1,721,225 research outputs found
PLGA nanoparticles: application in nanomedicine
No full textNanoparticles and nanoparticulate systems on PLGA and their application in biomedical and nanomedicine; focus on application in pathologies, especially in cancer and CNS drug deliver
Nanomedicina e targeting del sistema nervoso centrale
No full textLa ricerca di una terapia efficace e non-invasiva nel trattamento di patologie neurodegenerative rappresenta una delle maggiori sfide della ricerca negli ultimi 30 anni. Questi approcci di tipo non invasivo per la veicolazione di farmaci al sistema nervoso centrale (CNS) potrebbero rappresentare una nuova possibilità per superare i limiti che caratterizzano le principali strategie terapeutiche attualmente impiegate. In generale, il rilascio nel CNS di materiale genico, farmaci, agenti di contrasto e sostanze attive è ostacolato dalla presenza della barriera emato-encefalica (BEE), che rappresenta il meccanismo difensivo più importante per la protezione del CNS da agenti infettivi o tossici; sfortunatamente, tale barriera rappresenta anche il maggior ostacolo al rilascio di farmaci o sostanze attive al CNS. La BEE è inoltre caratterizzata dalla presenza di sistemi di efflusso (es. glicoproteina P), che trasportano le molecole dal CNS al circolo ematico, assicurando un efficiente meccanismo di difesa. È stato stimato che il 98% dei farmaci attivi nei confronti di patologie del CNS non passano la BEE, per l’assenza di specifici sistemi di trasporto o perché substrato dei sistemi di efflusso. Alla luce di tali premessa, l’impiego di nanotecnologie non invasive che impiegano vettori colloidali potrebbe rappresentare uno strumento di grandissima utilità. L’impiego di nanocarriers, infatti, consente di proteggere il farmaco in ambiente biologico, veicolare il farmaco attraverso la BEE ed direzionare il farmaco nei confronti di specifiche popolazioni cellulari. L’utilità delle nanotecnologie in questo settore è stata dimostrata da numerosi studi ed ampiamente descritta in letteratura (Tosi et al., 2008; Barchet et al., 2009; Tosi et al., 2009). La maggior parte degli studi prevedono l’impiego di nanoparticelle polimeriche, liposomi, nanoparticelle lipidiche-solide, micelle, nanogeli e dendrimeri. È opportuno sottolineare che l’impiego di nanocarriers, se non opportunamente modificati con ligandi che rendano possibile l’utilizzo di meccanismi di trasporto attraverso la BEE, hanno una scarsa capacità di raggiungere il tessuto cerebrale. Nella veicolazioni di farmaci al CNS, l’impiego di liposomi e nanoparticelle è certamente è più studiato in letteratura, con evidenze della loro utilità sia in vitro che in vivo, studi effettuati in modelli di cellule endoteliali di BEE ed in modelli animali patologici o sani. Sulla base di incoraggianti risultati sia in vivo che in vitro, questo settore della ricerca viene descritto con il nome generico di “nanoneuroscienze” o “neuro-nanomedicine”
Overcoming the Blood Brain Barrier
No full textOvercoming the blood brain barrier: strategies and application of nanotechnology
Sistemi nanotecnologici per il delivery di farmaci al SNC
No full textNanotechnology for drug delivery to the CN
Nuove frontiere delle nanotecnologie per la terapia delle malattie neurologiche
No full textVisione delle principali prospettive di nanotecnologie applicate alle malattie neurologiche e neurodegenerative
Studi di localizzazione cellulare e direzionamento al cervello di nanoparticelle
No full textStudi di localizzazione cellulare e direzionamento al cervello di nanoparticell
Microparticelle di PLGA per la somministrazione intrapleurica di Cidofovir
No full textMicroparticelle di PLGA per la somministrazione intrapleurica di Cidofovi
Advances and perspectives for Central Nervous System drug delivery: the interface between nanotechnology and neuroscience
No full textEditorialAdvances and perspectives for Central Nervous System drug delivery: the interface between nanotechnology and neuroscience A report from the World Health Organization (WHO) recently highlighted that Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders (brain injuries, neuroinfections, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer and Parkinson disease) are affecting more than one billion people worldwide (WHO, 2006). The majority of these diseases are almost untreatable or featured by poor prognosis, since only 2% of the overall drugs are able to enter the brain as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the diffusion of substances from blood to the brain (Pardridge, 2002). In recent years, the use of nanotechnology has been considered a valuable strategy in order to achieve the drug delivery to the brain (Pardridge, 2003; Kabanov, 2004; Gabathuler, 2010). Nanomedicine-based approach has deserved considerable results as some medicinal products have reached the phases I and II and some imaging nano-devices obtained the marketing authorization (Tosi et al., 2008). Thus, the research in this field of science has been featured by an increasing number of experimental strategies, in order to maximize and optimize the therapeutic protocols. This issue of Journal of Nanoneuroscience could be divided into two main chapter: one is dealing with the different kinds of approaches for BBB crossing and CNS targeting as nanomedicine-based strategies, nasal route for BBB crossing and gene delivery by carbon nanotubes. The other theme could be summarized as potential treatments and imaging of brain diseases, as glioma treatment by means of nanotech-based delivery of taxanes, quantum dots for imaging and gold nanoparticles with antioxidative effec
Nanomedicine: the future for advancing medicine and neuroscience
No full textConsidering the last half century, the delivery of pharmacologically active substances, such as synthetic drugs, natural compounds, gene material and many other pharmaceutical products, has been widely studied and investigated [1]. Scientists working on the field of pharmacological active substances easily understood that the main problem of such molecules is represented by their wide and non-specific biodistribution once administered in the human body. This reflect in an increase in toxicity and contemporaneously in both a decreased patient’s compliance and decreased benefit-risk ratio. Another critical issue consists of the tremendous difficulty of such drugs and active molecules in crossing biological barriers [2]. In this view, the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) is aimed to create carriers able to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. Along with this purpose, the carriers could protect the body from the exposure of a great amount of drugs thus decreasing the circulating doses. Taken together, these aspects surely represent one of the most innovative improvement of the last decade of pharmaceutical research. This strategy took the smart name of “Nanomedicine”, mainly based on the use of lipid-based (liposomes, LPs), polymer-based (nanoparticles, NPs) nanocarriers or metal-based nanovectors. The last example of nanocarriers (i.e. super-paramagnetic nanoparticles) are currently applied in medicine in order to improve the quality and the specificity of body/cell imaging and diagnostic. These carriers are usually made of gold or iron, featured by a core-shell able to be visualized in body depth, thus allowing the physician to obtain better defined contrast and diagnostic images. Some examples are Resovist ® (Shering, Berlin, Germany) and Endorem/Lumirem ® (Advanced Magnetics, Guebert, France) used for liver tumor imaging. Considering the drug delivery and drug targeting aim deputed to Nanomedicine, the main advantages of nanocarriers rely on the protection of the active molecule from the metabolism and degradation, the possibility of governing the drug release over time and the ability in reaching target site (mainly organ or tissue) by using passive-route. Despite these applications, which encourages highlights from the researches, the main limits that may hamper the development of such nanocarriers could be recognized in the lack of selectivity and specificity of DDS. Thus, in order to maximize the therapeutic effect, the new “smart” DDS need to be further engineered to obtain “stable and ultra-selective” carriers able to deliver the drugs not only to the target organ or tissue but also to the target cell. In fact, in the last 10 years, the research in Nanomedicine strongly focused on the use of specific ligands (antibodies, peptides, substrates of receptors, and many others) to be conjugated onto the surface of NPs and LPs, thus enabling nanocarriers to specifically target cell population or to cross virtually impermeable barriers, as the Blood Brain Barrier [2].Some important focuses should be considered when approaching to Nanomedicine, such as its development in comparison with other innovative approaches (i.e. personalized medicine) and its application to the most difficult-to-treat diseases (i.e. neurodegenerative and neurological disorders)
- …
