhowit—I′mnotsurehowitgotinthecollection,butIfoundit.Soalotofthisinformationthatwe′regoingovertodayisprobablyinthatoneaswell.Sowe′llcalltoday′sinterviewPartTwo.>>NaomiTagawa:Okay.[brieflaughter]>>CarleneTinker:Allright.Okay.Beforewestartonyourownpersonalhistory,let′sgointoyourbackground,yourfamilybackground,yourgrandparents,yourparents.Wheredidyourgrandparentslive?Weretheyin—fromJapan?>>NaomiTagawa:They′refromJapan.>>CarleneTinker:Didtheyevercomehereorwasitjustyour−−>>NaomiTagawa:No,no.Ihavenevermetthem,mygrandparents.>>CarleneTinker:Oh.>>NaomiTagawa:Myfathercameoverin1900sfromJapanto—throughSeattle,Washington.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andthenheworkedontherailroads.>>CarleneTinker:Oh.>>NaomiTagawa:Andthen,butIwishIhadaskedhimmorequestions,becauseIdon′tknowhowhegottoHanford.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,that,yeah.Sothatwasgoingtobemynextquestion,yeah.>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.Andthentherewereallsinglefellowsatthattime,andtheydidn′tspeakanyEnglish,butmyfatherandtwootherfellowswereraisingchickens,andthen,butdad4thoughtsomethingwasjustnotright.SohewrotetohisbrotherinJapantoaskhimtofindawifeforhim…bride.>>CarleneTinker:Howoldwasheatthetimethathecame?>>NaomiTagawa:Hewas25,Ithink.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,hewasanolderguy?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.>>CarleneTinker:WasheafarmerinJapanordoyouknowwhathedidinJapan?>>NaomiTagawa:No,Idon′tknow.IwishIhad,buthetookaverygoodJoˉruri—Joˉrurisingingforthebunraku…play,youknowwheretheyhavethepuppet?>>CarleneTinker:Yes,yes,yes.>>NaomiTagawa:Sohetookthatandhesaid,“Iwasn′tthatgood,soIthought,no,I′lljustcomeover.SohecameovertoworkintheUnitedStates.”Andthensohewantedawife,andsohewrotetohisbrotherinJapanandaskedhim.Andshewasfromafarmfamily.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andshecameoverin1907.>>CarleneTinker:1907,okaythatwasaftertheSanFranciscoEarthquake?>>NaomiTagawa:Uh−huh.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah,okay.Didshecomefromthesameareathatyourfathercamefromordoyouknowthat?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes,Kumamoto.YouknowtheKyushu[SouthernmostislandofJapan].>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Yes,butInevermetmygrandparents,butthefirsttimeIevervisitedJapanwasin1980.>>CarleneTinker:Oh!>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.AndsoImet—ah,mysistersaid,"Oh,Ididn′tgetanythingforyourbirthday."Isaid,"That′sokay."Andshesaid,"HowaboutatriptoJapan?"Andso,Isaid,"Ooh,yeah!">>CarleneTinker:[laughs]I′lltakethat.>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.SoImetsomecousinsthere,andtheytookusaroundandhewasverygracious.Heownedabout11servicestations.>>CarleneTinker:Ohwow.5>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Sotheywerequitewell−offthen.>>NaomiTagawa:Welloff.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah.>>NaomiTagawa:Hedroveusaround,andhefoundoutaboutour—hisrelativesthathedidn′tknowthat…>>CarleneTinker:[laughs]Hedidn′tknowabout,huh?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah.Andlikewiseyoudidn′tknowmuchaboutthem?>>NaomiTagawa:That′sright.>>CarleneTinker:That′sright.Sothatwasin1980−−>>NaomiTagawa:−−‘80.firsttime.>>CarleneTinker:−−youtookthattrip.Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andthesecondtimewasin1990,becausemybrother−in−lawwasfromWakayama.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andhis—hewasgoingtotakeuswithhisdaughter,myniece.And—Buthepassedaway,butwewentanyway.[backgroundnoise]AndsototheWakayamaCity.Andhisrelativewasamayor−−>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:−−ofWakayamaCity.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andsotheywereverygracioustousandtheytookaround.>>CarleneTinker:Okay,Wakayama,isthataprovinceofkenorisitacity?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.It′sacity,Wakayama.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Ithinkmyown−−oneofmygrandfatherscamefromthere.>>NaomiTagawa:Isee.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah.IthinkgenerallythefirstpeoplewhocametotheUnitedStatesweresortoffromthesameareasthatwereaffectedbytaxesanddepression.>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,Isee.6>>CarleneTinker:Thatwasmyimpression.>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,I′m—I’mnotsureaboutthat.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah,yeah.Soyousaidyouwentwithyourbrother−in−law,wasthatHenry[Sugimoto]?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes,Henry,buthepassedawaysoin1990.>>CarleneTinker:Ooh.>>NaomiTagawa:SohisdaughterandIwent.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,hedidn′tphysically−−>>NaomiTagawa:No.>>CarleneTinker:−−hedidn′tgowithyou.>>NaomiTagawa:Hedidn′tgo,no.>>CarleneTinker:Hisdaughterwent,okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andthenhispaintingsofthecampshedidn′tknowwhattodowithit,andhiscousinsaid,"Bringthemoverhere."—“Sosendthemoverhere.”Soit′sinthelibrarythere.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,overthere?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes,inWakayama.>>CarleneTinker:Oh.>>NaomiTagawa:Andthere′sabigpaintingofNewYorkCityintheCity—CityHallthere.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,mygosh.Iwonderifthey′restillthere?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.Ithinkso.>>CarleneTinker:Wow.>>NaomiTagawa:Whenwevisited.Hiscousinsdroveusaroundeverywhere.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,mygosh,okay.Sogettingbacktoyourownfather−−>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:−−andyourmom.Sotheymarriedin−−>>NaomiTagawa:SanFrancisco.>>CarleneTinker:−−SanFrancisco,andthatwas1907?Isthatwhenyourmomcame?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Andtheygotmarriedrightat−−wasitlikeapicturebridetypeofthing?7>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.There′saweddingpictureofthemIhavesomewhere.[inaudible].>>CarleneTinker:I′lltakeapictureofthat.Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Butheactuallysentovertherewithapictureofhimself,isthattypical?>>NaomiTagawa:No,No,hejustwroteandsoshewasverytallforaJapaneseandhe′sshort.>>CarleneTinker:Oh[laughs]>>NaomiTagawa:Andhe−−hewasnotverycomplimentary,[laughs]buthewasverynice,youknow.Theygotalongverywell.>>CarleneTinker:Whatwasyourfather′sname?>>NaomiTagawa:Sakutaro.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andyourmom′sname?>>NaomiTagawa:Tazu.>>CarleneTinker:Tazu?>>NaomiTagawa:T−A−Z−U.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andwhatwashermaidenname?>>NaomiTagawa:IthinkitwasNishiyama.>>CarleneTinker:Nishiyama.Okay.Sotheymarriedaround1907.Howmanychildrendidtheyhave?>>NaomiTagawa:Three.>>CarleneTinker:Three.>>NaomiTagawa:Girls,andmysisterSusiewastheoldest,10yearsolderthanme.>>CarleneTinker:Oh.>>NaomiTagawa:AndKikuyawasthemiddle.Shewasbornfiveyearslater,andbutshediedwithdiphtheria.>>CarleneTinker:OhmyGod.>>NaomiTagawa:ShewasonlyaboutthreeyearsoldIthink.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah,youknow,duringthosetimesitwassohardtolosepeople.Theydidn′thavethemodernmedicinesthatwehave…>>NaomiTagawa:That′sright.>>CarleneTinker:…Antibioticsspecifically.8>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Soitsoundslikeyourparentshadchildrenone—onceeveryfiveyears?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Becauseyoucamein1920.>>NaomiTagawa:1920[laughs]yes.>>CarleneTinker:Nowisyouroldersisterstillalive?>>NaomiTagawa:No.>>CarleneTinker:Whendidshedie?ThatwasSusie?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,Iforgot.ShediedinNewYorkCitythere.Iforgotwhatyearitwas.Shehadbreastcancer.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,okay.Andprobablybefore2000?>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah.Ikindarememberyousayingthat.Okay.Afteryourparentsmarried,didthey,youknow,theygotmarriedinSanFrancisco.HowdidtheygettoHanford?DidtheystayinSanFranciscoordidtheycomedirectlytoHanford?>>NaomiTagawa:TheycametoHanford,andtheywereworkingattheVendomeHotel.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Andinthe1900stheywereworkingthere.>>CarleneTinker:Isthathotelstillhere?>>NaomiTagawa:No,itjustburnedrecently,maybethreeorfouryearsago.Andtheyrebuiltthatplace,andthey[Naomi’sparents]madeenoughmoneytohavethetwo−storybuildingbuiltasaboardinghouseonGreenStreet.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,okay.Oh,justrecentlytheydidthat?>>NaomiTagawa:Butthejobwasin1911.>>CarleneTinker:Oh,okay.Oh,ohIsee,Isee.OkayI′mgettingitmixedupwiththecurrent.>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.>>CarleneTinker:Incidentally,Ididn′tmentionthatwe′redoingthisinterviewonFriday,August18,2017.Yeah.Andwewanttocomparethatwithyourpreviousinterview.9>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah.Isee.>>CarleneTinker:Yeah.Okay,soyourparentswereworkingforthishotel,andthentheyweregivensomealot.Isthatright?Andthen−−>>NaomiTagawa:Theywerepaidandwhattheyhadtheybroughtthepropertyhere.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andthenthehousewasbuiltandthenthetwo−storybuildingnextdoor?>>NaomiTagawa:Thehouse,thishouseisbuiltafterwards.>>CarleneTinker:Oh.>>NaomiTagawa:BecauseIhadtogobackandforth,becausethekitchenandthediningroomwasinthatbuilding,inthetwo−storybuilding,andsomynieceandhis—herfathersaidwewillhelpyou.Wouldyoupleasehavekitchenputinthishouse.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Sothat′showitwasaddedon?>>NaomiTagawa:Addedon,yes.>>CarleneTinker:Whattime—whatyearwasthat?Doyouremember?>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,dear.Ithinkthere′sadateonthere,butI′mnotsureexactly.Butitwasafterwecamebackfromcamp—>>CarleneTinker:Oh,okay.Okay,Naomi.Wehadalittlebreakthere.JustIthinkweweretalkingaboutyourparentsbuildingthishouseaftertheywereworkingforthehotelpeople,andtheybuiltthishouseaswellasthetwo−storybuildingnextdoor,isthatcorrect?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Andthenlateronbecauseyoudidn′thaveakitcheninthehouse.Youhadtogonextdoortothetwo−storybuilding.Isthatright?>>NaomiTagawa:Actuallythiswasbuiltafterwards.>>CarleneTinker:Oh!Afterit,okay.>>NaomiTagawa:Ofthetwo−storybuilding.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andthetwo−storybuildingwasaboardinghouse,andyourmomcookedforeverybody.>>NaomiTagawa:Fiveyears.>>CarleneTinker:Andhowmanybordersdidyouhave?>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,therewereseveralofsinglefellowsthatusedtoworkfordifferentplaces,restaurantsand–[audioissues]>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andsowasitmostlymenorallmen?10>>NaomiTagawa:Yeah,men.>>CarleneTinker:Allmen.>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Okay.Sowhatyearswouldthatbe?Wasthat−−wereyoubornyet?>>NaomiTagawa:No.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andthat,soafteryouwereborn,thenmomgottiredofbeingacook?>>NaomiTagawa:Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Andthenshedecidednottoworkthereanymore,right?>>NaomiTagawa:Oh–−Andthenwentintothelaundrybusiness.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Nowdidsheworkinthelaundryaswell?>>NaomiTagawa:Oh,yes.Yes.>>CarleneTinker:Okay.Andwhatkindofservicesdidtheyprovide?>>NaomiTagawa:Itwashandlaundry,sodaddeliveredabasketfuloflaundryforafamilyfora1.50.
>> Carlene Tinker: Oh, my God.
>> Naomi Tagawa: And then he delivered with a horse and buggy, and then next it was a model T Ford.
>> Carlene Tinker: Oh, for heaven sakes.
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes. And we were doing laundry [audio issues] for different various people who lived in the big homes here.
>> Carlene Tinker: So it was mostly the people who were on the wealthy side who were able to --
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: -- to afford the laundry service?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Right.
>> Carlene Tinker: So your dad delivered these things by horse and buggy, and then later by --
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yeah. A car.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah.
>> Naomi Tagawa: And then there were three ladies usually were hired to do the hand ironing.
>> Carlene Tinker: Oh, okay.11
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: So it was a fairly large business.
>> Naomi Tagawa: There were Caucasian people who came to work.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay so your customers. What was his—What were his customers? Were they primarily Caucasian people?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes, mostly.
>> Carlene Tinker: Mostly, but also on the wealthy side?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes, wealthy side, yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Would you consider your father's business a success?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay. So he became a fairly successful businessman?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: And made a considerable amount of money?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay.
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes. And I know he helped a lot of the different Japanese families that had a large family during the depression years. He was very kind to help them financially.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. Now was your dad able to become a citizen and your mom became-- were they citizens?
>> Naomi Tagawa: No, they were not able to become a citizen until after that we were incarcerated.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay. Why is that? Why—why couldn't they become a citizen.
>> Naomi Tagawa: I really don't know, but I know that afterwards after we came back from camp, there were citizen—citizenship classes at nighttime, and I used to take them up to the high school where they were all given this, and then they were at the courthouse after 40 years they were given their citizenship.
>> Carlene Tinker: Isn't that something. Now were both of them able to speak English as well as Japanese?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes, yes they were.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay. Yeah. I imagine that was a very good asset, very helpful thing for your father, is that correct?12
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes. And then there were so many wonderful ladies from the First Presbyterian Church came and taught these single fellows English. They were so touched by their kindness that they were baptized as Christians.
>> Carlene Tinker: Your parents were -
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yeah.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay.
>> Naomi Tagawa: Especially the four men, my father and Mr. Haas. I remember them, but I don't know who the other two were.
>> Carlene Tinker: Is that right?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Until then were they Buddhists?
>> Naomi Tagawa: They were Buddhists. Yeah.
>> Carlene Tinker: So because of the kindness of these people who were Christians, they converted to Christianity?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay.
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yeah.
>> Carlene Tinker: Would you consider yourself a Christian?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes, I was raised, I was baptized by -- and we used to have a Japanese Presbyterian church here, and then ministers were from Japan and there were Presbyterian ministers. And—
>>Carlene Tinker: So?
>> Naomi Tagawa: --And so we had Sunday school and everything right on 7th Street here.
>> Carlene Tinker: Is that right?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. So would you say there were more Buddhists or more Christians at that time among the Japanese-Americans?
>> Naomi Tagawa: I really don't know. But there were quite a few Buddhist people, and the Buddhist church was right next door to our --
>> Carlene Tinker: Your Christian church?
>> Naomi Tagawa: -- the Japanese American, yes. The church.13
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. I think right now someone told me there are very few Buddhist left, is that correct?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Yes, very few.
>> Carlene Tinker: Are there very many Japanese-Americans living in—in Hanford?
>> Naomi Tagawa: Not very many.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah.
>> Naomi Tagawa: No.
>> Carlene Tinker: What accounts for that, do you think?
>> Naomi Tagawa: I think well a lot of the young people, they moved to cities for, you know, employment and all that. And there—and quite a few of them didn't come back to Hanford.
>> Carlene Tinker: Oh, and I guess too a lot of them have intermarried. Is that true?
>> Naomi Tagawa: I think so.
>> Carlene Tinker: Yeah. Yeah, I'm speaking for myself. [laughs]
>> Naomi Tagawa: Oh yeah. That’s—That's right.
>> Carlene Tinker: Okay. Now, how did your -- getting back to your dad being successful. I remember you saying something about financially they helped people in Japan. Is that true or am I remembering corr
Tagawa Kenzō. T. Alec Burkill, New Light on the Earliest Gospel, Seven Markan Studies, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1972. In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 53e année n°1,1973. pp. 87-88
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage
<i>Polystichum subobliquum</i> Tagawa (1935: 138). Figure 6. <p> Type:— Taiwan Island: Taito (Taitung): between Kiriyama et Tippon-zan, about 2000 m, 4 Oct. 1934, <i>M</i> <i>.</i> <i>Tagawa 1092</i> (KYO).</p> <p> <i>Polystichum subobliquum</i> is often treated as a synonym of <i>P. obliquum</i> (D. Don 1825: 3) T. Moore (1858: 87) (e.g., Knapp 2011, Zhang & Barrington 2013, Hsu <i>et al.</i> 2019). However, <i>P. subobliquum</i> (<i>Knapp 3625, 4178</i>, P!) has lower pinnae that are not reflexed and sori close to pinna margins, but <i>P. obliquum</i> has lower pinnae often reflexed and sori closer to the midrib. Therefore, here we reinstate this species. It is endemic to Taiwan. Our unpublished molecular data supports the separation of the two species.</p>Published as part of <i>Wan, Xia, Knapp, Ralf, Chen, De-Kui, He, Hai & Zhang, Li-Bing, 2023, Taxonomic notes on some East Asian pteridophytes, pp. 128-140 in Phytotaxa 597 (2)</i> on page 132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7929279">http://zenodo.org/record/7929279</a>
An 81-year-old man was incidentally found to have a posterior mediastinal lesion measuring 25 x 19 mm behind the trachea and lateral to the esophagus on com- puted tomography of the chest. Parathyroid scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI (technetium with the ligand methoxyisobutylisonitrile) showed persistent focal activity in the posterior mediastinum along the left lateral aspect of the esophagus. Bronchoscopic examination showed a protrusive mass beneath the membranous part of the trachea, which was remarkably elevated in the expira- tory phase. The endobronchial ultrasound convex probe showed a multicystic posterior mediastinal mass with min- imal vascularization by the Doppler mode imaging. The result of following endobronchial ultrasound– guided trans- bronchial needle aspiration of the lesion, was consistent with a parathyroid tumor. Endocrinologic studies revealed a primary hyperparathyroidism with an intact parathyroid hormone level of 66.1 pmol/L (normal range, 1.3–7.6 pmol/L)
Genus Epitrichius Tagawa, 1941 Epitrichius Tagawa, 1941: 18; Isida and Fujioka 1988: 58 (catalog); Fujioka 2001: 127 (catalog, comment). Type species: Trichius elegans Kano, 1931 by original designation. As it is currently defined, Epitrichius includes a morphologically diverse group of species. Epitrichius can be diagnosed by the lack of cretaceous markings over the body surface, the ventral side of the metatarsomeres has a conspicuous fringe of long setae in the males and the internal sac of the male genitalia has two distinct, hook-like armatures. The paired tufts of long setae on the pygidium (usually more developed in the females than the males) is also a feature of this genus. Some other characteristics show different degrees of variation among the species. The dorsal surface may be dully velutinous or glabrous with a shiny metallic luster. The anterior margin of the clypeus may be smooth to strongly emarginate medially. Both the head and the pronotum are moderately punctate to rugopunctate and setose. The general shape of the pronotum varies from elongate to rounded with outwardly acute basolateral angles. The elytral markings are always well defined with two or three transverse bands, or they are fragmented into spots, except in the males of E. shinshuingensis where markings are diffused marginally. The mesometasternal process is usually vestigial but is distinctly protruding in E. shinshuingensis. The interparamere extension plate varies in the degree of sclerotization from well-developed to semi-membranous. The species of Epitrichius are distinctly sexual dimorphism compared to some other genera within the tribe Trichiini. The shape of the protibia makes it possible to distinguish the sex in all species in the genus as a unidentate protibia indicates males and a bidentate protibia indicates females. The fringe of setae at the ventral side of the metatarsomeres is found only in males, and the females have distinctly shorter and sparser setae. In males the shape of the pygidium is convex apically and is slightly elongated, while it is truncated in females. Tubercles on the pygidium occur on only females of E. cupreipes, E. bowringii and E. elegans, all of which exhibit a pair of longitudinally ridged or papillose tubercles at the apical half of the pygidium. Remarks. Krikken (1972) divided his Trichius bifasciatus species group into three “subgroups:” T. elegans, T. bifasciatus and T. fraterculus. However, we reject the concept of delimiting groups and subgroups before a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis is conducted for the genus Epitrichius. The most important characteristics used to separate the species are the anterior margin of the clypeus, the basolateral angles of the pronotum, the pattern of the elytral markings, the development of the setae on the pygidium, the degree of sclerotization of the inter-paramere extension plate and the shape of the parameres and internal sac armature of the male genitalia.Published as part of Li, Chun-Lin, Yang, Ping-Shih & Wang, Kuo-Sheng Hsu Chuan-Chan, 2008, A review of the genus Epitrichius Tagawa, with an analysis of the internal sac armature of the male genitalia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), pp. 10-24 in Zootaxa 1895 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18442
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has established lifelong infection in more
than 90% of humanity. While infection is usually controlled by the immune system,
the human host fails to completely eliminate the pathogen. Several herpesviral pro-
teins are known to act as immunoevasins, preventing or reducing recognition of
EBV-infected cells. Only recently were microRNAs of EBV identified to reduce im-
mune recognition further. This Gem summarizes what we know about immuno-
modulatory microRNAs of herpesviruses
Spin-up from rest in a vertically-mounted cylinder of aspect ratio unity of an electrically conducting fluid is studied numerically and analytically. A uniformly-distributed vertically-directed magnetic field is imposed. The formulation is given for the fluid dynamic and the electro-magnetic equations. Numerical solutions are obtained to the time-dependent governing equations. The evolutions of the three-component velocity field and electric current density are portrayed. The solutions for an electrically-nonconducting fluid are in accord with the classical model descriptions. The interactions of the Lorentz force and fluid dynamic forces lead to the suppression of the meridional circulation. For large interaction parameter N, where the Hartmann layer dominates, such an MHD spin-up time scale is proportional to Ha(-1) E-1. This implies that the spin-up proceeds faster as Ha and E increase
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