4,961 research outputs found
Dyscritobaeus comitans Tortorici, Caleca, Noort & Masner, 2016, sp. nov.
No full textcomitans -group This group includes species without a preoccipital lunula. In the Afrotropical region we recorded two species: Dyscritobaeus. comitans and D. ndokii Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. Based on an analysis of the description and figures of Dyscritobaeus indicus (Mukerjee, 1994), in contrast to Mineo et al. (2010) and O’Connor & Ashe (2011), both of whom included this species in the orientalis -group, we consider it as belonging to the comitans -group, because of the clear absence of a preoccipital lunula. This species appears to be morphologically very similar to D. comitans, but unfortunately the holotype was not located in the collection of the Department of Zoology, Government Post-Graduate College, Rishikesh or in ZSI centre of Dehradun, India (K. Rajmohana, in litteris); the only difference with D. comitans is the absence of a specillum on T2. This feature was only recently observed and described (Mineo & Caleca 1992) and we suspect that, as previously happened for D. orientalis in Dodd’s original description (1915), the specillum was overlooked by the author and T2 was described as striate.Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26163
Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
No full textA revision of Afrotropical species of Dyscritobaeus Perkins is presented with re-description of the four known species (D. bicolor O’Connor et Ashe, D. comitans Perkins, D. parvipennis (Dodd) and D. sulawensis Mineo, O’Connor et Ashe) and description of six new species (D. antananarivensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., D. flavus Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., D. kilimanjarensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., D. madagascarensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., D. ndokii Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. and D. tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov.). Dyscritobaeus cerosus is considered to be a junior synonym of D. comitans, D. hannibal is considered to be a junior synonym of D. sulawensis and D. maputanus is a junior synonym of D. parvipennis; so far these species are the only three Dyscritobaeus species that are widely distributed across four zoogeographical regions: Afrotropical, Australian, Oriental and Palearctic. Dyscritobaeus comitans and D. ndokii Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. belong to the comitans-group, the other eight species belong to the orientalis-group. Dyscritobaeus anta- nanarivensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., D. madagascarensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. and D. sulawensis are morpho- logically similar to D. orientalis bearing the specillum on T2; D. bicolor, D. flavus Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., D. kilimanjarensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov., are morphologically similar to D. parvipennis; D. tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. shares the lack of a protruding metascutellum together with D. aspinosus Mineo, O’Connor et Ashe. Dyscritobaeus species are sexually dimorphic, particularly in the following features: the anterior and posterior fringes of the fore wing are longer in the female than in the male; the odontoid process, when present in females, is less developed or absent in the corresponding males; the specillum, when present in females, is less defined and smaller or absent in the corresponding males; the sculpture of the head is more evident in males than in females; and the first and second tergites are frequently lighter in males than in females
Dyscritobaeus tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca, sp. nov.
No full textDyscritobaeus tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. (Figs 30, 40f, 106, 107, 108) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:15CB2DAA-B68A-4C5F-A9C5-652483D9B4E6 http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=410572 Diagnosis. The species is brachypterous; in the Afrotropical region this feature is shared only with D. kilimanjarensis and D. parvipennis. On T1 the pair of longitudinal submedial carinae are absent and T1 is homogenously coriaceous; only three brachypterous species, D. aspinosus, D. carens (female and male) and D. minoculo (only male) from Australia have the same character state. The absence of the metanotal spine and the lack of a protruding metascutellum is shared only with D. aspinosus, from which D. tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by the smaller A2–A3 ratio and darker color of the body. Description. Male. Length of the body: 0.91 mm. Head. Color brown. Coriaceous; head covered by short hairs, mandibles yellow. Frontal depression shallow and lightly coriaceous; central keel present (Fig. 106). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, fan-like striation not visible in genal area. Malar sulcus length: 0.15 mm. Preoccipital lunula present and sculptured (Fig. 106). Head measures width: height: length = 0.37: 0.36: 0.21 mm. Eye measures width: length = 0.12: 0.16 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.1: 0.1: 0.11 mm. Mandibles bidentate without odontoid process. Antenna. Radicles and scape dark yellow; A 3 – A 12 brown; A 1 length: 17; A 2 as long as A 3; A 11: A 12 ratio= 1:2. Mesosoma. In dorsal view, mesoscutum brown; mesoscutellum brown with posterior margin yellow; propodeum brown to yellow in lateral margin(Fig. 108); mesosoma in lateral view light brown (Fig. 107). In dorsal view mesoscutum and mesoscutellum imbricate (Fig. 108); in lateral view speculum with furrow; femoral depression smooth with fan-like striation starting by post-ventral angle; posterior mesepimeral area not well delimitate anteriorly; dorsal and ventral metapleural area with crenulate depression with rugae (Fig. 107); metapleural carina with one posterior pointed projection. Metascutellum not protruding, not visible in dorsal view, metanotal spine absent (Fig. 108). Mesonotum length 0.24 mm, width 0.41 mm; mesoscutellum length 0.14 mm, width 0.32 mm. Wings. Fore wing hyaline, brachypterous, do not reach T1; sm: 0.17 mm; wing width 0.06 mm, length 0.19 mm. as in Fig. 40f. Legs light brown. Metasoma. Metasoma brown; laterotergites yellow; Coriaceous. On T1 pair of longitudinal submedial carinae absent (Figs 107, 108). Female: unknown Comment and variability. The description of this species is based on only a single specimen, which, however, possesses uniquely diagnostic character states: brachypterous with the rare character state where the metascutellum is not visible in dorsal view. Distribution. (Fig. 109) Etymology. The species is named after the country where the specimen was collected, Tanzania. Material examined. Holotype. Ƌ: AFRICA: Tanzania: West Usambara Forests - Site 4, Forest - montane - disturbed, 420m, 1996/05/13, Robertson, Winkler Bag, (SAMC), [SAM-HYM-P018754] (wings on slide, in Fig. 40f).Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 55-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26163
FIGURES 60–63 in Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
No full textFIGURES 60–63. Dyscritobaeus antananarivensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. Ƌ, holotype [BMNH (E)#971551]: 60—head, frontal view; 61—mandibles, ventral view; 62 –head, mesosoma and metasoma, lateral view; 63—head, mesosoma and metasoma, lateral view.Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26163
Building in Post-war Environments
No full textModern wars generate devastating effects on the environment by using chemical, biological, radioactive weapons. Toxic effects persist for long time on war fields. Negative environmental impacts such as desertification, migrant masses, depletion of natural resources (food, water, wood, etc.), and induced biodiversity produce, in turn, conflicts.
This paper aims at i) identifying the consequences of conflicts and wars on the built environment with special reference to the industrial and residential buildings in urban areas; ii) determining the environmental impact of the procurement and use of natural resources and materials for the reconstruction of human settlements; iii) describing the results of this contribution according to their practical use. The research starts with a critical analysis of international examples related to modern wars. Contemporary situations of environmental degradation also related to major natural disasters that have altered the context in which they happened have been then analysed. Moreover, results of some significant interventions of environmental clean-up and building reconstruction have been examined, together with guidelines of the international humanitarian organizations on aspects of health and quality of life in areas with depleted environment. Results of these studies permit to suggest a post war methodology for the revitalization of the territory with restocking and monitored rebuilding, coordinated with contextual recovery of ecosystems. Construction techniques, with characteristics of resilience, habitability and sustainability are finally proposed. These solutions must also strive for reintegration of personal property and for the definitive localization of residents respecting their traditions and culture.
Overall, this paper gives an operative contribution to one of the most important problems of humanity, which can be useful to future researches on territories marked by the environmental degradation caused by wars. Recovered environments, made sustainable, may help to understand that the real solution is avoiding wars and their deleterious effects
Dyscritobaeus antananarivensis Tortorici et Caleca, sp. nov.
No full textDyscritobaeus antananarivensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. (Figs 33, 38d, 42, 60, 61, 62, 63) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:449C0 A 01-DB17-45E2-892E-76 EADAA 63 AD0 http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=410565 Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from D. comitans and D. ndokii by the presence of the occipital lunula and specillum in males. The species can be differentiated from D bicolor, D. flavus, D. ndokii and D. parvipennis by the dorsal tooth, which is 4 times longer than the ventral tooth, pm> st (Fig. 38d), a triangular metascutellum and long metanotal spine, metapleural carinae with two pointed projections and specillum present in males; furthermore it differs from D. ndokii, also by an anteriorly well delimited posterior mesepimeral area (Figs 63). Dyscritobaeus antananarivensis differs from D. sulawensis and D. madagascarensis by the sex segment keel on the distal part of fifth antennomere (Fig. 42), OOL/POL= 0.78, T2 with specillum and T3 without striae (Fig. 62); it also differs from D. sulawensis by the large dorsal tooth of the mandible, which is 4 times as long as than the ventral tooth (Fig. 61). Description. Male. Length of the body: 0.75 mm Head. Color, light brown. Coriaceous, frontal depression with a smooth area starting from the interantennal process and reaching the mid eye height, central keel surpassing the eye level (Fig. 60). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, striation just evident in genal area. Preoccipital lunula present and sculptured (Fig. 62). Measures of the head width: height: length = 0.31: 0.27: 0.16 mm. Malar sulcus length: 0.08 mm. Measures of eye width: heigth = 0.1: 0.13 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.07: 0.05: 0.9 mm. Distance lateral ocellus to occipital carina less than ocellar diameter. Mandibles bidentate with dorsal tooth 4 time longer than ventral one (Fig. 61). Antenna. A 1 – A 12 brown; A 12 length twice A 11 length. Sex segment with keel in the distal part of antennomere (Fig. 42). Mesosoma. In dorsal view, mesoscutum, scutellum and propodeum light brown. (Fig. 62). In lateral view, pleurae light brown (Fig. 63). In dorsal view mesoscutum and mesoscutellum coriaceous. In lateral view speculum with furrow, femoral depression smooth, posterior mesepimeral area delimitate anteriorly by a mesepimeral sulcus with a crenulate furrow, dorsal and ventral metapleural area with crenulate depression with rugae (Fig. 63). Metapleural carina with two pointed projections, one adjacent to propodeal spiracle and second one at posterior margin. Metascutellum visible in dorsal view, triangular; large metanotal spine, slightly surpassing propodeum (Fig. 62). Mesonotum length 0.18 mm, width 0.28 mm; mesoscutellum length 0.09 mm, width 0.19 mm. Wings. Fore wing hyaline, surpassing metasoma; wing ratio st: pm: mg: ww: af: pf = 1: 1.0: 0.4: 2.9: 0.3: 0.8; angle st-pm= 28° as in Fig. 38d. st length is 0.08 mm. Legs yellow, except coxae dark yellow. Metasoma. (Fig. 62). In dorsal view, tergites brown, in ventral view sternites brown, laterotergites light brown. On T1 pair of longitudinal submedial carinae are aligned with the metapleural carinae. They separate a lateral coriaceous area from an internal area where striate sculpture starts with basal grooves and finishes to coriaceous. T2 with foveolate anterior margin; costulate to colliculate, drop shaped specillum in the middle of T2 not well delimitated at sides and on top; costae converging to posterior margin of specillum (Figs 33, 62). T3 without striae. Comment. The species is represented by only a single male specimen. The combination of character states represented by the presence of a specillum in male and a long dorsal tooth, which is 3-4 times as long as the ventral tooth is unusual in Afrotropical species, but this character combination is commonly represented in Dyscritobaeus species from the Oriental region. Distribution. (Fig. 64) Etymology. The name of this species is linked to the locality Antananarivo where the type was collected. Material examined. Holotype. Ƌ: AFRICA: Madagascar: 25km W. Tananarive, 1983/05/24 – 1983/05/29, J. Noyes & M. C. Day, (BMNH), [BMNH (E)#971551] (wings on slide, in Fig. 38d).Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26163
Dyscritobaeus ndokii Tortorici et Caleca, sp. nov.
No full textDyscritobaeus ndokii Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. (Figs 27, 29, 38c, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56F210DB-0EDE-497F-9981-334D5 A 8D2B24 http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=410571 Diagnosis. Absence of the preoccipital lunula (Fig. 56), a character state shared with D. comitans, differentiates these two species from the other African species. The rugose T2 separates this species from other species of the comitans- group, which either have T2 with some longitudinal striation (D. comitans, D. bolivar, other undescribed species) or with minute granulate punctuation or coriaceous (D. minoculo, one undescribed species). Additionally the frontal depression with arched striae arising from the top of the central keel and reaching the oral foramen laterally of the clypeus (Fig. 27) distinguishes this species from D. comitans that has the frontal depression shallow and smooth (Fig. 26). The black head differentiates this species from D. comitans having a brown head. Description. Length of the body: 0.91 mm Head. Color black. Coriaceous. Head covered by long hair, mandibles yellow. Frontal depression with a shallow area starting from the interantennal process, reaching mid eye height with long striae starting from the top of central keel and reaching the oral foramen (Figs 27, 54). Central keel reaching 1/2 the height of the eye (Fig. 54). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, fan-like striation present in genal area surpassing half-length of malar sulcus. Malar sulcus length: 0.01 mm. Preoccipital lunula absent (Fig. 56). Measures of the head width: height: length = 0.41: 0.34: 0.19 mm. Measures of eye width: heigth = 0.14: 0.19 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.09: 0.06: 0.1 mm. Mandibles bidentate without odontoid process (Figs 55, 57). Antennae not present in the specimen. Mesosoma. In dorsal view, mesoscutum anteriorly yellow, dark brown in central and posterior part; scutellum with dark brown anterior and central part and yellow posterior and lateral margins; propodeum brown; metascutellum and metanotal spine brown with dark edge (Figs 29, 55). In lateral view brown (Fig. 57). In dorsal view mesonotum and scutellum imbricate (Fig. 55); in lateral view speculum with furrow; femoral depression smooth and fan-like striation absent on it; posterior mesepimeral area well delimitate anteriorly; dorsal and ventral metapleural area with a crenulate depression with rugae (Fig. 57); metapleural carina with one posterior pointed projection (Fig. 58). Metascutellum visible in dorsal view, small metanotal spine (Fig. 55). Mesosoma length 0.25 mm, width 0.4 mm; scutellum length 0.15 mm, width 0.3 mm. Wings. Fore wing hyaline, surpassing metasoma; ratio st: pm: mg: sm: ww: lw: af: pf = 1: 0.4: 0.8: 3.4: 3.4: 9.0: 0.4: 1.0; angle st-pm= 43° as in Fig. 38c. st length is 0.09 mm; width: length of fore wing is 0.31: 0.81 mm. Legs yellow except fore and middle coxe light brown, hind coxe brown. Metasoma. In dorsal view metasoma anteriorly yellowish as in propodeum, color gradually changes in dark brown in last tergite; T1, T2, T3 color light brown on side (Fig. 29); laterotergites yellowish. On T1 pair of longitudinal submedial carinae are aligned with the metapleural carinae and separate lateral coriaceous microscupture from internal smooth area. In the middle of T1 a microsculpure striate to coriaceous starts from the anterior margin and gradually dissolves towards the posterior margin. T2 rugose, not foveolate in anterior margin (Fig. 29). Female: unknown Comment. This species is represented by only one specimen, but the characters easily diagnose the species. Size, and sculpture of the head place this species close to the genus Titta Mineo, O’Connor et Ashe, but the bidentate mandible and palpal formula 2,1 are typical features of Dyscritobaeus species. Distribution. Etymology. The species name is the genitive of the word ndoki that in the Lingala language means sorcerer; this species is so unique in Africa that it could appear to be the result of witchcraft. The collection site is located in the Ndoki sector of the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, named after the Ndoki River flowing from Central African Republic to Congo, which gives its name to this forest area in both countries. Material examined. Holotype. Ƌ: AFRICA: Central African Republic: Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, 38.6km 173º S Lidjombo, Lowland Rainforest, 2º21.60'N, 16º09.20'E, 350m, 2001/05/22, S. van Noort, Sweeping, (SAMC), [SAM-HYM-P025617] (wings on slide, in Fig. 38c).Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26163
Dyscritobaeus madagascarensis Tortorici et Caleca, sp. nov.
No full textDyscritobaeus madagascarensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. (Figs 12, 19, 38c, 38f, 43, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:493AA8D4-D4A1-4FF5-BF06-076C91289FBE http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=410569 Diagnosis. The dorsal tooth is 4 times as long as the ventral tooth in both sexes, which distinguishes D. madagascarensis and D. antananarivensis from the other Afrotropical species. Presence of the preoccipital lunula (Fig. 15) distinguishes this species from D. comitans and D. ndokii. The drop-shaped T2 specillum in females (Fig. 12, 69) and equal length of female A 11 and A 12 distinguish this species from D. sulawensis. The specillum is absent in males (Fig. 70) as in D. sulawensis. The male of this species differs from D. antananarivensis by the position of the sex segment keel (in the middle of fifth antennomere, Fig. 43), OOL/POL= 1, T2 without specillum, T3 with short striae (in D. antananarivensis: the sex segment keel is in the distal part of antennomere as in Fig.42, OOL/POL= 0.78, T2 with specillum and T3 without striae as in Fig. 62); the male differs from D. sulawensis by the distance between the lateral ocellus and occipital carina as being equal to the diameter of the ocellus, the occipital carina is less depressed at vertex and shape and by the size of the mandible teeth (Fig. 68) (in D. sulawensis: the distance between the lateral ocellus and occipital carina is less than the ocellus diameter; the occipital carina is depressed at the vertex and the mandible dorsal tooth is as long as the ventral tooth, as in Fig 74). Description. Female. Length of the body: 1.23 mm Head. Color, dark brown. Coriaceous, frontal depression with a smooth area starting from the interantennal process and reaching the mid eye height (Fig. 65). Central keel reaching the eye level (Fig. 65). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, short striation is also present in genal area (Fig. 67). Preoccipital lunula present and sculptured (Fig. 69). Measures of the head width: height: length = 0.5: 0.44: 0.26 mm. Malar sulcus length: 0.12 mm. Ratio of eye width: heigth = 0.17: 0.24 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.1: 0.06: 0.11 mm. Distance lateral ocellus to occipital carina = 1 ocellar diameter. Mandibles bidentate with dorsal tooth 4 time longer than ventral one (Fig. 67). Antenna. A 1 to A 7 yellowish, A 8 to A 12 brown. A 1 length: 0.23 mm; A 2 longer as A 3+ A 4. Clava sixsegmented; A 11 is as long as A 12 (Fig. 19). Claval sensilla formula 1:2:2:2:1:0. Mesosoma. In dorsal view, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dark brown with posterior mesoscutellar margin yellowish; propodeum dark red. (Fig. 69). In lateral view, pleurae dark red (Fig. 71). In dorsal view mesoscutum and mesoscutellum imbricate. In lateral view speculum with furrow, femoral depression smooth, posterior mesepimeral area delimitate anteriorly by a mesepimeral sulcus with a crenulate furrow, dorsal metapleural area with crenulate depression with rugae, ventral metapleural area smooth (Fig. 71). Metapleural carina with two pointed projections, one adjacent to propodeal spiracle and second one at posterior margin. Metascutellum visible in dorsal view, triangular, and large metanotal spine, slightly surpassing propodeum (Fig. 69). Mesonotum length 0.29 mm, width 0.47 mm; mesoscutellum length 0.16 mm, width 0.35 mm. Wings. Fore wing hyaline, surpassing metasoma; st length 0.12 mm and ratio st: pm: mg: sm: ww: lw: af: pf = 1: 1.2: 0.3: 3.3: 3.2: 7.8: 0.2: 0.9; angle st-pm= 20° as in Fig 38e. Legs yellow, except coxae dark yellow. Metasoma. In dorsal view, tergites brown, in ventral view sternites brown, laterotergites light brown. On T1 pair of longitudinal submedial carinae are aligned with the metapleural carinae. They separate a lateral coriaceous area from an internal area where striate sculpture starts with basal grooves and finishes to coriaceous (Fig. 69). T2 with foveolate anterior margin; costulate to colliculate, drop shaped specillum in the middle of T2, costae converging to posterior margin of specillum (Fig. 12). T3 with costae long ½ of T3 (Fig. 69). Male. Length of the body: 1,1 mm Head. Sculpture as in female. Frontal depression shallower than in female, central keel as in female (Fig. 66). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, striation just evident in genal area (Fig. 68). Measures of the head width: height: length = 0.45: 0.38: 0.20 mm. Malar sulcus length: 0.11 mm. Measures of eye width: heigth = 0.16: 0.2 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.09: 0.06: 0.09 mm. Mandibles as in female (Fig. 68). Antenna: A1 and A2 yellow, A3 to A12 brown. Sex segment with spine in the middle of antennomere (Fig. 43). A12 length twice A11 length. Mesosoma. Color and sculpture as in female. Mesonotum length 0.29 mm, width 0.43 mm; mesoscutellum length 0.15 mm, width 0.31 mm (Fig. 70). Wings. Fore wing hyaline, surpassing metasoma; st length 0.12 mm and ratio st: pm: mg: sm: ww: lw: af: pf = 1: 1.3: 0.4: 3.0: 3.2: 7.8: 0.1: 0.6; angle st-pm= 24° as in Fig. 38f. Metasoma. tergites brown. Sculpture as in female except T2: longitudinal parallel costae, specillum not present. T3 striate as in female (Fig. 70). Comment and variability. Sixteen specimens were examined from Madagascar. The size of the body is very homogenous in all the specimens, female occasionally completely brown. A bidentate mandible with the dorsal tooth stronger and longer than the ventral tooth is a character state typical of many Dyscritobaeus species from the Oriental, Australian, Neotropical and Nearctic regions. This character state is present in only two Malagasy species and is absent in all species from the African continent. The absence of a specillum in males confirms the presence of sexual dimorphism in respect of the T2 sculpture as in D. sulawensis and D. comitans. Distribution. (Fig. 72). Etymology. The name of the species is linked to the island where the specimens were collected. Material examined. Holotype. ♀: AFRICA: Madagascar: Ranomafana Nat. Park, 21°14'51''S, 47°24'13''E, 1079m, 2010/11/16 – 2010/11/18, P. Bañař, sifting, (CNCI), [CNC 471138]. Allotype. Ƌ: AFRICA: Madagascar: Ranomafana Nat. Park, 21°14'51''S, 1079m, 2010/11/16 – 2010/11/18, P. Bañař, sifting, (CNCI), [CNC 471150]. Paratypes. AFRICA: Madagascar: 40km N. Ambilobe, 1♀, 1981/09/19, J. Wilson, (BMNH), [BMNH (E)#971570]; Antsiranana, Marojejy Res., 8.4km NNW Manantenina, 14°26'S 49°45'E, 700m, 2♀, 1Ƌ, 1993/11/ 10 – 1993/11/16, C. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana, (CNCI), [CNC 471143, 471144, 471145]; CE Andasibe Nat. Park, 1♀, 2010/11/03 – 2010/11/06, P. Bañař & L. S. Rahanitriniaina, Circuit Indri 2 sifting, (CNCI), [CNC 471152]; Montagne d'Ambre Nat. Park, 1100m, 2♀, 4Ƌ, 2010/10/30, P. Bañař, sifting, (CNCI), [CNC 471139 (♀, wings on slide, Fig. 38e), 471140, 471146, 471147, 471148, 471149 (Ƌ, wings on slide, Fig. 38f)]; Ranomafana Nat. Park, 21°14'51''S 47°24'13''E, 1079m, 2♀, 1Ƌ, 2010/11/16 – 2010/11/18, P. Bañař, sifting, (CNCI), [CNC 471141, 471142, 471151].Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 25-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26163
Kidney transplantation and the lockdown effect
No full textThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disrupted the healthcare system: when ‘business as usual’ is no longer possible, as intensive care units (ICUs) follow the principle of ‘capacity to benefit’ to accommodate as many COVID-19 patients requiring ventilation as possible, there is an important decrease in the organ pool [1]. The lack of ICU capacity to accommodate donors dying from different reasons than COVID-19 leads to a drastic reduction of the transplant activity, important resource to be preserved in a safe and clean environment, separated by the rest of the dedicated COVID-19 beds. There is evidence, in fact, that COVID-19 could be a nosocomial infection [2]. Furthermore, transplantation requires immunosuppression. In population at risk, the innate immune system fails to produce an adequate adaptive response, so persistent self-induced inflammation can cause mortality and mounting an early adaptive immune response may save lives [3], a concept that fails to match with the required post-transplant immunosuppression
COVID-19 in solid organ transplantation: an analysis of the impact on transplant activity and wait lists
No full textThe limited knowledge about COVID-19, the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), makes mortality figures hard to interpret in the undetermined prevalence of an asymptomatic infection. Treatments are currently being tested, but without proof of an effective vaccination, the fear of further detrimental outcomes, as a result of a second wave, persists. One of the main differences in the death toll among the various countries seems related to the different response to the outbreak: early measures of containment as lockdown, revealed their effectiveness in mitigating the virus spread, with the earliest the lockdown, the lower the death toll
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