5,529 research outputs found
Three-dimensional numerical analysis of switching properties of high-speed and non-volatile nanoelectromechanical memory
No full textHigh-speed and Nonvolatile Nano Electromechanical Memory incorporating Si Quantum Dots
No full textBasic device characteristics were investigated for a new high-speed and non-volatile nano electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) memory device with nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) dots embedded in its movable floating gate beam.Over 1 GHz operation is possible due to the size reduction of the NEMS. From a simulation of mechanical properties of the movable floating gate beam, advantage of using the nc-Si dots array was shown for low power operation. The mechanical bistability of the fabricated SiO2 beam was clearly observed in both experimental and simulation studies
Phanodermopsis dordi Shimada & Takeda & Tsune & Murakami 2020, sp. nov.
No full textPhanodermopsis dordi Shimada, sp. nov. Figures 1–2, Table 4. Type material. Holotype. Adult male (NSMT-As 4617), formalin-fixed, permanent whole mount, broken in posterior body region and connected with vas deferens (see Figures 1, 2). Type locality. CCFZ (10° 25.9376′ N, 147° 50.0029′ W, 5321 m depth) with a spade corer by the third author on 1 Oct. 2016. Diagnosis. Phanodermopsis dordi sp. nov. is characterized by the papilliform outer labial and cephalic sensilla, the absence of the sub-cephalic sensilla, the anterior position of the pore of secretory-excretory system (1.4 cephalic diameters from anterior body end), the long, conical tail (2.3 cloacal body diameters) with an acute tip, the long spicules (1.9 cloacal body diameters), and the absence of the gubernaculum. Etymology. The specific name dordi is a noun in the genitive case after DORD. Description. Male. Body almost cylindrical, tapering toward both ends. Cuticle finely striated, 2–5 μm thick. Somatic sensilla absent. Gland cells surrounding intestine (cf. Shimada & Kakui 2019) absent. Head rounded and slightly set off by constriction at 0.6 cephalic diameters from anterior body end, diameter at level of cephalic sensilla bases equal to 0.2 maximum body diameters. Cephalic cuticle 1–2 μm thick. Type II pharyngo-cephalic complex (cf. Zograf et al. 2015) present: pharyngeal capsule with three short outgrowths at anterior end; cephalic capsule weakly developed (ca. 1 μm thick and 6 μm long). Six inner labial sensilla papilliform. Six outer labial and four cephalic sensilla also papilliform, arranged in separate circles (the former just anterior to the latter), situated at 0.4 cephalic diameters from anterior end. Sub-cephalic or cervical sensilla absent. Amphids situated at 0.75 cephalic diameters from anterior end, 0.3 corresponding body diameters wide, with transverse slit-like aperture and pocket-like fovea. Buccal cavity conical, without solid teeth. Pharynx enlarged posteriorly. Pore of secretory-excretory system located at 1.4 cephalic diameters or 0.05 pharyngeal lengths from anterior end. Gland cell of secretory-excretory system not observed. Nerve ring at 0.45 pharyngeal lengths from anterior end. Cardia short, 1/3 of corresponding body diameters long. Intestine almost cylindrical, broken in posterior body region. Tail conical, 2.3 cloacal body diameters long. Cloacal or caudal sensilla not observed. Tail tip acute, with spinneret and no terminal setae. Caudal glands precloacal, but probably lost due to injury of posterior body region. Reproductive system diorchic. Testes opposed and outstretched, both located on left side of intestine: anterior testis longer, situated from 53% to 70% of body length; posterior testis situated from 68% to 74% of body length. Sperms globular or spheroid in shape, 3–10 μm in diameter. Vas deferens conspicuous. Spicules equal in size and shape, 1.9 cloacal body diameters long or 0.8 tail lengths, strongly arcuate, without proximal head, distally not acute. Gubernaculum not observed. Precloacal supplement or sensilla absent. Female. Not found. Remarks. A male was identified as a member of the genus Phanodermopsis based on the presence of the type II pharyngo-cephalic complex, the short spicule (less than 2.0 cloacal body diameters), and the absence of the precloacal supplement. Phanodermopsis contains only four valid species: P. groenlandica Ditlevsen, 1926, P. ingrami Mawson, 1958, P. kohtsukai Shimada & Kakui, 2019, and P. nana Zograf et al., 2015 (Zograf et al. 2015; Shimada & Kakui 2019). Phanodermopsis dordi sp. nov. differs from all the congeners by the papilliform outer labial and cephalic sensilla (vs. setiform, 0.5–1.0 cephalic body diameters long in the congeners); and the position of the pore of secretoryexcretory system (1.4 cephalic diameters from anterior body end in P. dordi sp. nov. vs. 2.8–4.6 in the congeners). Phanodermopsis dordi sp. nov. is also distinguished from P. groenlandica, P. ingrami, and P. nana by the conical tail (vs. conico-cylindrical with the short posterior portion in the latter three species) and from P. kohtsukai by the longer (2.3 cloacal body diameters) tail with acute tip (vs. 1.3 cloacal body diameters long with blunt tip in P. kohtsukai). In addition, P. dordi sp. nov. differs from P. ingrami by the longer spicules (1.9 cloacal body diameters in P. dordi sp. nov. vs. shorter than 1.0 cloacal body diameters in P. ingrami), from P. nana by the absence of the gubernaculum (vs. present in P. nana), and from P. kohtsukai by the absence of the sub-cephalic sensilla (vs. four sub-cephalic setae present in P. kohtsukai). The taxonomic key for the species of Phanodermopsis is as follows: 1 Outer labial and cephalic sensilla papilliform................................................... P. dordi sp. nov. - Outer labial and cephalic sensilla setiform.................................................................. 2 2 Cephalic setae equal to cephalic diameter............................................................. P. nana - Cephalic setae equal to or shorter than a half of cephalic diameter............................................... 3 3 Tail conical................................................................................. P. kohtsukai - Tail conico-cylindrical................................................................................. 4 4 Tail ca. 2.5 cloacal or anal body diameters in males, 2.0 in females....................................... P. ingrami - Tail shorter than 1.5 anal body diameters........................................................ P. groenlandicaPublished as part of Shimada, Daisuke, Takeda, Naoya, Tsune, Akira & Murakami, Chisato, 2020, Three new species of free-living marine nematodes (Nematoda: Enoplida) from the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ), North Pacific, pp. 507-526 in Zootaxa 4859 (4) on pages 510-513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/453729
Trichonotus elegans Shimada & Yoshino 1984
No full textTrichonotus elegans Shimada & Yoshino 1984 —Elegant sand-diver Status at New Ireland. New record, based on specimens photographed at Lissenung Island by Dietmar Amon on 27 May 2007, and at 10 m depth by Dean Tully on 19 Sept. 2015. Distribution and habitat. New Ireland: 2.—General distribution: Maldives east to Marshall Islands and Fiji, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to New Guinea. Sand and rubble bottoms, 1–40 m depth. Marine.Published as part of Andréfouët, Serge, Chen, Wei-Jen, Kinch, Jeff, Mana, Ralph, Russell, Barry C., Tully, Dean & White, William T., 2019, Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 810 new records, pp. 1-360 in Zootaxa 4588 (1) on page 250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4588.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/298816
Yoshiko Shimada : Divide and Rule
No full textOsborne discusses some of the issues at stake in Shimada's work, namely the role and situation of Japanese women during the war, and the government's military propaganda in relation to its influence on the mind set of contemporary Japan. The author elaborates on the artist's use of archival photos and historic details which combine the domestic and the political to produce confrontational pieces. Texts by the artist. Biographical notes. 8 bibl. ref
Tanaopsis japonica Shimada 2017, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Tanaopsis japonica</i> sp. nov. <p>Figures 1–8</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype. Female without developed or developing oostegites, ICHUM-5339 (BL 1.43, CW 0.32), 9 slides, 1 vial, and 1 SEM stub; Asari-hama (Asari beach), Higashi-shizunai, Shinhidaka, Hokkaido, Pacific Ocean, 42°17.173'N, 142°27.683'E, muddy sand around roots of the seagrass <i>Phyllospadix iwatensis</i>, intertidal zone, 13 April 2013, coll. by D. Shimada.</p> <p> Allotype. Male, ICHUM-5340 (BL 1.44, CW 0.32), 6 slides and 1 vial; Kamome-jima (Kamome Island), Esashi, Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, 41°52.198'N, 140°6.958'E, muddy sand around roots of the seagrass <i>Phyllospadix iwatensis</i>, intertidal zone, 29 June 2014, coll. by A. Shibata.</p> <p>Paratype. Female without developed or developing oostegites, ICHUM-5341 (BL 1.75, CW 0.32), 5 slides, 1 vial, and 1 SEM stab; INSD accession number LC 210598; Oshoro, Otaru, Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, 43°12.886'N, 140°51.304'E, muddy sand, 3 m, SCUBA, 27 August 2016, coll. by K. Kakui.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Pereonites 4 and 5 subequal in length (length ratio of pereonites 4/5 1.0); mandibular molar absent; uropod with biarticulate endopod and uniarticulate exopod.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific name is an adjective referring to the type locality.</p> <p> <b>Description of female.</b> Based on holotype.</p> <p>Body (Fig. 1A, a1–3) dorsoventrally flattened, 4.4 times as long as CW, translucent, slightly yellowish when alive (Fig. 8). Cephalothorax 0.2 times as long as BL, 0.9 times as long as wide, trapezoidal, with pair of lateral simple setae; eye lobes absent. Pereonites 1–6 with length ratio of 1.0:1.1:1.4:1.9:1.9:1.3; all wider than long, with one or two pairs of simple setae. Pleon 0.3 times as long as BL. Pleonites slightly wider than pereonite 6; all wider than long, similar in shape, with slight lamellar lateral projection (Figs 1a 3, 8), and ventral keel (Fig. 1a 3); pleonite 5 with two pairs of simple setae. Pleotelson 0.6 times as long as wide, narrower than pleonites, with pair of simple setae proximal to uropodal insertion, pair of simple setae and pair of PSS in subdistal region, and pair of simple setae in distal region.</p> <p>Antennule (Fig. 2A) 0.9 times as long as cephalothorax; articles 1–4 with length ratio of 1.0:0.5:0.3:0.6. Article 1 with two distal simple setae, several PSS, and series of ventroproximal slight grooves (Fig. 7D–F). Article 2 with two distal simple setae and several distal PSS. Article 3 with two distal simple setae. Article 4 with cap-like vestigial article (Fig. 6A), five simple setae and aesthetasc. Antenna (Fig. 2B, C) with six articles, 0.9 times as long as antennule; articles 1–6 with length ratio of 0.4:1.0:0.7:2.0:0.8:0.3. Article 1 naked. Article 2 with inner distal simple seta and series of dorsal denticulate ridges (Figs 2C, 7A, B). Article 3 with inner distal simple seta. Article 4 with three distal simple setae and one mid-inner and several distal PSS. Article 5 with distal simple seta. Article 6 with six distal simple setae.</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 2D) naked. Mandibles (Fig. 2E, F) without molar. Incisor of left mandible (Fig. 2E) with blunt tooth and several small teeth; lacinia mobilis widening distally, with several small teeth. Incisor of right mandible (Fig. 2F) with blunt tooth and several smaller teeth. Labium (Fig. 2G) naked. Maxillule (Fig. 2H) endite with one thicker and three thinner spines; palp lost during dissection. Maxilla lost during dissection. Maxillipeds (Fig. 2I) with bases, each bearing simple seta at insertion of palp; distal half of bases separated. Endites flared, separated, reaching beyond distal margin of palp article 1, each with simple seta. Palp article 1 naked; article 2 with two inner and one outer simple setae; article 3 with two inner simple setae; article 4 with three simple and three pinnate setae. Epignath (Fig. 2J) narrow, curved, naked.</p> <p>Cheliped (Figs 3A, a 1, a 2, B, 6B–E) with triangular articulation with cephalothorax via sclerite (Figs 1a1, 3A, 6B). Basis slightly longer than wide, with free posterior portion and dorsal simple seta. Merus with ventral simple seta. Carpus 1.5 times as long as wide, with one dorsomedial, one dorsodistal, and two ventral simple setae. Chela as long as carpus; propodal palm as long as fixed finger, with one outer, one longer inner, and three shorter inner simple setae at insertion of dactylus (Fig. 3a 1); fixed finger with two simple setae on ventral margin, three simple setae on cutting surface, series of outer smooth ridges (Fig. 6C, D: black arrowheads), outer distal bifurcate process, and bifurcate claw; dactylus as long as fixed finger, with inner simple seta, three spiniform setae on cutting surface, series of denticulate outer dorsal ridges (Fig. 6C–E: white arrowheads), inner hatching with fringed incisions (Fig. 6C–E: arrows), and triangular claw.</p> <p>Pereopods 1–6 cylindrical, with length ratio of 1.5:1.1:1.0:1.0:1.0:1.0. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 3C, D) 0.4 times as long as BL, with length ratio of basis, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus, and dactylus-unguis 4.5:0.4:1.0:1.4:2.9:3.7. Coxa with dorsal simple seta and acute dorsal process. Basis cylindrical, narrow (4.5 times as long as wide), naked. Ischium with ventral simple seta. Merus naked. Carpus with three dorsodistal and one ventrodistal simple setae. Propodus serrated dorsally, with three dorso-subdistal and one ventro-subdistal setae, and dorsodistal serrations. Dactylus with dorsoproximal simple seta. Unguis twice as long as dactylus, naked. Pereopod 2 (Fig. 3E) with length ratio of articles from basis to dactylus-unguis 5.1:0.4:1.0:1.5:3.1:3.6; similar to pereopod 1, except coxa without dorsal process, basis with one dorsal PSS, carpus with two dorsodistal simple setae, and propodus with two dorso-subdistal setae. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 3F) with length ratio of articles from basis to dactylusunguis 5.3:0.5:1.0:1.4:3.2:3.1; similar to pereopod 2, except basis with one ventral PSS. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 3G) without coxa. Length ratio of articles from basis to dactylus-unguis 3.5:0.3:1.0:1.3:1.7:1.7. Basis thick (2.5 times as long as wide), with one dorsal PSS. Ischium with ventral simple seta. Merus with one outer and one inner serratespiniform setae in ventrodistal region. Carpus with dorsodistal simple seta, and one outer and two inner serratespiniform setae in distal region. Propodus with one dorsal PSS, dorsal serrations on edge in distal half, and one dorsodistal, one outer ventrodistal, and one inner ventrodistal pinnate-spiniform setae. Dactylus naked. Unguis 0.6 times as long as dactylus. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 3H) with length ratio of articles from basis to dactylus-unguis 2.7:0.2:1.0:1.1:1.6:1.4; similar to pereopod 4 except basis with two dorsal and one ventral PSS, and ischium with two ventral simple setae. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 3I, i 1) with length ratio of articles from basis to dactylus-unguis 3.0:0.3:1.0:1.0:1.5:1.1; similar to pereopod 4 except propodus with two dorsodistal serrate setae (Fig. 3 i 1) but lacking dorsal PSS.</p> <p> Pleopods (Fig. 3J) five pairs, all similar. Basal article naked. Endopod 2.2 times as long as basal article, with one inner subdistal and five outer plumose setae, and outer distal “step-tipped plumose seta” (see Kakui <i>et al</i>. 2010: fig. 5j2). Exopod 1.3 times as long as endopod, with 17–20 outer plumose setae; “vestigial proximal article” (see Bird 2012) with outer plumose seta.</p> <p>Uropod (Fig. 3K) with basal article naked. Endopod 2.5 times as long as basal article, biarticulate; article 1 with length/width ratio 1.7, with one distal PSS; article 2 as long as article 1, with one subdistal and four distal simple setae, and two distal PSS. Exopod uniarticulate, slightly shorter than endopodal article 1, with one subdistal and two distal simple setae.</p> <p> <b>Description of male.</b> Based on allotype.</p> <p>Body (Fig. 1B, b1–4) similar to female but pleon proportionally longer. Pereonites 1–6 with length ratio of 1.0:1.2:1.7:2.4:2.3:1.5; all wider than long; pereonite 6 with pair of genital cones (Fig. 1b 2). Pleon 0.4 times as long as BL.</p> <p>Antennule (Fig. 4A) as long as cephalothorax, with six articles; thicker than that of female; articles 1–6 with length ratio of 1.0:0.4:0.1:0.1:0.2:0.2. Setation of articles 1–3 similar to those of female. Articles 4 and 5 with ventrodistal row of aesthetascs. Article 6 with six simple setae and aesthetasc; cap-like vestigial article not observed. Antenna (Fig. 4B) 0.8 times as long as antennule, similar to that of female except article 4 with two midouter PSS, and articles 5 and 6 with two and four distal simple setae, respectively.</p> <p>Mouthparts (Fig. 4C–E) reduced. Vestigial labrum (Fig. 4C: arrowhead) observed. Labium (Fig. 4D) narrowing distally, naked. Maxillipeds (Fig. 4E) similar to those of female, except endites not flared and all setae on palp-article 4 simple.</p> <p>Cheliped (Fig. 4F, f 1, G) similar to that of female, except propodal palm with six shorter inner simple setae at insertion of dactylus, fixed finger with outer distal trifurcate process, and dactylus with two spiniform setae on cutting surface.</p> <p>Pereopods 1–6 (Fig. 5A–F) with length ratio of 1.4:1.1:1.0:1.1:1.1:1.1 (note that pereopod-6 unguis broken); pereopod 1 length 0.38 times BL. Pereopods similar to those of female, but differ as follows: coxa of pereopod 1 without acute dorsal process; basis of both pereopods 4 and 5 with two ventral PSS; ischium of pereopods 4 and 6 with two ventral simple setae; carpus of pereopods 4–6 with two dorsodistal simple setae.</p> <p>Pleopods (Fig. 5G) five pairs, all similar. Basal article naked. Endopod 1.8 times as long as basal article, with five longer and one shorter outer plumose setae, and one inner subdistal and one outer distal step-tipped plumose setae. Exopod 1.2 times as long as endopod, with 10–14 outer plumose setae; vestigial proximal article naked.</p> <p>Uropod (Fig. 5H) similar to that of female, except endo- and exopod proportionally shorter (endopod twice as long as basal article) and endopodal article 2 with two distal simple setae.</p> <p> <b>Variation and stability.</b> One additional female (paratype) was observed. The ratio of BL/CW was different among specimens, i.e., 4.4 (female holotype; BL 1.43), 4.5 (allotype; BL 1.44), and 5.5 (paratype; BL 1.75), but pereonites 4 and 5 were subequal in length in all specimens, i.e., the length ratio of pereonites 4/5 was 1.0. In the two females, the numbers of simple, spiniform, serrate-spiniform, pinnate-spiniform, and serrate setae on the antenna, cheliped, and pereopods were constant. The number of setae on the pleopodal endopod was constant among the five pairs in each specimen and between the two females; that on the exopod varied, ranging from 16 to 18 in the paratype. All specimens lacked setae on the basal article of all pleopods. All specimens had a biarticulate uropodal endopod.</p> <p> <b>Genetic Information.</b> The nearly complete 18S-gene sequence (2275 nt) was determined from the paratype specimen; INSD accession number LC 210598. The three sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database most similar to our sequence, as determined by BLAST searches (Altschul <i>et al</i>. 1990), were from the tanaidaceans <i>Chauliopleona</i> sp. KK-2011 (identity score [IS] 97%; query cover [QC] 65%; Akanthophoreidae; Kakui <i>et al</i>. 2011), <i>Paratanais</i> sp. KK-2011 (IS 98%; QC 63%; Paratanaidae; Kakui <i>et al</i>. 2011), and <i>Paratanais malignus</i> Larsen, 2001 (IS 98%; QC 66%; Paratanaidae; Spears <i>et al</i>. 2005).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> So far known only from three localities around Hokkaido Island, at depths of 0– 3 m.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Tanaopsis japonica</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is the seventeenth species described in this genus and family. In having the uropod with the endopod biarticulate and the exopod uniarticulate, this species closely resembles <i>T. chotkarakde</i> Bird & Bamber, 2000 from around Hong Kong and <i>T. rawhitia</i> Bird, 2011 from New Zealand waters (Bird & Bamber 2000; Bird 2011). Female <i>T. japonica</i> differs from <i>T. chotkarakde</i> in the following characters (character state of <i>T. chotkarakde</i> in parentheses): the length ratio of pereonites 4/5 is 1.0 (1.2); antennal article 4 has three simple distal setae (two); the propodal palm of the cheliped has one longer and three shorter inner simple setae at the insertion of the dactylus (one longer and two shorter setae); the chelipedal dactylus has three spiniform setae on the cutting surface (one); and the pleopodal basis is naked (one outer seta) (Bird & Bamber 2000). Males have not yet been described for <i>T. chotkarakde</i>.</p> <p> <i>Tanaopsis japonica</i> differs from <i>T. rawhitia</i> as follows (character state of the latter in parentheses). In both sexes, <i>T. japonica</i> has the dactylus of pereopods 1–3 with a dorsoproximal simple seta (naked). In females, the mandible lacks a molar (point-tipped molar present); pereonites 4 and 5 are all wider than long (as wide as long), antennal article 2 lacks outer setae (one outer seta), and the pleopodal endopod has six outer setae in total (eight or nine). In males, <i>T. japonica</i> has the antennule with six articles bearing two rows of aesthetascs (seven articles and three rows), the propodal palm of the cheliped has one longer and six shorter inner simple setae at the insertion of the dactylus (two longer and 11 shorter setae), and the uropodal exopod is uniarticulate (biarticulate) (Bird 2011).</p> <p> Our male specimen of <i>T. japonica</i> is unique within Tanaopsidae in that its antennule consists of six articles and bears two rows of aesthetascs. Including male <i>T. laticaudata</i> (Sars, 1882) <i>sensu</i> Sars (1886), which Lang (1967: p. 350) suggested might have been misidentified as to genus, males have previously been reported in nine congeners, all of which have seven-articulate antennule with three rows of aesthetascs (Sars 1886; Lang 1967; Shiino 1970; Kudinova-Pasternak 1984; Sieg & Dojiri 1991; Bird 2011; Segadilha & Araújo-Silva 2015). To determine whether the six-articulate antennule is restricted to <i>T. japonica</i>, males must be examined from additional species.</p> <p> Among congeners, <i>T. cadieni</i> Sieg & Dojiri, 1991 and <i>T. gallardoi</i> (Shiino, 1970) include descriptions of the male mouthparts. Although the maxillipedal endites are flared in these species, they are not flared in male <i>T. japonica</i>. While Shiino (1970) observed mandibles in male <i>T. gallardoi</i>, we found only a simple opening in place of the mandibles (Fig. 4C). This suggests that, as observed in <i>Nototanoides</i> (Nototanaidae; Kakui & Yamasaki 2013), the degree of reduction of the male mouthparts can vary among species in <i>Tanaopsis</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Shimada, Daisuke, 2017, A new species of Tanaopsis (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) from Japan, with remarks on the functions of serial ridges and grooves on the appendages in Zootaxa 4282 (2)</i>, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4282.2.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1010378">http://zenodo.org/record/1010378</a>
Meristogenys dyscritus Shimada, Matsui, Yambun & Sudin, 2011, sp. nov.
No full textMeristogenys dyscritus sp. nov. Amolops sp. A: Matsui, 1979, p. 340, figs. 26, 28A; Amolops amoropalamus: Matsui, 1986, p. 628–629 (part); Meristogenys amoropalamus (lineage 3, lineage 4): Shimada et al., 2007 a, p. 173–189; Shimada et al., 2008, p. 24–34; Shimada et al., 2011, p. 158–177, Fig. 3–4, Appendix 2, Meristogenys amoropalamus (larval morphotype 3 -a): Shimada et al., 2007 b, p. 59–63. Diagnosis. This species is a member of the genus Meristogenys, based on the morphology of the larval specimens molecularly assigned to it (larval morphotype 3 -a in Shimada et al., 2007 a); these had diagnostic characteristics of the genus: abdominal sucker; divided upper jaw sheaths; and ribs on the outer surface of both jaw sheaths. Meristogenys dyscritus is a small species of the M. jerboa species group (Matsui, 1986), with male SVL 31.7–39.5 mm, female SVL 61.0– 71.2 mm; rear of thigh dark brown, dusted with small irregular light spots; web poorly developed leaving terminal two phalanges on fourth toe free of broad webbing; ova relatively small and heavily pigmented in the animal pole; upper third of iris sandy brown to yellowish brown. Etymology. The specific name is derived from dyskritos (Gr.), doubtful or indistinguishable, referring that the new species is difficult to distinguish from M. amoropalamus in adult morphology. Holotype. Osaka Museum of Natural History (OMNH) Am 8069, an adult male from Liwagu River, 1500 m, Headquarters of Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Collected in March, 1979, by Masafumi Matsui. Paratypes. Two males and a female from the type locality; Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum A. Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK) 41644; Sabah Parks (SP) 26481, 21392. Referred specimens. Forty-five males and 16 females from the type locality (Liwagu), Mahua, and Wario (See Appendix). Description of Holotype (measurements in mm). Body moderately slender, SVL 31.7; head subtriangular, slightly longer (12.8) than wide (12.7); snout blunt, projecting slightly beyond lower jaw; eyes elevated; canthi sharp, slightly concave; lores slightly oblique, concave; nostrils lateral, just below canthal edge, distinctly closer to tip of snout (2.4) than to eye (2.7); IND (4.3) wider than IOD (3.0); latter narrower than UEW (3.4); SL 5.2; pineal spot visible, slightly behind the line connecting anterior corners of orbits; tympanum distinct, TDv (3.5) and TDh (3.4), two-thirds of EL (5.2); T-EL (0.8) one-fourth of TDv and TDh; vomerine teeth obvious, in small oblique groups separated by the width of one group, groups on line connecting rear rims of choanae; tongue deeply notched, without papilla; paired subgular vocal sacs form gular pouches at corners of throat; vocal opening just inside commissures of jaws. Fingers slender, first and second subequal, much shorter than third; tips expanded into disks having circummarginal grooves; disks of all fingers subequal in diameter, one-third diameter of tympanum; no fringes of skin along fingers; no supernumerary metacarpal tubercles; distinct nuptial pads covering dorsal and medial surfaces of the first finger from its base to subarticular tubercle. Forelimb length unavailable; LAL 19.1; HAL 11.0; HLL 69.7; tibia long (23.1); heels overlapping when limbs are held at right angles to body; THIGH (19.9) and FL (20.3) much shorter than TL. Toe disks similar to those of fingers in shape and size; webbing not fully extending to disk on fourth toe, leaving two phalanges free of broad sheet; excision of web between fourth and fifth toes proximal to middle subarticular tubercle of fourth toe; a narrow fringe of skin along medial edge of first toe; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, shorter than distance between it and subarticular tubercle of first toe; a small round, raised outer metatarsal tubercle. Skin of dorsum finely granular on head and trunk; a weak fold from above eye to axilla; a low dorsolateral glandular fold; side of trunk coarsely granular; limbs strongly rugose above; throat smooth; chest and abdomen weakly rugose. Colour in life (See coloured pictures of Fig. 7). Dorsum light brown with small dark spots; lores with dark streak below canthus; upper lip light grey; a blackish brown band beginning behind eye bordering rear of the tympanum, diverging above the tympanum and nearly reaching the inguinal area, dorsal and ventral boundaries sharp; limbs marked dorsally with alternating light and dark brown crossbars, the darker ones narrower; a short dark streak ventrally at insertion of arm; rear of thigh light brown with scattered irregular light spots; throat and chest whitish with dots of melanophores; lower lip vaguely barred with blackish brown; ventral surface of tibia whitish, with heavy pigmentation of melanophores. Iris colour. Although iris colour of the holotype is unavailable, other specimens from the type locality (Liwagu) had the bicoloured iris, sandy brown above and reddish brown below. Colour in alcohol. Color pattern has not been changed even after preservation in ethanol for several years, except for iris colour which disappeared soon after the fixation in formalin solution. Eggs: Ova bicoloured, heavy pigmentations on the animal pole, cream white on the vegetal pole; clutch size 750–1500; ovum diameter 1.6–1.8 mm. Larvae (See coloured pictures of Fig. 8): We examined 67 specimens of stage 26–41 of Gosner (1960) from Mahua. These specimens are identical to those used by Shimada et al. (2007 a) to define their larval morphotype 3 - a. Head-body length (HBL) 10.0– 16.8 mm. Head-body oval, broadly rounded at snout, flat below, head-body width (HBW) maximum at level of spiracle 61–71 % (median= 65.8 %) of HBL; depth 49–64 % (median= 55.4 %) of HBW; eyes dorsolateral, not visible from below, pointing outward, eyeball 13–15 % (median= 13.7 %) of HBL; interorbital 123–169 % (median= 147.6 %) of eye diameter; eye-snout distance 36–46 % (median= 41.1 %) of HBL; nostril open, rim not raised, closer to eye than to tip of snout; internarial 57–80 % (median= 69.8 %) of interorbital. Oral disk ventral, width 57–73 % (median= 65.7 %) of HBW; upper lip separated from snout by a groove; upper lip with short marginal papillae in lateral third, inframarginal papillae near corner; lower lip with uninterrupted row of short marginal papillae; labial tooth row formulae 6 (4–6)/ 6 (1) in three specimens, 6 (4–6)/ 7 (1) in 48 specimens, and 6 (4–6)/ 8 (1) in 13 specimens; jaw sheaths heavy completely black except for outer margins covered by thin film; upper sheath film thicker than the lower; outer surface of lower jaw sheaths with several weak ribs; margin finely serrate, 3–11 and 4–7 serrae on a half of upper and lower jaw sheaths, respectively; upper jaw sheaths Mshaped, lower V-shaped; both jaw sheaths divided; a large suctorial abdominal disk following oral disk; peripheral part of disk darkened and keratinized; length 40–52 % (median= 46.5 %) of HBL; width 78–98 % (median= 87.9 %) of HBW. Spiracle sinistral; tube moderately long, length subequal to length of eyeball, pointing upward and backward, free of body wall for half its length; anal tube median, free of tail; tail heavily muscled, dorsal margin strongly convex, deepest before middle, tapering to slightly pointed tip; tail length 143–179 % (median= 164.7 %) of HBL, maximum depth 23–33 % (median= 26.5 %) of length; caudal muscle deeper than fins in basal half; dorsal fin origin behind body, fin deeper than ventral fin except in final fourth; ventral fin origin at end of proximal third of tail; head-body with four pairs of glandular clusters; a postorbital cluster about an eye length behind eye, with 0–3 glands; a infraorbital at the base of snout, with 1–3 glands; a prespiracular cluster just anterior to spiracle, with 0–4 glands; a midlateral at the posterior end of body, with 0–8 glands; no ventral and dorsal fin glands; 0–16 ventral fin glands; head-body scattered dorsally with minute protuberances anterior to eye in developed larvae; the area occupied by spinules and their density increasing with stage of development; lateral line pores indistinct. Head-body light brown dorsally and laterally, sometimes posterior half of lateral surface dark brown; caudal muscle light brown; translucent fins with scattered pigmentations. Other ten larval specimens from Bundu Tuhan (st. 28), Liwagu (st. 32), Poring (st. 31), and Wario (st. 30 and 32) had characteristics similar to Mahua specimens, but all ten specimens had six rows of lower labial teeth. Variation. Males from Mahua tended to be smaller than males from Liwagu and Wario in SVL (Table 3). Although relatively weak web development is one of the diagnostic characters of this species, some females from Liwagu and Wario had developed broad webs, which reached to the toe disk. Individuals usually had a bicoloured iris, sandy brown above and reddish brown below, but some females from Liwagu had monocoloured reddish brown iris. Larvae from Mt. Kinabalu tended to have fewer labial tooth rows in lower jaw than the specimens from Mahua (Crocker Range). In Mahua, only 4.7 % of larvae had six rows of labial teeth on the lower jaw, and all other larvae had seven or eight rows, whereas all ten larvae collected around Mt. Kinabalu (Bundu Tuhan, Liwagu, Poring and Wario) had six rows. Calls. We recorded calls of a male of M. dyscritus (SP 26472) at Liwagu at the midnight of 14 June 2007 (Fig. 9) at an air temperature of 17.5 C. The male perched on a low shrub, 50 cm above ground, and 1 m from the river. Many other males were also calling around there. The call was emitted sporadically with several minutes intervals, and consisted of a short, unpulsed note, lasting about 0.11 sec. A call included three continuous phases, of which the first one had a marked frequency modulation; it descended quickly in frequency from 8000–10000 Hz down to about 6000 Hz. In the second phase, the frequency was kept stable around 6000 Hz. The third phase had a remarkable frequency modulation again; it ascended quickly in frequency from 6000 up to 9000 Hz. Dominant frequencies were traced at about 6000–10000 Hz ranges, and harmonic bands were often found between 12000–15000 Hz ranges. Comparisons. Among 11 known species of Meristogenys, M. kinabaluensis (Inger, 1966), M. poecilus (Inger and Gritis, 1983), M. stenocephalus Shimada et al. 2011, M. stigmachilus Shimada et al. 2011, and M. whiteheadi (Boulenger, 1887) have a large body size (male SVL> 45 mm, female SVL> 70 mm) and are easily distinguished from M. dyscritus. From some small species, M. dyscritus is differentiated in the poorly developed toe webs [In M. jerboa (Gunther, 1872), M. macrophthalmus (Matsui, 1986), M. maryatiae Matsui et al., 2008, M. orphnocnemis (Matsui, 1986), and M. phaeomerus (Inger and Gritis, 1983), webs reach at the toe disk], heavy pigmentations on the ventral surface of tibia (M. jerboa, M. maryatiae, M. orphnocnemis, and M. phaeomerus have only scattered pigmentation), small irregular light spots on the rear of thigh (M. jerboa and M. macrophthalmus have large bright blotches), and black streaks around eyes, lores and tympanum (M. jerboa, M. maryatiae, M. orphnocnemis, and M. phaeomerus usually lack such colour patterns). Meristogenys dyscritus resembles M. amoropalamus in adult morphology, but the typical individuals can be identified through morphological characters. The upper iris of M. dyscritus is usually sandy brown, but is yellowish green in M. amoropalamus (Fig. 6), although this character changes after anaesthesia, and there might be an intraspecific variation. Additionally, females of M. dyscritus have smaller (Fig. 5) ova and larger clutch size (Fig. 4) than M. amoropalamus (See “Reproductive characters” in Result). In females, M. dyscritus have longer hand (usually longer than 31 % of SVL) than M. amoropalamus (usually less than 31 % of SVL) (Fig. 10). Males of M. amoropalamus usually have larger tympanum (more than 13 mm 2) than those of M. dyscritus (less than 15 mm 2), although there is a range of overlap (Fig 11). Contrary to the adult morphology, the larvae of M. dyscritus is quite different from those of M. amoropalamus in morphological characters. The larvae of M. dyscritus have six rows on upper jaws, while those of M. amoropalamus have seven. In the young developmental stages, the lower jaw sheaths of both larvae is divided, but only those of M. amoropalamus fuse into a large single jaw sheath before metamorphosis. Glands in a tail are limited to ventral fin in larval M. dyscritus, while they are present in both fins of larval M. amoropalamus. For the comparison between larval M. dyscritus and other Meristogenys larvae in Sabah, see the KEY TO MERISTOGENYS LAR- VAE FROM SABAH. The larvae of M. dyscritus share divided lower jaw sheaths, six rows of labial teeth on the upper jaw, and no glands on their dorsal fin or ventral surface with larval M. orphnocnemis. The larvae of M. dyscritus, however, have rectangular body shape (body oval in M. orphnocnemis), surface projections restricted to head (projections on head and body in advanced stage in M. orphnocnemis), and usually seven or eight rows of lower labial teeth (usually six rows in M. orphnocnemis; See Shimada et al., 2007 a for details). Range. Besides the type locality Liwagu, 1500 m a.s.l., adults of this species have been collected from Wario (900 m a.s.l.) in the Kinabalu National Park, and Mahua (1063 m a.s.l.) in the Crocker Range National Park, all in Sabah, Malaysia. The larvae of this species have also been collected from Bundu Tuhan (990 m a.s.l.) and Poring (500 m a.s.l.) in/around the Kinabalu National Park. Natural history. Gravid females were collected in July (Liwagu), August (Mahua and Wario), November (Wario), and December (Mahua). Larvae collected in March (Liwagu and Mahua), August (Liwagu, Wario, Bundu Tuhan, and Mahua), and November (Poring) showed a wide range of developmental stages. Thus, there seems to be no particular reproductive seasons. Larvae were collected from rivers with a width of 5– 10 m. At night, they make a mixed cluster with larvae of M. kinabaluensis, M. orphnocnemis, and Huia cavitympanum on top of flat rocks in the river.Published as part of Shimada, Tomohiko, Matsui, Masafumi, Yambun, Paul & Sudin, Ahmad, 2011, A survey of morphological variation in adult Meristogenys amoropalamus (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae), with a description of a new cryptic species, pp. 33-56 in Zootaxa 2905 on pages 42-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20559
Data from: Cold temperature improves tannin tolerance in a granivorous rodent.xlsx
No full textThis data supports the article "Cold temperature improves tannin tolerance in a granivorous rodent", H.R. Windley & T. Shimada, 2019, Journal of Animal Ecology.</b
TakahiroShimada/SDLfilter: 2.1.0 (Major and minor improvements)
No full texto improved the asymptote function.
o added a new citation for functions boot_overlap, boot_area and asymptote. Shimada T, Thums M, Hamann M, Limpus CJ, Hays GC, FitzSimmons NN, Wildermann NE, Duarte CD, Meekan MG (2021) Optimising sample sizes for animal distribution analysis using tracking data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12(2):288-297. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13506
o updated the README file.
o improved the R documentations of functions asymptote, boot_overlap, and boot_area.
o remaned the example data "curtis" to "flatback"
- …
