1,721,184 research outputs found
Simulating the impact of malaria control interventions
No full textMalaria is one of the major public health problems for low income countries, a major global health priority, and it has also a dramatic economic impact. Standard tools traditionally used to assess the public health and economic impact of malaria control interventions, such as efficacy trials and static cost-effectiveness analyses, capture only short term effects. They fail to take into account long term and dynamic effects due to the complex dynamic of malaria, and to the interactions between intervention effectiveness and health systems.
This study is part of a wider research project, conducted by the Swiss Tropical Institute, aimed at developing integrated mathematical models for predicting the epidemiologic and economic effects of malaria control interventions. The study specifically combines innovative mathematical models of malaria epidemiology with innovative modeling of the health system and of the costs and effects of malaria control interventions. These approaches are applied to simulate the epidemiological impact and the cost-effectiveness of hypothetical malaria vaccines
Il controllo della spesa sanitario tra indirizzo centrale e autonomia regionale). Rapporto sulla finanza pubblica 2007.
No full textIl capitol del Rapporto ISAE sulla finanza pubblica 2007 analizza come il Governo centrale a cercato di regolare il settore sanitario e il processo di decentramente dello stesso
Investire in salute nei paesi poveri. Prospettive Sociali e Sanitarie.
No full textL'aritcolo analizza le recenti evidenze sulla relazione fra salute ed economia
Simulating the impact of malaria control interventions: costs and consequences of potential vaccines for Plasmodium Falciparum malaria
No full textMalaria is one of the major public health problems for low income countries, a major global health priority, and it has also a dramatic economic impact. Standard tools traditionally used to assess the public health and economic impact of malaria control interventions, such as efficacy trials and static cost-effectiveness analyses, capture only short term effects. They fail to take into account long term and dynamic effects due to the complex dynamic of malaria, and to the interactions between intervention effectiveness and health systems. This study is part of a wider research project, conducted by the Swiss Tropical Institute, aimed at developing integrated mathematical models for predicting the epidemiologic and economic effects of malaria control interventions. The study specifically combines innovative mathematical models of malaria epidemiology with innovative modeling of the health system and of the costs and effects of malaria control interventions. These approaches are applied to simulate the epidemiological impact and the cost-effectiveness of hypothetical malaria vaccines
The costs of introducing a malaria vaccine through the expanded program on immunization in Tanzania.
No full textThis report presents an approach to costing the delivery of a malaria vaccine through the expanded program on immunization (EPI), and presents the predicted cost per dose delivered and cost per fully immunized child (FIC) in Tanzania, which are key inputs to the cost-effectiveness analysis. The costs included in the analysis are those related to the purchase of the vaccine taking into account the wastage rate; the costs of distributing and storing the vaccine at central, zonal, district, and facility level; those of managing the vaccination program; the costs of delivery at facility level (including personnel, syringes, safety boxes, and waste management); and those of additional training of EPI personnel and of social mobilization activities. The average cost per FIC increases almost linearly from US 4.2 dollars per FIC at a vaccine price of US 1 dollars per dose to US 31.2 dollars at vaccine price of US 10 dollars per dose. The marginal cost is approximately 5% less than the average cost. Although the vaccine price still determines most of the total delivery costs, the analysis shows that other costs are relevant and should be taken into account before marketing the vaccine and planning its inclusion into the EPI
A comparative analysis of generics markets in five European countries
No full textA generic medicine is a faithful copy of a mature drug - no longer under patent - marketed with the chemical name of the active ingredient. This article analyses generics markets in five European countries: France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and the UK. The study investigated all the main issues - patent, approval to market, pricing and reimbursement, prescription and distribution - which affect the life cycle of a pharmaceutical product. The situation in the five countries varied widely. Because of European harmonisation, patent legislation and approval procedures no longer affect much the development of generics. Only national legislation on patent protection approved before the EU directive came into force still plays a role. Approval differences seem to be due mainly to common practice, rather than to the regulations themselves. None of the countries have an efficient public information system on patent expiry. Generics have had more success in countries with more flexible pricing policies. Reimbursement has not yet been used widely to discriminate between generics and proprietary drugs. Financial incentives are based more on physicians' prescribing behaviour than on pharmacists. The freedom of pharmacy ownership and the consequent possibility of dispensing pharmaceuticals through different channels affects dramatically the structure of generics markets. A free market of wholesalers and retailers can enhance a competitive market, through horizontal and vertical integration all along the distribution chain. Such an environment has stimulated the success of unbranded generics by delegating strong purchasing power to distributors. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd
Gli Ospedali di Comunità in Toscana: analisi degli aspetti strutturali, organizzativi, di attività e dei costi.
No full textL'articolo analizza gli aspetti strutturali, organizzativi, di attività e dei costi degli ospedali di comunità in toscana e le relative implicazioni di policy
Education in Global Health Policy and Management
No full textGlobal health has been increasingly recognized as a key element of sustainable development. The recent increase in the number of public and private global health actors and the complex global governance for health boosted the need for professionals who combine a thorough understanding of health-related challenges with multidisciplinary training in social sciences, economic, and management. In the past few years, this has led, not only to the mushrooming of courses dedicated to global health, but also academic degrees in global health. By reviewing a recent attempt to innovate the educational offerings in global health policy and management by a consortium of academic institutions in Italy, the book analyzes the recent trends in global health education.
The book concludes that while global health and development is certainly an emerging area in the higher education systems of many countries, international offerings in graduate programs are still highly dominated by those taught in medical schools, often failing to combine health sciences with economic, social, and management sciences. The multidisciplinary nature of global health education programs should be improved
The Long Term Care System for the Elderly in Italy
No full textThe LTC system in Italy is characterized by a high level of institutional fragmentation, as
sources of funding, governance and management responsibilities are spread over local
(municipalities) and regional authorities, with different modalities in relation to the institutional
models of each region. The actors directly involved in the organization of LTC services are
municipalities, local health authorities (aziende sanitarie locali, ASLs), nursing homes
(residenze sanitarie assistenziali, RSAs) and the National Institute of Social Security (Istituto
Nazionale Previdenza Sociale,INPS), but other players are involved in planning and funding
these services – i.e. the central state, regions and provinces. Additionally, in Italy a significant
share of LTC expenditure is funded directly by households. Moreover, a large part of caregiving
is still provided by informal carers, especially in regions where public services are less
advanced and in families that cannot afford the cost of private services. Privately purchased
home care is often provided by immigrants
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