1,721,037 research outputs found
Some characteristics of individuals with primary headaches
No full textGlavobolja je jedna od najčešćih neuroloških bolesti koja pogađa gotovo polovicu svjetske populacije u bilo kojem trenutku. Prema epidemiološkim istraživanjima, diljem svijeta od glavobolje svakodnevno pati 56% odrasle populacije, 11% od migrene, 42% od tenzijske glavobolje i 3% od kronične glavobolje. Iako većina istraživanja o psihološkim karakteristikama i životnom stilu kod osoba s glavoboljama ima epidemiološki karakter, sve se više shvaćaju klinički problemi i potreba za adekvatnim liječenjem psiholoških smetnji. U ovom istraživanju provedenom na 714 sudionika ispitale smo koji čimbenici, demografski, psihološki i životnog stila, razlikuju osobe bez glavobolja od onih s migrenom, tenzijskim tipom glavobolje i ostalim tipovima glavobolje. Kanonička diskriminacijska analiza ekstrahirala je jednu statistički značajnu diskriminacijsku funkciju koja uspijeva ostvariti i teorijski i praktički smisleno razlikovanje 4 apriorne grupe definirane prema kriterijima Međunarodnog društva za glavobolje (ICHD-3). Osobe s glavoboljama doživljavaju veće razine stresa, anksioznosti i depresije, manje konzumiraju alkohol, manje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću i izvještavaju o manjem zadovoljstvu životom u odnosu na osobe bez glavobolja. Također, osobe s migrenom doživljavaju veće razine stresa, depresije i anksioznosti, manje konzumiraju alkohol, manje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću i manje su zadovolje životom u odnosu na osobe s tenzijskim tipom glavobolje. Rezultati podržavaju dosadašnja shvaćanja o karakteristikama osoba s glavoboljama i upućuju da one mogu biti odraz tereta bolesti, a ne obilježje određene kategorije glavobolje, što daje dodatnu potporu za ispitivanjem adekvatne prevencije.Headache is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting nearly half of the world's population at any given time. According to epidemiological research, 56% of the adult population worldwide suffers from headaches daily, with 11% migraines, 42% tension-type headaches, and 3% chronic headaches. While most research on the psychological characteristics and lifestyle of individuals with headaches has an epidemiological focus, there is an increasing recognition of clinical issues and the need for adequate treatment of psychological disturbances. In this study conducted on 714 participants, we examined the demographic, psychological, and lifestyle factors that differentiate individuals without headaches from those with migraines, tension-type headaches, and other types of headaches. Canonical discriminant analysis extracted one statistically significant discriminant function that successfully achieves both theoretically and practically meaningful differentiation of the four a priori groups defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). Individuals with headaches experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, consume less alcohol, engage in less physical activity, and report lower life satisfaction compared to individuals without headaches. Additionally, individuals with migraines experience higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, consume less alcohol, engage in less physical activity, and have lower life satisfaction compared to individuals with tension-type headaches. The results support previous understandings of the characteristics of individuals with headaches and suggest that they may reflect the burden of the disease rather than a specific characteristic of a particular headache category, providing additional support for appropriate prevention
Sex differences and some predictors of using mate retention tactics in long-term relationships
No full textNaši preci suočavali su se s različitim adaptivnim problemima vezanim uz reproduktivni uspjeh, a jedan od njih je zadržavanje partnera. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati spolne razlike u učestalosti korištenja pojedinih taktika zadržavanja partnera te neke prediktore ukupnog napora uloženog u zadržavanje, kao i korištenja pojedinih kategorija taktika kod oba spola. Istraživanje je provedeno online, a sudionici su punoljetne osobe u dugoročnim heteroseksualnim vezama. Sudjelovalo je ukupno 190 muškaraca i 245 žena. Rezultati pokazuju da muškarci češće koriste taktike pokazivanja resursa, podložnost i samoponižavanje, manipulaciju obvezivanjem, seksualne poticaje, tjelesne signale posjedovanja i posesivno ukrašavanje nego žene. Žene u prosjeku češće koriste taktike opreza, monopoliziranja partnerova vremena i kažnjavanja partnerove prijetnje nevjerom u odnosu na muškarce. U hijerarhijskim regresijskim analizama koristili smo tri skupine prediktora: demografska obilježja, svojstva veze te prediktore vezane uz vrijednost pojedinca kao partnera. Rezultati za uzorak muškaraca pokazuju da veći ukupan napor ulažu mlađi muškarci i oni koji vlastitu vrijednost kao partnera procjenjuju višom, dok učestalost korištenja pojedinih taktika predviđaju dob, zajednička djeca, samoprocjena vrijednosti kao partnera i razlika u procjenama vlastite i partnerove vrijednosti. Rezultati žena pokazuju da dob, razlika u SES-u, obrazovanje, samoprocjena vrijednosti kao partnerice i razlika u procjenama vlastite i partnerove vrijednosti značajno predviđaju korištenje pojedinih kategorija taktika. S obzirom da se preferencije pri izboru partnera kod muškaraca i žena razlikuju, u budućim istraživanjima bilo bi korisno razviti mjerne instrumente za procjenu vrijednosti kao partnera i procjenu učestalosti korištenja taktika zadržavanja specifične za spol.Our ancestors faced various adaptive problems linked to reproductive success, one of which was mate retention. The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in the frequency of using different mate retention tactics, as well as some predictors of the total effort invested in mate retention and the use of tactics in different categories in both sexes. The research was conducted online, and the participants were adults in long-term heterosexual relationships. A total of 190 men and 245 women participated. The results show that men are more likely than women to use resource display, submission and debasement, commitment manipulation, sexual inducements, physical possesion signals and possessive ornamentation. Women are more likely to use vigilance, monopolization of time and punishing mate's infidelity threat. Three groups of predictors were used in hierarchical regression analyses: demographic characteristics, relationship characteristics and predictors related to mate value. The results show that younger men and those who estimate their own mate value to be higher make a greater total effort in mate retention, while the frequency of using certain tactics is predicted by age, shared children, self-reported mate value and mate value discrepancy. Women's results show that the use of tactics in certain categories is predicted by age, difference in socioeconomic status, education, self-reported mate value and mate value discrepancy. Given that men and women have different preferences when it comes to choosing a partner, developing sex-specific measures of mate value as well as sex-specific measures of using mate retention tactics would be useful in future research
The role of the mechanism of (ab)using the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions in the etiology of cardiovascular system disorders
No full textU svrhu provjere hipoteze o (zlo)uporabi parasimpatikusa za potiskivanje emocija i njezinoj potencijalnoj ulozi u etiologiji srčano-žilnih bolesti, na uzorku od 74 sudionice (38 normotoničnih i 36 hipertoničnih) izmjerene su kronične vrijednosti aktivnosti simpatikusa, parasimpatikusa i krvnog tlaka, sklonost potiskivanju emocija, intenzitet „negativnog“ afekta te uspoređena autonomna i kardiovaskularna reaktivnost na stres izazvan odbacivanjem (Cyberball) i na prikaz međuljudskog odnosa s obilježjima ljubavi i prihvaćanja. Normotonične sudionice su imale više kronične vrijednosti AŽS od hipertoničnih, ali se od njih nisu razlikovale s obzirom na intenzitet „negativnog“ afekta i na sklonost potiskivanju emocija. Na prikaz ljubavi i prihvaćanja i normotonične i hipertonične sudionice reagirale su kongruentnom autonomnom i kardiovaskularnom reakcijom: porastom krvnog tlaka i paralelnim porastom aktivnosti simpatikusa. Hipertonične sudionice su na odbacivanje reagirale inkongruentnom kardiovaskularnom reakcijom (porast sistoličkog krvnog tlaka i pad frekvencije srca), a što se tiče autonomnog živčanog sustava, moguće je da su reagirale koaktivacijom simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa. Kod normotoničnih sudionica vrijednosti krvnog tlaka i frekvencije srca su nakon odbacivanja ostale nepromijenjene, što bi moglo upućivati i na to da nisu doživjele „negativne“ emocije, ali i na to da su ih također potisnule. Nalazi vezani uz autonomnu reakciju normotoničnih sudionica na odbacivanje koji bi mogli upućivati na mogućnost koaktivacije simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa su manje jasni, ali je ni ne odbacuju u potpunosti.Background: The hypothesis about the (ab)use of the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions is an idea that, when a person experiences emotions which are perceived as inappropriate to show and/or experience in their social environment, the person will use their own autonomic nervous system in an analogously pathological way in order to „adapt“ to these pathological societal expectations. Very soon (too soon) after the sympathetic activation, which is a natural physiological component of the emotion, the person will coactivate the parasympathetic nervous system as well, in order to camouflage the visible consequences of sympathetic activation and to thereby meet societal expectations. This hypothesized process is likely to drain and unbalance the autonomic nervous system, and a weak and imbalanced autonomic nervous system is both a precursor and correlate of many physical disorders, including essential hypertension and cardiovascular disorders in general. Therefore, it is possible that the presumed mechanism of (ab)using the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions has a role in the etiology of essential hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Method: On a sample of 74 middle-aged female participants, 38 normotensive and 36 hypertensive, cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity to display of a human relationship characterized by love and acceptance and to stress caused by ostracism (Cyberball), chronic values of parasympathetic activity, sympathetic activity, chronic blood pressure, emotion suppression tendencies and negative affect were measured. The recruitment criteria for hypertensive participants were physician-diagnosed hypertension and use of 4 or fewer antihypertensive drugs. Values of autonomic activity (RFa and LFa) were determined by spectral analysis of interbeat intervals combined with the input on respiration frequency. In addition to RFa as a measure of parasympathetic activity and LFa as a measure of sympathetic activity, their ratio (LFa/RFa) was also used in the data analysis. Chronic blood pressure was measured using a 24-hour blood pressure Holter measurement, and in participants for whom this measurement was not available, using one measurement of blood pressure in a relaxed state. Emotion suppression tendencies were measured by BEAQ (Brief experiential avoidance questionnaire), ERQ-ES (subscale „expressive suppression“ of the Emotion regulation questionnaire) and DS14-SI (subscale „social inhibition“ of the DS14 questionnaire). Negative affect was measured by PANAS-NA (subscale „negative affect“ of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), DS14- NA („negative affect“ subscale of the DS14 questionnaire) and ASI (Anxiety Sensitivity Index). In addition, several measures of stress were applied, including PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) and a measure of life satisfaction. Finally, information was collected on various symptoms and disorders, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results: As expected, chronic RFa and LFa values of normotensive participants (LFa=4.1, RFa=4.2) were statistically significantly higher than chronic RFa and LFa values of hypertensive participants (LFa=2.2, RFa=2.2) (pLFa-C<0.001, pRFa-C=0.020). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the frequency of ANS disorders, anxiety, and/or depression, and, when hypertension was excluded, in the frequency of various physical symptoms and disorders. Hypertensive and normotensive participants also did not differ in the intensity of general negative affect (PANAS-NA and DS14-NA), anxiety sensitivity (ASI), stress (PSS), physical activity and frequency of tobacco and alcohol use. Regarding the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to love and acceptance, both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the LFa/RFa ratio in both groups statistically significantly increased, and in hypertensives, also the heart rate statistically significantly increased. Altogether, this indicates that the display of love and acceptance aroused intensive emotions, including sympathetic activation, and, as a consequence, increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Also, this pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses did not seem to imply that emotion suppression occurred. Regarding the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to love and acceptance, the diastolic blood pressure and the LFa/RFa ratio in both groups statistically significantly increased, and in hypertensives, also the heart rate statistically significantly increased. Altogether, this indicates that the display of love and acceptance aroused intensive emotions, including sympathetic activation, and, as a consequence, increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Also, this pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses did not seem to imply that emotion suppression occurred. Regarding the cardiovascular responses to ostracism/Cyberball in hypertensives, they were incongruent: systolic blood pressure increased (indication of sympathetic activation), diastolic blood pressure remained the same, and heart rate decreased (indication of parasympathetic activation). Regarding the autonomic responses to ostracism/Cyberball in hypertensives, LFa/RFa ratio decreased, which is indicative of a parasympathetic activation. Also, there was a moderately high correlation (rho=0,56, p<0,001) between (1) a measure of increase of LFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to LFa value before exposure to ostracism and (2) a measure of increase of RFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to RFa value before exposure to ostracism. On the whole, the described pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses to ostracism could be a result of sympathetic and parasympathetic coactivation, i.e. of abusing the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions. Cardiovascular responses to ostracism/Cyberball in normotensives appeared to be „neutral“: both blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart rate remained the same. With regard to autonomic responses, there was no correlation between (1) a measure of increase of LFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to LFa value before exposure to ostracism and (2) a measure of increase of RFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to RFa value before exposure to ostracism, which indicates that the ANS activity also remained the same. However, similarly to hypertensives, the LFa/RFa ratio decreased, which is indicative of parasympathetic activation. Overall, this could indicate that Cyberball did not elicit any intensive emotions in normotensives. On the other hand, Cyberball has been proven to be a very reliable stressor, (ostensible) lack of cardiovascular responses to stress could potentially be achieved by abusing the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions caused by stress, the intensity of emotion suppression tendencies in normotensives was substantial and equal to those present in hypertensives, and ANS of normotensive participants was stronger and therefore more able to efficiently camouflage stress responses than it was the case with hypertensives. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that it is possible that the parasympathetic nervous system is being (ab)used to counteract the consequences of sympathetic activation in the overall experience of emotion. Therefore, it is possible that this hypothesized mechanism contributes to exhaustion and imbalance of ANS and has a role in the etiology of essential hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders
Olfactory effects on long term semantic memory
No full textSposobnost mirisa da pobude autobiografska sjećanja kod osobe dobro je dokumentiran i poznat fenomen. Međutim, malo je istraživanja koja se bave odnosom njušnih podražaja i drugih vrsta pamćenja te mehanizme u podlozi tih odnosa treba bolje istražiti. Cilj ovog rada je bio pridonijeti razumijevanju odnosa između njušnih informacija i semantičkog pamćenja te provjeriti ovisi li taj odnos o rodu. Korišten je složen eksperimentalni nacrt s dvije nezavisne varijable: rod i prisutnost njušnih podražaja. Istraživanje smo proveli na uzorku učenika 2. i 3. razreda gimnazije (N = 60), koji su bili ravnomjerno podijeljeni u tri eksperimentalne grupe (prva grupa bila je bez prisutnosti njušnih podražaja; druga grupa imala je njušni podražaj prisutan i tijekom učenja i tijekom dosjećanja; treća grupa imala je njušni podražaj prisutan prilikom učenja, ali ne i prilikom dosjećanja), s jednakom rodnom zastupljenošću u svim grupama. Sudionici su učili kratak novinski članak nakon kojeg su rješavali distraktorske zadatke te su na kraju rješavali zadatak dosjećanja. U istraživanju su korištene dvije zavisne varijable: ukupni rezultat koji je uključivao i bodove dane za bliske sinonime (kvantiteta dosjećanja) i rezultat ostvaren zbrajanjem samo cjelovito reproduciranih cjelina (kvaliteta dosjećanja). Rezultati su pokazali neznačajan glavni efekt njušnih podražaja na dosjećanje i neznačajnu interakciju roda i njušnih podražaja. Utvrđen je značajan glavni efekt roda, no samo za zavisnu varijablu kvalitete dosjećanja.The ability of smells to awake autobiographical memories in people is a well known and documented phenomenon. However, research on the relationship between olfactory stimuli and other types of memory are few and the mechanisms involved need to be better explored. The aim of this study was to add to the understanding of the relationship between olfactory information and semantic memory and to examine that relationship in regard to gender. Factorial design with two independent variables was used: gender and presence of olfactory stimuli. The sample consisted of high school students in second and third class (N = 60) that were equally distributed in three experimental groups with regard to gender (in the first group there was no olfactory stimuli; in the second group olfactory stimuli were present during both learning and recall; the third group had olfactory stimuli present during learning, but not during recall). The participants learned a short newspaper article after which they were solving distractor tasks, and at the end a recall task. Two dependent variables were the total score, which also included points given for close synonyms (recall quantity), and perfectly reproduced units (recall quality).The results have shown an insignificant main effect of olfactory stimuli on recall and an insignificant interaction between gender and olfactory stimuli. Main effect of gender was significant for the dependent variable recall quality
The role of the mechanism of (ab)using the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions in the etiology of cardiovascular system disorders
No full textU svrhu provjere hipoteze o (zlo)uporabi parasimpatikusa za potiskivanje emocija i njezinoj potencijalnoj ulozi u etiologiji srčano-žilnih bolesti, na uzorku od 74 sudionice (38 normotoničnih i 36 hipertoničnih) izmjerene su kronične vrijednosti aktivnosti simpatikusa, parasimpatikusa i krvnog tlaka, sklonost potiskivanju emocija, intenzitet „negativnog“ afekta te uspoređena autonomna i kardiovaskularna reaktivnost na stres izazvan odbacivanjem (Cyberball) i na prikaz međuljudskog odnosa s obilježjima ljubavi i prihvaćanja. Normotonične sudionice su imale više kronične vrijednosti AŽS od hipertoničnih, ali se od njih nisu razlikovale s obzirom na intenzitet „negativnog“ afekta i na sklonost potiskivanju emocija. Na prikaz ljubavi i prihvaćanja i normotonične i hipertonične sudionice reagirale su kongruentnom autonomnom i kardiovaskularnom reakcijom: porastom krvnog tlaka i paralelnim porastom aktivnosti simpatikusa. Hipertonične sudionice su na odbacivanje reagirale inkongruentnom kardiovaskularnom reakcijom (porast sistoličkog krvnog tlaka i pad frekvencije srca), a što se tiče autonomnog živčanog sustava, moguće je da su reagirale koaktivacijom simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa. Kod normotoničnih sudionica vrijednosti krvnog tlaka i frekvencije srca su nakon odbacivanja ostale nepromijenjene, što bi moglo upućivati i na to da nisu doživjele „negativne“ emocije, ali i na to da su ih također potisnule. Nalazi vezani uz autonomnu reakciju normotoničnih sudionica na odbacivanje koji bi mogli upućivati na mogućnost koaktivacije simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa su manje jasni, ali je ni ne odbacuju u potpunosti.Background: The hypothesis about the (ab)use of the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions is an idea that, when a person experiences emotions which are perceived as inappropriate to show and/or experience in their social environment, the person will use their own autonomic nervous system in an analogously pathological way in order to „adapt“ to these pathological societal expectations. Very soon (too soon) after the sympathetic activation, which is a natural physiological component of the emotion, the person will coactivate the parasympathetic nervous system as well, in order to camouflage the visible consequences of sympathetic activation and to thereby meet societal expectations. This hypothesized process is likely to drain and unbalance the autonomic nervous system, and a weak and imbalanced autonomic nervous system is both a precursor and correlate of many physical disorders, including essential hypertension and cardiovascular disorders in general. Therefore, it is possible that the presumed mechanism of (ab)using the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions has a role in the etiology of essential hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Method: On a sample of 74 middle-aged female participants, 38 normotensive and 36 hypertensive, cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity to display of a human relationship characterized by love and acceptance and to stress caused by ostracism (Cyberball), chronic values of parasympathetic activity, sympathetic activity, chronic blood pressure, emotion suppression tendencies and negative affect were measured. The recruitment criteria for hypertensive participants were physician-diagnosed hypertension and use of 4 or fewer antihypertensive drugs. Values of autonomic activity (RFa and LFa) were determined by spectral analysis of interbeat intervals combined with the input on respiration frequency. In addition to RFa as a measure of parasympathetic activity and LFa as a measure of sympathetic activity, their ratio (LFa/RFa) was also used in the data analysis. Chronic blood pressure was measured using a 24-hour blood pressure Holter measurement, and in participants for whom this measurement was not available, using one measurement of blood pressure in a relaxed state. Emotion suppression tendencies were measured by BEAQ (Brief experiential avoidance questionnaire), ERQ-ES (subscale „expressive suppression“ of the Emotion regulation questionnaire) and DS14-SI (subscale „social inhibition“ of the DS14 questionnaire). Negative affect was measured by PANAS-NA (subscale „negative affect“ of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), DS14- NA („negative affect“ subscale of the DS14 questionnaire) and ASI (Anxiety Sensitivity Index). In addition, several measures of stress were applied, including PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) and a measure of life satisfaction. Finally, information was collected on various symptoms and disorders, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results: As expected, chronic RFa and LFa values of normotensive participants (LFa=4.1, RFa=4.2) were statistically significantly higher than chronic RFa and LFa values of hypertensive participants (LFa=2.2, RFa=2.2) (pLFa-C<0.001, pRFa-C=0.020). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the frequency of ANS disorders, anxiety, and/or depression, and, when hypertension was excluded, in the frequency of various physical symptoms and disorders. Hypertensive and normotensive participants also did not differ in the intensity of general negative affect (PANAS-NA and DS14-NA), anxiety sensitivity (ASI), stress (PSS), physical activity and frequency of tobacco and alcohol use. Regarding the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to love and acceptance, both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the LFa/RFa ratio in both groups statistically significantly increased, and in hypertensives, also the heart rate statistically significantly increased. Altogether, this indicates that the display of love and acceptance aroused intensive emotions, including sympathetic activation, and, as a consequence, increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Also, this pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses did not seem to imply that emotion suppression occurred. Regarding the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to love and acceptance, the diastolic blood pressure and the LFa/RFa ratio in both groups statistically significantly increased, and in hypertensives, also the heart rate statistically significantly increased. Altogether, this indicates that the display of love and acceptance aroused intensive emotions, including sympathetic activation, and, as a consequence, increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Also, this pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses did not seem to imply that emotion suppression occurred. Regarding the cardiovascular responses to ostracism/Cyberball in hypertensives, they were incongruent: systolic blood pressure increased (indication of sympathetic activation), diastolic blood pressure remained the same, and heart rate decreased (indication of parasympathetic activation). Regarding the autonomic responses to ostracism/Cyberball in hypertensives, LFa/RFa ratio decreased, which is indicative of a parasympathetic activation. Also, there was a moderately high correlation (rho=0,56, p<0,001) between (1) a measure of increase of LFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to LFa value before exposure to ostracism and (2) a measure of increase of RFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to RFa value before exposure to ostracism. On the whole, the described pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses to ostracism could be a result of sympathetic and parasympathetic coactivation, i.e. of abusing the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions. Cardiovascular responses to ostracism/Cyberball in normotensives appeared to be „neutral“: both blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart rate remained the same. With regard to autonomic responses, there was no correlation between (1) a measure of increase of LFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to LFa value before exposure to ostracism and (2) a measure of increase of RFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to RFa value before exposure to ostracism, which indicates that the ANS activity also remained the same. However, similarly to hypertensives, the LFa/RFa ratio decreased, which is indicative of parasympathetic activation. Overall, this could indicate that Cyberball did not elicit any intensive emotions in normotensives. On the other hand, Cyberball has been proven to be a very reliable stressor, (ostensible) lack of cardiovascular responses to stress could potentially be achieved by abusing the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions caused by stress, the intensity of emotion suppression tendencies in normotensives was substantial and equal to those present in hypertensives, and ANS of normotensive participants was stronger and therefore more able to efficiently camouflage stress responses than it was the case with hypertensives. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that it is possible that the parasympathetic nervous system is being (ab)used to counteract the consequences of sympathetic activation in the overall experience of emotion. Therefore, it is possible that this hypothesized mechanism contributes to exhaustion and imbalance of ANS and has a role in the etiology of essential hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders
Some predictors of overeating during the quaranteine caused by COVID – 19 disease
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je ispitati doprinos nekih demografskih, emocionalnih i ponašajnih varijabli u objašnjenju prejedanja u situaciji karantene nastale zbog COVID-a - 19. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 535 sudionika, od čega su 26 % muškarci, a 74 % žene. Istraživanje je provedeno online upitnikom, koji je dijeljen putem društvenih mreža. Kako bi se smanjila rodna pristranost korištena je i metoda snježne grude. Upitnik se sastojao od demografskih pitanja, Ljestvice odnosa prema hrani, Ljestvice percipiranog stresa, Ljestvice suočavanja sa stresom, Ljestvice percipirane socijalne podrške, Ljestvice usamljenosti te kriterijske Ljestvice prejedanja koja je konstruirana za potrebe ovoga rada. Od demografskih i situacijskih varijabli korištene su čestice koje ispituju dob, rod, razinu obrazovanja, percipiranu tjelesnu težinu, razinu dosade, broj ukućana te količinu tjelovježbe tijekom karantene. Provedbom hijerarhijske regresijske analize pokazalo se da se u situaciji karantene više prejedaju žene, oni koji manje vježbaju i osjećaju višu razinu dosade, koji su skloni emocionalnom prejedanju i više reagiraju na znakove hrane u okolini, a pri nošenju stresom manje se koriste strategijama usmjerenim na problem. Ukupna objašnjena varijanca iznosila je 30.1%, a najveći samostalni doprinos u predikciji pojave prejedanja dala je podljestvica Emocionalno prejedanje (β=.345; p<.001) iz Ljestvice odnosa prema hrani.The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of demographic, emotional and behavioral factors in explanation of overeating in situation of quarantine caused by COVID19. There were 535 participants, 26% males and 74% females. Study was conducted online, using the questionnaire that was spread through social media. In order to minimize the gender bias in favour of women, we also used snowball sampling. The questionnaire was consisted of demographic questions, Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Scale of Perceived Social Support, COPE Inventory for evaluating coping as disposition, UCLA Loneliness Scale and, as a criterion, Scale of overeating constructed for the purpose of this study. To examine the role of demographic and situational variables we used age, gender, level of education, perceived weight, level of boredom, number of people in the household and the amount of exercise during quarantine period. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that during quarantine individuals who have a tendency to overeat are women, those who were exercising less, were bored more frequently, have tendency to emotional overeating, react more to the signs of food in their surrounding and tend to use less problem-focused coping. Total explained variance was 30.1%, and the highest individual contribution in explaining overeating during quarantine was by the Emotional overeating subscale (β=.345; p<.001) from the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire
Validation of the cognitive reserve theory in patients with traumatic brain injury
No full textPredikcija ishoda traumatske ozljede mozga (TOM) bitan je zadatak za istraživače i rehabilitacijske stručnjake prvenstveno zbog važnosti davanja prognoze samim bolesnicima i njihovim obiteljima. Novija multivarijatna istraživanja pokazuju, osim utjecaja težine ozljede i veliki utjecaj kognitivnih varijabli na ishod, posebno nekih premorbidnih karakteristika ispitanika, a koje se mogu podvesti pod termin kognitivne pričuve (KP) (Ponsford, 2013). Prema teoriji KP (Stern, 2002), temeljna je postavka da je KP odgovorna za diskrepancu između nečijeg stupnja moždanog oštećenja i opaženog funkcionalnog i/ili kognitivnog deficita koji je očekivan kao rezultat takvog patološkoga procesa. Osnovni je cilj ovog istraživanja provjeriti postoji li i koliki je doprinos varijabli KP u poboljšanju predikcije dugoročnih funkcionalnih ishoda i participacije kao i provjeriti međuodnos prediktorskih varijabli. Prvi dio istraživanja je proveden na 104 pacijenta na bolničkoj rehabilitaciji nakon umjerene do teške TOM i to ispitivanjem povezanosti triju mjera KP s kognitivnim ishodima mjerenim neuropsihologijskim (NP) testovima i funkcionalnim ishodima na Mjeri funkcionalne neovisnosti (FIM). Kao mjere KP koristili smo nivo obrazovanja, složenost zanimanja te rezultat na testu rječnika PPVT-III-HR kao procjenu premorbidne inteligencije. U drugom dijelu istraživanja, sudjelovali su pacijenti (N=91) koji su odgovorili na pitanja iz Upitnika uključenosti u zajednicu CIQ, godinu dana nakon TOM. Rezultati kod kratkoročnih mjera ishoda pokazali su nisku, ali statistički značajnu korelaciju mjera KP s rezultatima NP testova i mjerom kognitivnog funkcionalnog ishoda, no nisu pokazali prediktivnu važnost povrh mjera težine ozljede. Kod dugoročnih participacijskih ishoda, sve tri mjere KP bile su statistički značajno povezane s rezultatima CIQ, pri čemu su obrazovanje i složenost zanimanja bile direktno povezane s kriterijem, dok je procjena premorbidne inteligencije mjerena PPVT-III-HR testom rječnika, bila povezana neizravno, preko mjere težine ozljede (PTA) i rezultata na NP testovima. U raspravi smo se osvrnuli na metodološke probleme participacijskih instrumenata kao ishoda u istraživanjima KP. Druga mjera participacije, bila je povratak u produktivni status. Sve tri mjere KP su bile statistički značajno povezane s tim participacijskim kriterijem, a tu su korelacije bile i više nego kod povezanosti mjera KP s rezultatima na CIQ-u. Naši su rezultati, posebno kod dugoročnih participacijskih ishoda, potvrdili važnost mjera KP u predikciji ishoda TOM te tako ukupno predstavljaju još jedan prilog teoriji KP.Introduction: Predicting the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an essential task for researchers and rehabilitation professionals alike, primarily due to the importance of giving prognosis to the patients and their families. The general issue with previous research is that initial measures of injury severity did not display a high correlation with measures of TBI outcomes. Multivariate studies show a significant effect of cognitive variables on TBI outcomes, specifically some pre-injury characteristics of participants, which can be subsumed under the term cognitive reserve (Ponsford, 2013). According to the cognitive reserve theory (Stern, 2002), cognitive reserve has been proposed to account for the discrepancy between one's degree of brain damage and the perceived cognitive and/or functional deficit that is expected as a result of such a pathological process. The main objective of this study is to verify whether cognitive reserve variables contribute to improved prediction of short-term functional outcomes as well as participation outcomes one year after the TBI, and to check the interrelationship between predictor variables. Problems and hypothesis: The specific questions to be answered are: 1. Is there a correlation between cognitive functioning five months after TBI, injury severity and cognitive reserve measures? H1: Considering previous research, we can assume that people with minor injuries and higher cognitive reserve will have better results on all measures of short-term cognitive outcome, i.e. on measures of current cognitive functioning five months after TBI. 2. To examine the possibility of predicting short-term functional recovery based on initial injury severity, initial functional recovery, cognitive reserve and measures of current cognitive functioning. H2: Based on the findings so far, it is expected that all predictors will significantly contribute to the explanation of criteria variance, but will not predict the share of individual predictors. 3. To examine the possibility of predicting long-term participation outcomes based on initial injury severity, cognitive reserve, measures of current cognitive functioning and measures of functional recovery at the end of rehabilitation, as well as possible mediation effects. H3: Based on the findings so far, it is expected that all predictors will significantly contribute to the explanation of criteria variance, but it is not possible to predict the share of individual predictors. H 3.1: Measures of current cognitive functioning and functional status will be directly related to measures of participation. H 3.2: Cognitive reserve and severity of the injury will be indirectly related to participation measures, through current cognitive functioning and functional status. 4. To examine the possibility of predicting productivity one year after TBI based on initial injury severity, measures of current cognitive functioning, functional recovery at the end of rehabilitation and cognitive reserve. H 4: Based on existing findings, it is expected that all predictors will significantly contribute to the explanation of productivity variance one year after TBI, but it is not possible to predict the share of individual predictors. Methods: Participants: A total of 104 patients whose primary diagnosis was TBI and who underwent inpatient rehabilitation from 2015 to 2017 were included in the first part of the study. In order to be included, the participants had to be: aged 18–65 at the time of assessment and diagnosed with TBI by a physician according to ICD-10. Excluded were patients older than 65, patients with previous TBI or neurological illness, and patients who did not emerge from posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) during inpatient rehabilitation. The participants, 87 men and 17 women, had an average age of 32.1 and received an average of 11.9 years of education. The average participant Glasgow coma score (GCS) was 7.4, and the average duration of PTA was 9.6 weeks. The second part of the study analyses the Community Integration Questionnaire (N=91) results one year after TBI. There were no statistically significant differences in the aforementioned demographic and injury-related variables between the group who answered the CIQ and those who did not. In the analysis of the fourth research question, the results of 83 previously productive participants were included in the analysis. Those participants were significantly younger than the whole group and also had lower GCS scores. Instruments: Various neuropsychological tests and scales were used in the study, to determine: A) severity of brain injury, B) cognitive reserve, C) current cognitive impairments and D) functional outcomes and participation. The severity of the injury was assessed using the Glasgow coma scale, the length of posttraumatic amnesia and Marshall's computerized tomography classification. Measures of cognitive reserve were: 1. Premorbid intelligence, estimated using Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test results, as a continuous variable; 2. Education, dichotomized according to a median of the years of education into the low cognitive reserve (8-11 years) and high cognitive reserve (12 and more years), and 3. Occupational attainment, also categorized, using participants’ preinjury occupation according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08), into the low cognitive reserve and high cognitive reserve. The outcome measures included: results of the neuropsychological tests and Functional independence measure which were assessed at the end of inpatient rehabilitation, as shortterm outcome measures, and the Community Integration Questionnaire and return to productive status, which were assessed one year after TBI, as long-term participation outcomes. Results and discussion: In the first part of the research, the results demonstrate a statistically significant low to moderate correlation of all three cognitive reserve measures with the raw results of NP tests, which correspond to conclusions found in literature. After correcting the results of the NP tests for the effects of education and age, using standardized results from the manuals, the correlations remained statistically significant mainly for the tests that assessed the perceptual speed and executive function, with the highest correlations measured by the TMT-B test. The use of standardized results as a correction due to ascertainment bias was discussed. The analysis of the relationship of cognitive reserve measures with short-term functional outcomes shows a statistically significant low correlation of all three cognitive reserve measures with the cognitive functional outcome. On the other hand, the motor functional outcome did not show significant correlation with any of the cognitive reserve measures, which corresponds to the results of previous researches. In the prediction of shortterm functional outcomes, we did not find a statistically significant unique contribution of the cognitive reserve measures in the prediction of either cognitive or motor functional outcomes. As opposed to that both functional outcomes were moderately to highly associated with injury severity measures, as well as with NP tests results. The relationship between cognitive reserve and participation outcomes measured by the Community Integration Questionnaire one year after TBI shows that the correlation between the two cognitive reserve indicators (education and occupation) is moderately high. The vocabulary test, as a measure of premorbid IQ shows low, but statistically significant correlation. Three hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to predict community integration. Education and occupational attainment had a significant unique effect in the full model, but estimated premorbid IQ did not. Mediation analysis shows statistically significant direct effects of education and occupation on one-year community integration. The estimated premorbid intelligence shows an indirect effect, mediated by the length of PTA and results of NP test assessed at the end of the rehabilitation. Results of the NP tests and Functional independence measure also show a statistically significant direct effect on community integration. The relationship between cognitive reserve and return to productivity, as the second participation outcome, is statistically significant for all the three of the applied cognitive reserve measures. These correlations were also higher than correlations with the Community Integration Questionnaire results. Cognitive reserve significantly contributes to the prediction of the likelihood of return to productivity, above and beyond the factors related to the severity of TBI, cognitive impairment and limitations in activities of daily living. Conclusion All three of the cognitive reserve measures show significant correlation with shortterm cognitive outcomes measured by the NP tests results, which corresponds in direction and magnitude to the findings from the previous literature. However, due to methodological limitations, these findings cannot be unambiguously interpreted as a contribution to cognitive reserve theory, because of the possible ascertainment bias. In the prediction of short-term functional outcomes, we did not find a statistically significant unique contribution of the cognitive reserve in the prediction of either cognitive or motor functional outcomes. On the other hand, these outcomes were moderate to highly correlated with injury severity measures, functional independence assessed at the beginning of the rehabilitation, as well as with NP tests results. The association of cognitive reserve with community integration outcomes indicates a significant role of cognitive reserve for long-term outcomes of TBI. Nevertheless, the association of demographic variables and the Community Integration Questionnaire results in the healthy population suggests caution in the conclusions. The relationship between cognitive reserve and return to productivity provides further evidence of the importance of cognitive reserve measures in predicting long-term TBI participation outcomes. These results could have their application in vocational rehabilitation, where groups of patients who need help most when returning to work or school would be detected. The findings of the high correlation of NP tests with short-term and long-term outcomes after TBI should be viewed in the light of multifactor cognitive reserve models (McGarrigle et al., 2019; Satz et al.,2011), a topic which requires further academic research
The role of the mechanism of (ab)using the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions in the etiology of cardiovascular system disorders
No full textU svrhu provjere hipoteze o (zlo)uporabi parasimpatikusa za potiskivanje emocija i njezinoj potencijalnoj ulozi u etiologiji srčano-žilnih bolesti, na uzorku od 74 sudionice (38 normotoničnih i 36 hipertoničnih) izmjerene su kronične vrijednosti aktivnosti simpatikusa, parasimpatikusa i krvnog tlaka, sklonost potiskivanju emocija, intenzitet „negativnog“ afekta te uspoređena autonomna i kardiovaskularna reaktivnost na stres izazvan odbacivanjem (Cyberball) i na prikaz međuljudskog odnosa s obilježjima ljubavi i prihvaćanja. Normotonične sudionice su imale više kronične vrijednosti AŽS od hipertoničnih, ali se od njih nisu razlikovale s obzirom na intenzitet „negativnog“ afekta i na sklonost potiskivanju emocija. Na prikaz ljubavi i prihvaćanja i normotonične i hipertonične sudionice reagirale su kongruentnom autonomnom i kardiovaskularnom reakcijom: porastom krvnog tlaka i paralelnim porastom aktivnosti simpatikusa. Hipertonične sudionice su na odbacivanje reagirale inkongruentnom kardiovaskularnom reakcijom (porast sistoličkog krvnog tlaka i pad frekvencije srca), a što se tiče autonomnog živčanog sustava, moguće je da su reagirale koaktivacijom simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa. Kod normotoničnih sudionica vrijednosti krvnog tlaka i frekvencije srca su nakon odbacivanja ostale nepromijenjene, što bi moglo upućivati i na to da nisu doživjele „negativne“ emocije, ali i na to da su ih također potisnule. Nalazi vezani uz autonomnu reakciju normotoničnih sudionica na odbacivanje koji bi mogli upućivati na mogućnost koaktivacije simpatikusa i parasimpatikusa su manje jasni, ali je ni ne odbacuju u potpunosti.Background: The hypothesis about the (ab)use of the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions is an idea that, when a person experiences emotions which are perceived as inappropriate to show and/or experience in their social environment, the person will use their own autonomic nervous system in an analogously pathological way in order to „adapt“ to these pathological societal expectations. Very soon (too soon) after the sympathetic activation, which is a natural physiological component of the emotion, the person will coactivate the parasympathetic nervous system as well, in order to camouflage the visible consequences of sympathetic activation and to thereby meet societal expectations. This hypothesized process is likely to drain and unbalance the autonomic nervous system, and a weak and imbalanced autonomic nervous system is both a precursor and correlate of many physical disorders, including essential hypertension and cardiovascular disorders in general. Therefore, it is possible that the presumed mechanism of (ab)using the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions has a role in the etiology of essential hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Method: On a sample of 74 middle-aged female participants, 38 normotensive and 36 hypertensive, cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity to display of a human relationship characterized by love and acceptance and to stress caused by ostracism (Cyberball), chronic values of parasympathetic activity, sympathetic activity, chronic blood pressure, emotion suppression tendencies and negative affect were measured. The recruitment criteria for hypertensive participants were physician-diagnosed hypertension and use of 4 or fewer antihypertensive drugs. Values of autonomic activity (RFa and LFa) were determined by spectral analysis of interbeat intervals combined with the input on respiration frequency. In addition to RFa as a measure of parasympathetic activity and LFa as a measure of sympathetic activity, their ratio (LFa/RFa) was also used in the data analysis. Chronic blood pressure was measured using a 24-hour blood pressure Holter measurement, and in participants for whom this measurement was not available, using one measurement of blood pressure in a relaxed state. Emotion suppression tendencies were measured by BEAQ (Brief experiential avoidance questionnaire), ERQ-ES (subscale „expressive suppression“ of the Emotion regulation questionnaire) and DS14-SI (subscale „social inhibition“ of the DS14 questionnaire). Negative affect was measured by PANAS-NA (subscale „negative affect“ of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), DS14- NA („negative affect“ subscale of the DS14 questionnaire) and ASI (Anxiety Sensitivity Index). In addition, several measures of stress were applied, including PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) and a measure of life satisfaction. Finally, information was collected on various symptoms and disorders, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results: As expected, chronic RFa and LFa values of normotensive participants (LFa=4.1, RFa=4.2) were statistically significantly higher than chronic RFa and LFa values of hypertensive participants (LFa=2.2, RFa=2.2) (pLFa-C<0.001, pRFa-C=0.020). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the frequency of ANS disorders, anxiety, and/or depression, and, when hypertension was excluded, in the frequency of various physical symptoms and disorders. Hypertensive and normotensive participants also did not differ in the intensity of general negative affect (PANAS-NA and DS14-NA), anxiety sensitivity (ASI), stress (PSS), physical activity and frequency of tobacco and alcohol use. Regarding the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to love and acceptance, both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the LFa/RFa ratio in both groups statistically significantly increased, and in hypertensives, also the heart rate statistically significantly increased. Altogether, this indicates that the display of love and acceptance aroused intensive emotions, including sympathetic activation, and, as a consequence, increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Also, this pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses did not seem to imply that emotion suppression occurred. Regarding the autonomic and cardiovascular responses to love and acceptance, the diastolic blood pressure and the LFa/RFa ratio in both groups statistically significantly increased, and in hypertensives, also the heart rate statistically significantly increased. Altogether, this indicates that the display of love and acceptance aroused intensive emotions, including sympathetic activation, and, as a consequence, increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Also, this pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses did not seem to imply that emotion suppression occurred. Regarding the cardiovascular responses to ostracism/Cyberball in hypertensives, they were incongruent: systolic blood pressure increased (indication of sympathetic activation), diastolic blood pressure remained the same, and heart rate decreased (indication of parasympathetic activation). Regarding the autonomic responses to ostracism/Cyberball in hypertensives, LFa/RFa ratio decreased, which is indicative of a parasympathetic activation. Also, there was a moderately high correlation (rho=0,56, p<0,001) between (1) a measure of increase of LFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to LFa value before exposure to ostracism and (2) a measure of increase of RFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to RFa value before exposure to ostracism. On the whole, the described pattern of autonomic and cardiovascular responses to ostracism could be a result of sympathetic and parasympathetic coactivation, i.e. of abusing the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions. Cardiovascular responses to ostracism/Cyberball in normotensives appeared to be „neutral“: both blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart rate remained the same. With regard to autonomic responses, there was no correlation between (1) a measure of increase of LFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to LFa value before exposure to ostracism and (2) a measure of increase of RFa value after exposure to ostracism in comparison to RFa value before exposure to ostracism, which indicates that the ANS activity also remained the same. However, similarly to hypertensives, the LFa/RFa ratio decreased, which is indicative of parasympathetic activation. Overall, this could indicate that Cyberball did not elicit any intensive emotions in normotensives. On the other hand, Cyberball has been proven to be a very reliable stressor, (ostensible) lack of cardiovascular responses to stress could potentially be achieved by abusing the parasympathetic nervous system to suppress emotions caused by stress, the intensity of emotion suppression tendencies in normotensives was substantial and equal to those present in hypertensives, and ANS of normotensive participants was stronger and therefore more able to efficiently camouflage stress responses than it was the case with hypertensives. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that it is possible that the parasympathetic nervous system is being (ab)used to counteract the consequences of sympathetic activation in the overall experience of emotion. Therefore, it is possible that this hypothesized mechanism contributes to exhaustion and imbalance of ANS and has a role in the etiology of essential hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders
Sex differences and some predictors of using mate retention tactics in long-term relationships
No full textNaši preci suočavali su se s različitim adaptivnim problemima vezanim uz reproduktivni uspjeh, a jedan od njih je zadržavanje partnera. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati spolne razlike u učestalosti korištenja pojedinih taktika zadržavanja partnera te neke prediktore ukupnog napora uloženog u zadržavanje, kao i korištenja pojedinih kategorija taktika kod oba spola. Istraživanje je provedeno online, a sudionici su punoljetne osobe u dugoročnim heteroseksualnim vezama. Sudjelovalo je ukupno 190 muškaraca i 245 žena. Rezultati pokazuju da muškarci češće koriste taktike pokazivanja resursa, podložnost i samoponižavanje, manipulaciju obvezivanjem, seksualne poticaje, tjelesne signale posjedovanja i posesivno ukrašavanje nego žene. Žene u prosjeku češće koriste taktike opreza, monopoliziranja partnerova vremena i kažnjavanja partnerove prijetnje nevjerom u odnosu na muškarce. U hijerarhijskim regresijskim analizama koristili smo tri skupine prediktora: demografska obilježja, svojstva veze te prediktore vezane uz vrijednost pojedinca kao partnera. Rezultati za uzorak muškaraca pokazuju da veći ukupan napor ulažu mlađi muškarci i oni koji vlastitu vrijednost kao partnera procjenjuju višom, dok učestalost korištenja pojedinih taktika predviđaju dob, zajednička djeca, samoprocjena vrijednosti kao partnera i razlika u procjenama vlastite i partnerove vrijednosti. Rezultati žena pokazuju da dob, razlika u SES-u, obrazovanje, samoprocjena vrijednosti kao partnerice i razlika u procjenama vlastite i partnerove vrijednosti značajno predviđaju korištenje pojedinih kategorija taktika. S obzirom da se preferencije pri izboru partnera kod muškaraca i žena razlikuju, u budućim istraživanjima bilo bi korisno razviti mjerne instrumente za procjenu vrijednosti kao partnera i procjenu učestalosti korištenja taktika zadržavanja specifične za spol.Our ancestors faced various adaptive problems linked to reproductive success, one of which was mate retention. The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in the frequency of using different mate retention tactics, as well as some predictors of the total effort invested in mate retention and the use of tactics in different categories in both sexes. The research was conducted online, and the participants were adults in long-term heterosexual relationships. A total of 190 men and 245 women participated. The results show that men are more likely than women to use resource display, submission and debasement, commitment manipulation, sexual inducements, physical possesion signals and possessive ornamentation. Women are more likely to use vigilance, monopolization of time and punishing mate's infidelity threat. Three groups of predictors were used in hierarchical regression analyses: demographic characteristics, relationship characteristics and predictors related to mate value. The results show that younger men and those who estimate their own mate value to be higher make a greater total effort in mate retention, while the frequency of using certain tactics is predicted by age, shared children, self-reported mate value and mate value discrepancy. Women's results show that the use of tactics in certain categories is predicted by age, difference in socioeconomic status, education, self-reported mate value and mate value discrepancy. Given that men and women have different preferences when it comes to choosing a partner, developing sex-specific measures of mate value as well as sex-specific measures of using mate retention tactics would be useful in future research
Some characteristics of individuals with primary headaches
No full textGlavobolja je jedna od najčešćih neuroloških bolesti koja pogađa gotovo polovicu svjetske populacije u bilo kojem trenutku. Prema epidemiološkim istraživanjima, diljem svijeta od glavobolje svakodnevno pati 56% odrasle populacije, 11% od migrene, 42% od tenzijske glavobolje i 3% od kronične glavobolje. Iako većina istraživanja o psihološkim karakteristikama i životnom stilu kod osoba s glavoboljama ima epidemiološki karakter, sve se više shvaćaju klinički problemi i potreba za adekvatnim liječenjem psiholoških smetnji. U ovom istraživanju provedenom na 714 sudionika ispitale smo koji čimbenici, demografski, psihološki i životnog stila, razlikuju osobe bez glavobolja od onih s migrenom, tenzijskim tipom glavobolje i ostalim tipovima glavobolje. Kanonička diskriminacijska analiza ekstrahirala je jednu statistički značajnu diskriminacijsku funkciju koja uspijeva ostvariti i teorijski i praktički smisleno razlikovanje 4 apriorne grupe definirane prema kriterijima Međunarodnog društva za glavobolje (ICHD-3). Osobe s glavoboljama doživljavaju veće razine stresa, anksioznosti i depresije, manje konzumiraju alkohol, manje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću i izvještavaju o manjem zadovoljstvu životom u odnosu na osobe bez glavobolja. Također, osobe s migrenom doživljavaju veće razine stresa, depresije i anksioznosti, manje konzumiraju alkohol, manje se bave tjelesnom aktivnošću i manje su zadovolje životom u odnosu na osobe s tenzijskim tipom glavobolje. Rezultati podržavaju dosadašnja shvaćanja o karakteristikama osoba s glavoboljama i upućuju da one mogu biti odraz tereta bolesti, a ne obilježje određene kategorije glavobolje, što daje dodatnu potporu za ispitivanjem adekvatne prevencije.Headache is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting nearly half of the world's population at any given time. According to epidemiological research, 56% of the adult population worldwide suffers from headaches daily, with 11% migraines, 42% tension-type headaches, and 3% chronic headaches. While most research on the psychological characteristics and lifestyle of individuals with headaches has an epidemiological focus, there is an increasing recognition of clinical issues and the need for adequate treatment of psychological disturbances. In this study conducted on 714 participants, we examined the demographic, psychological, and lifestyle factors that differentiate individuals without headaches from those with migraines, tension-type headaches, and other types of headaches. Canonical discriminant analysis extracted one statistically significant discriminant function that successfully achieves both theoretically and practically meaningful differentiation of the four a priori groups defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). Individuals with headaches experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, consume less alcohol, engage in less physical activity, and report lower life satisfaction compared to individuals without headaches. Additionally, individuals with migraines experience higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, consume less alcohol, engage in less physical activity, and have lower life satisfaction compared to individuals with tension-type headaches. The results support previous understandings of the characteristics of individuals with headaches and suggest that they may reflect the burden of the disease rather than a specific characteristic of a particular headache category, providing additional support for appropriate prevention
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