717 research outputs found
Pietro Verri’s Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy
No full text'Count Pietro Verri (1728-97) - Schumpeter writes (History, p. 178) - - would have to be included in any list of the greatest economists'. Within the Milanese school, he certainly stands out, alongside with Cesare Beccaria, during one of the most interesting periods from a history of analysis point of view. Luigi Cossa's famous introduction to the study of political economy rates Pietro Verri to be inferior to Beccaria in ingenuity and scientific cultivation, but greatly to be ahead of him as an economist.1 This judgement by Cossa, in particular, seems to echo the relative position of the two men in the history of ideas, particularly after Beccaria's rise to fame with a book - On crimes and punishments - which had in fact been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him.2 It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely relate those to Verri's own - quite original - conception of the economy. The scholarly work of Pietro Verri - with a special reference to his Meditazioni sulla economia politica of 1771 - provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of political economy, especially so if one considers that Cesare Beccaria's parallel work - namely his Elementi di economia pubblica, conceived and drafted at the same time as Verri's Meditazioni - would only be published posthumously several years later. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's political economy, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century; Verri, moreover, as we shall see, builds on a number of them in a new and original way. This paper is aimed at discussing Verri's political economy mainly along two distinct, but related, lines. In the first place the conception of commercial society is considered such as it is treated by the author particularly in his Meditazioni. In this perspective the analysis of such issues as competition and the market or money and taxation occupy a central place. Secondly it will be necessary to emphasise that Verri's approach has little to do either with forms of pure economics on one side - largely yet to be born throughout the 18th century - or, on the other side, with such conceptions of the polis - contrariwise well alive among his own contemporaries - as are founded on a sovereign authority conceived to be situated above the law. What Verri's political economy ultimately amounts to is an economic conception of civil society. The latter has natural strong connections with his own fact-mindedness - emphasised by Schumpeter - as well as with his deep practical involvement in administrative affairs and in the reforming process taking place during the latter half of the 18th century in Milan. In our view, a thorough investigation along the mentioned lines is the precondition for an understanding of the intellectual stature and of the scholarly contribution of Pietro Verri. His main ground is distinctly analytical and only by appreciating his analysis is it possible to shed light on the meaning and intellectual significance also of his practical contributions. Moreover Verri's pronouncements on the criticism of despotic government, the relevance of intermediate powers or bodies and on multiple levels of governance will be examined in a new and original light, showing how close they are to the gist of his analysis.
Introduzione
No full textThe essay surves the historiographical on the structure of the Resistence of South Ital
SLC15 family of peptide transporters (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database
No full textThe Solute Carrier 15 (SLC15) family of peptide transporters, alias H+-coupled oligopeptide cotransporter family, is a group of membrane transporters known for their key role in the cellular uptake of di- and tripeptides (di/tripeptides). Of its members, SLC15A1 (PEPT1) chiefly mediates intestinal absorption of luminal di/tripeptides from overall dietary protein digestion, SLC15A2 (PEPT2) mainly allows renal tubular reuptake of di/tripeptides from ultrafiltration and brain-to-blood efflux of di/tripeptides in the choroid plexus, SLC15A3 (PHT2) and SLC15A4 (PHT1) interact with both di/tripeptides and histidine, e.g. in certain immune cells, and SLC15A5 has unknown physiological function. In addition, the SLC15 family of peptide transporters variably interacts with a very large number of peptidomimetics and peptide-like drugs. It is conceivable, based on the currently acknowledged structural and functional differences, to divide the SLC15 family of peptide transporters into two subfamilies
SLC15 family of peptide transporters in GtoPdb v.2023.1
No full textThe Solute Carrier 15 (SLC15) family of peptide transporters, alias H+-coupled oligopeptide cotransporter family, is a group of membrane transporters known for their key role in the cellular uptake of di- and tripeptides (di/tripeptides). Of its members, SLC15A1 (PEPT1) chiefly mediates intestinal absorption of luminal di/tripeptides from overall dietary protein digestion, SLC15A2 (PEPT2) mainly allows renal tubular reuptake of di/tripeptides from ultrafiltration and brain-to-blood efflux of di/tripeptides in the choroid plexus, SLC15A3 (PHT2) and SLC15A4 (PHT1) interact with both di/tripeptides and histidine, e.g. in certain immune cells, and SLC15A5 has unknown physiological function. In addition, the SLC15 family of peptide transporters variably interacts with a very large number of peptidomimetics and peptide-like drugs. It is conceivable, based on the currently acknowledged structural and functional differences, to divide the SLC15 family of peptide transporters into two subfamilies [3]
SLC15 family of peptide transporters in GtoPdb v.2021.3
No full textThe Solute Carrier 15 (SLC15) family of peptide transporters, alias H+-coupled oligopeptide cotransporter family, is a group of membrane transporters known for their key role in the cellular uptake of di- and tripeptides (di/tripeptides). Of its members, SLC15A1 (PEPT1) chiefly mediates intestinal absorption of luminal di/tripeptides from overall dietary protein digestion, SLC15A2 (PEPT2) mainly allows renal tubular reuptake of di/tripeptides from ultrafiltration and brain-to-blood efflux of di/tripeptides in the choroid plexus, SLC15A3 (PHT2) and SLC15A4 (PHT1) interact with both di/tripeptides and histidine, e.g. in certain immune cells, and SLC15A5 has unknown physiological function. In addition, the SLC15 family of peptide transporters variably interacts with a very large number of peptidomimetics and peptide-like drugs. It is conceivable, based on the currently acknowledged structural and functional differences, to divide the SLC15 family of peptide transporters into two subfamilies [3]
Unveiling of the AS-NMD-mediated regulation of Peptide/Histidine Transporter 1 (SLC15A4/PHT1) gene products under physiological or inflammatory challenges
No full textIn vertebrates, the SLC15A4 gene codes for the peptide/histidine transporter 1 (PHT1) protein, which transport activity of di-/tripeptides and histidine across plasma and subcellular membranes has been generally described [1]. Recently, several studies have pointed out that the human SLC15A4 gene codes for a late endosome/lysosome carrier taking part in TLR7-, TLR9-, and NOD1-mediated pathways, thus putatively involved in inflammatory, immune and autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, SLC15A4/PHT1 altered activity has been associated to conditions such as type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and systemic lupus erythematosus [2]. In mammals, the Slc15a4 genes are abundantly expressed by immune and nervous cells, in which they undergo alternative splicing (AS) events which physiological meaning is still unknown. Here, we report of a unique SLC15A4/PHT1 AS-mediated regulation which we found conserved from zebrafish to human. We show that this regulation is physiologically facilitated by the Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) surveillance pathway, in human nervous-derived and immune-derived cells too; in these latter, both the canonical and AS variants are sensitive to inflammatory molecular triggers. Furthermore, in an IBD murine model, we show that GI inflammation seems to differentially affect the expression levels of the alternative SLC15A4/PHT1 gene products in different GI tracts. Overall, by unveiling the AS-NMD-mediated gene regulation, our findings might introduce a key analytical element for stepping forward the comprehension of the mechanism of intervention of SLC15A4/PHT1 in inflammatory and immune processes. [1] Verri T, Barca A, et al. (2017) Di- and tripeptide transport in vertebrates: the contribution of teleost fish models. J Comp Physiol B. 187(3):395-462. [2] Griffith AD, Zaidi AK, et al. (2018) A requirement for slc15a4 in imiquimod-induced systemic inflammation and psoriasiform inflammation in mice. Sci Rep. 8(1):14451
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