117,676 research outputs found
Sur la position systématique et les affinites de Greenwood- della Tockensis Taverne, L. et Ross, P.H. 1973 (Pisces Elopiformes) de l’Aptien inférieur de l’Ile d’Helgoland (Allemagne)
No full textThe relationships of Greenwoodella tockensis TAVERNE, L. and Ross, P. H., 1973 are discussed. This fish is referred to a new family, Greenwoodellidae,and placed in the sub-order Albuloidei (Pisces Elopiformes) as an ancestor of the Albulidae and Pterothrissidae
Implementing funding modalities for free access: The case for a "purchasing fund system" to cover medical care
No full textThe principle of free access to ARVs was recognized in Senegal in 2003. Debate now focuses on its expansion to cover all therapeutic care (consultations, exams, treatment for opportunistic infections). Expenditures incurred by this complementary packet often impede access to care. The main difficulty does not really arise from the need for funding but rather from how this treatment is managed and its impact on the current financing systems. In fact, four types of possible funding exist: (1) provision in kind of products necessary for the consumption of free services; (2) providing equipment that allows other revenues in compensation for losses created by free access; (3) increased public budgetary grants; (4) reimbursement for services by a third party. In this last solution, the third party may be the State or an ad hoc organism (NGO, insurance, designated fund). The study compares these different modalities across specific conditions in Senegal and describes their possible impact on the present and future health system. In effect, this analysis fits into a much broader debate since the principle of free access has already expanded to other domains, particularly childbirth (2003) and care for the elderly (2006). The study shows that the multiplication of parallel supplies, the coexistence of various “free” stocks and insufficient accounting of services might create serious disturbances in current management and financing systems. On the other hand, invoice reimbursements set up in some districts by various partners preserve financial autonomy and strengthen the managerial capacities of health structures. Nevertheless, with the increased number of people who are treated and the expansion of free access to other services, there is a risk of letting the number of individual mechanisms multiply when common services would be more effective. Given the financial limitations of community financing schemes and the difficulties to develop insurance systems in a very informal economy, it is now necessary to envisage the implementation of “purchasing funds,” for which the study proposes basic guidelines. Based on the logic of insurance, they rely on purchasing a predetermined service package (contractualization and accreditation), using the sectoral approach (by “pooling” public, private and international resources), funding based on results (a payment for services rendered) and management that is independent of public budgetary blockages (with the participation of civil society). Complete medical treatment for PLWHA may be the best way to progressively start this process because the service package is clearly predetermined, its cost has been assessed and the number of beneficiaries, in a country like Senegal, is still low. Moreover, if proper management of this fund can be ensured, institutional sustainability will ensure its financial sustainability. Therefore the fight against HIV/AIDS could contribute to reflection on health system reform.VIH ; sida ; accès aux soins ; financement de la santé ; fonds d'achat ; gratuité ; Sénégal
L’origine de la “Cité des Côtes” de Clermont-Ferrand
No full textTaverne A., Taverne L. L’origine de la “Cité des Côtes” de Clermont-Ferrand. In: La Terre et La Vie, Revue d'Histoire naturelle, tome 4, n°2, 1934. pp. 103-106
Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fi shes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera
No full textThe osteology of Gladiopycnodus karami gen. et sp. nov., of Monocerichthys scheuchzeri gen. et sp. nov. and of Rostropycnodus gayeti gen. et sp. nov., three new fossil fishes from the marine Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Lebanon, is studied in detail. Some of their cranial characters and the presence of a postcoelomic bone clearly refer these fishes to the order Pycnodontiformes. However, they differ from all other described Pycnodontiformes by two important characters. Their snout is elongated as a rostrum, formed by the enlarged prefrontal and the toothless premaxilla, with this premaxilla sutured by its upper margin to the lower margin of the prefrontal. Their pectoral fin is replaced by a strong spine articulated with the cleithrum. These two apomorphies justify the erection of a new family, the Gladiopycnodontidae. The skull of Monocerichthys scheuchzeri sp. nov. does not differ greatly from a classical pycnodontiform skull and this species seems to be the more primitive member of this new family. Gladiopycnodus karami gen. et sp. nov. and Rostropycnodus gayeti gen. et sp. nov. are much more specialized. They share some apomorphies not present in Monocerichthys scheuchzeri gen. et sp. nov., i. e., an extremely long rostrum and an elongated first anal pterygiophore that sustains with the postcoelomic bone a strong and long anal spine. Gladiopycnodontidae fam. nov. and Coccodontidae share a series of apomorphies that justify the erection of a new superfamily, Coccodontoidea, grouping these two families
Comments on the phylogenetic relationships of Pholidorhynchodon malzannii and Eurycormus speciosus (Teleostei, "Pholidophoriformes"), two Mesozoic tropical fishes
No full textThe phylogenetic relationships of Pholidorhynchodon malzannii and Eurycormus speciosus, two Mesozoic teleosts of the "Pholidophoriformes" lineage, are commented on the basis of the available osteological data. To conclude, the belonging of Pholidorhynchodon to the Pholidophoridae sensu stricto is contested and the genus is ranged within the family Ankylophoridae. It is also shown that Eurycormus is more evolved than Catervariolus and not less evolved, as thought by some. Anatomical arguments are developed that militate for the inclusion of Eurycormus in the family Ankylophoridae
Osteology and relationships of Lebrunichthys nammourensis gen. And sp. nov. (Teleostei, Crossognathiformes, Pachyrhizodontidae), a fossil fish from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon
No full textThe osteology and the relationships of Lebrunichthys nammourensis gen. and sp. nov., a new pachyrhizodontid fish from the marine Upper Cenomanian of Lebanon, are studied in details. The new genus belongs to the subgroup of Pachyrhizodontidae having a posterior pointed process on the pterotic. The characters of the caudal skeleton indicate that Lebrunichthys occupies an intermediate systematic position between Stanhopeichthys, one the one hand, and all the other genera of the subgroup, on the other hand
New data on the osteology and relationships of Flagellipinna rhomboides, a pycnodont fish (Pycnodontidae) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon
No full textThe skeleton of the fossil fish Flagellipinna rhomboides, a Pycnodontidae from the marine Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Lebanon, is described and its systematic position within the family discussed. The frontal is short, curved and broad. The brush-like process of the parietal is shortened. The neural and haemal arches are in hyper-complex contact. The last neural spines before the tail are vestigial. The anal fin contains 50 to 53 pterygiophores. The caudal fin is vertical. Three hypochordals are hypertrophied. There are bar-scales not only in the abdominal but also in the caudal region of the body. All these evolved characters clearly indicate that F. rhomboides belongs to the Nursalliini, a specialized tribe of the subfamily Pycnodontinae
A new insight into the Protobramidae (Teleostei, Tselfatiiformes), a fossil fish family from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon
No full textThe study of new specimens of Abisaadichthys and Eusebichthys, two genera belonging to the Protobramidae (Tselfatiiformes), a teleost family from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon, gives a better knowledge of the skeleton of these fishes. The discovery of a pelvic girdle in thoracic position in Eusebichthys allows a better understanding of the phylogeny within the family
New data on Pankowskichthys libanicus (Pycnodontiformes, Gladiopycnodontidae), a fossil fish from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon
No full textA male specimen of Pankowskichthys libanicus is described and compared with the holotype of the species, considered as a female. The comparison with Ducrotayichthys cornutus is also done
Osteology and relationships of Stanhopeichthys libanicus gen. And sp. nov. (Teleostei, Crossognathiformes, Pachyrhizodontidae) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon
No full textThe osteology and the relationships of Stanhopeichthys libanicus gen. and sp. nov., a new pachyrhizodontid fish from the marine Upper Cenomanian of Hgula (Lebanon), are studied in details. The new genus belongs to the subgroup of Pachyrhizodontidae having a posterior pointed process on the pterotic. With the three last caudal vertebrae not fused, seven autogenous hupurals, three epurals and three uroneurals, Stanhopeichthys exhibits the less evolved caudal skeleton within that subgroup. Stanhopeichthys and the Italian genus Nardopiscis share a specialized character not present in other pachyrhizodontid fishes. Their two parietals are separated from each other by the posterior narrow region of the frontals and not by the supraoccipital
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