868 research outputs found
Proximate factors underpinning receiver responses to deceptive false alarm calls in wild tufted capuchin monkeys: is it counterdeception?
No full textPrevious research demonstrates that tufted capuchin monkeys use terrestrial predator alarm calls in a functionally deceptive manner to distract conspecifics when feeding on contestable resources, although the success of this tactic is limited because listeners frequently ignore these calls when given in such situations. While this decreased response rate is suggestive of a counterstrategy to deception by receivers, the proximate factors underpinning the behavior are unclear. The current study aims to test if the decreased response rate to alarm calls in competitive contexts is better explained by the perception of subtle acoustic differences between predator-elicited and deceptive false alarms, or by receivers varying their responses based on the context in which the signal is received. This was tested by first examining the acoustic structure of predator-elicited and deceptive false alarms for any potentially perceptible acoustic differences, and second by comparing the responses of capuchins to playbacks of each of predator-elicited and false alarms, played back in noncompetitive contexts. The results indicate that deceptive false alarms and predator-elicited alarms show, at best, minimal acoustic differences based on the structural features measured. Likewise, playbacks of deceptive false alarms elicited antipredator reactions at the same rate as did predator-elicited alarms, although there was a nonsignificant tendency for false alarms to be more likely to elicit escape reactions. The lack of robust acoustic differences together with the high response rate to false alarms in noncompetitive contexts suggests that the context in which the signal is received best explains receiver responses. It remains unclear, however, if listeners ascribe different meanings to the calls based on context, or if they generally ignore all signals in competitive contexts. Whether or not the decreased response rate of receivers directly stems from the deceptive use of the calls cannot be determined until these latter possibilities are rigorously tested
Strategies of Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate antiviral immunity of its human host
No full textEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage
microRNAs of Epstein-Barr virus control innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity
No full textEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) has established lifelong infection in more
than 90% of humanity. While infection is usually controlled by the immune system,
the human host fails to completely eliminate the pathogen. Several herpesviral pro-
teins are known to act as immunoevasins, preventing or reducing recognition of
EBV-infected cells. Only recently were microRNAs of EBV identified to reduce im-
mune recognition further. This Gem summarizes what we know about immuno-
modulatory microRNAs of herpesviruses
Epstein-Barr virus miRNAs mediate escape from CD8+ T cell recognition
No full textInfection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) affects most humans worldwide and persists life-long in the presence of robust virus-specific T-cell responses. In both immunocompromised and some immunocompetent people, EBV causes several cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. EBV transforms B cells in vitro and encodes at least 44microRNAs (miRNAs), most of which are expressed in EBV-transformed B cells, but their functions are largely unknown. Recently, we showed that EBV miRNAs inhibit CD4(+) T-cell responses to infected B cells by targeting IL-12, MHC class II, and lysosomal proteases. Here we investigated-whether EBV miRNAs also counteract surveillance by CD8(+) T cells. We have found that EBV miRNAs strongly inhibit recognition and killing of infected B cells by EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells through multiple mechanisms. EBV miRNAs directly target the peptide transporter subunit TAP2 and reduce levels of the TAP1 subunit, MHC class I molecules, and EBNA1, a protein expressed in most forms of EBV latency and a target of EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, miRNA-mediated down-regulation of the cytokine IL-12 decreases the recognition of infected cells by EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, EBV miRNAs use multiple, distinct pathways, allowing the virus to evade surveillance not only by CD4(+) but also by antiviral CD8(+) T cells
Vierter Theil, Musicalischer Andachten, Geistlicher Moteten und Concerten ... Erste Stimme
No full textVIERTER THEIL, MUSICALISCHER ANDACHTEN, GEISTLICHER MOTETEN UND CONCERTEN ... ERSTE STIMME
Vierter Theil, Musicalischer Andachten, Geistlicher Moteten und Concerten ... Erste Stimme ( - )
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Dedikation an Moritz Schwaben und Christian Reichbroden, Geheime Kriegssekretäre zu Sachsen (2r)
Dedikationsgedicht von Andreas Hammerschmidt, Zittau 1. Mai 1646 (2v)
Bildnis von Andreas Hammerschidt mit Altersangabe (3v)
Dedikationsgedicht auf Andreas Hammerschmidt von Christian Brehme (4r)
Dedikationsgedicht auf Andreas Hammerschmidt von T. Springer (4v)
Hosianna dem Sohne David (5r)
Mir hastu Arbeit gemacht (5v)
Sihe eine Jungfraw ist schwanger (6r)
Sey nun wieder zufrieden meine Seele (6v)
Hauß und Gueter erben die Eltern (7r)
Herr der du bist vormals (7v)
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Ach Herr wie sind meiner Feinde so viel (9r)
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InfoDrops: Sonification for Enhanced Awareness of Resource Consumption in the Shower
No full textHammerschmidt J, Tünnermann R, Hermann T. InfoDrops: Sonification for Enhanced Awareness of Resource Consumption in the Shower. In: Strumiłło P, Bujacz M, Popielata M, eds. ICAD 2013 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Auditory Display. Łódź, Poland: Lodz University of Technology Press; 2013: 57-64.Although most of us strive to develop a sustainable and less resource-intensive behavior, this unfortunately is a difficult task, because often we are unaware of relevant information, or our focus of attention lies elsewhere.
Based on this observation, we present a new approach for an unobtrusive and affective ambient auditory information display to become and stay aware of water and energy consumption while taking a shower.
Using the interaction sound of waterdrops falling onto the bathtub as a carrier for information, our system supports users to be in touch with resource-related variables.
We explore the usage of an affective dimension as an additional layer of information and introduce our 4/5-factor approach to adapt the auditory display's output so that it supports a slow but steady adjustment of the personal showering habit over time.
We present and discuss several alternative sound and interaction designs
Author response
No full textThe molecular pathways underlying tumor suppression are incompletely understood. Here, we identify cooperative non-cell-autonomous functions of a single gene that together provide a novel mechanism of tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes of zebrafish embryos. A loss-of-function mutation in atp1b1a, encoding the beta subunit of a Na,K-ATPase pump, causes edema and epidermal malignancy. Strikingly, basal cell carcinogenesis only occurs when Atp1b1a function is compromised in both the overlying periderm (resulting in compromised epithelial polarity and adhesiveness) and in kidney and heart (resulting in hypotonic stress). Blockade of the ensuing PI3K-AKT-mTORC1-NFκB-MMP9 pathway activation in basal cells, as well as systemic isotonicity, prevents malignant transformation. Our results identify hypotonic stress as a (previously unrecognized) contributor to tumor development and establish a novel paradigm of tumor suppression
Epstein-Barr Viral miRNAs inhibit antiviral CD4+ T cell responses targeting IL-12 and antigen presentation
No full textE pstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a tumor virus that establishes lifelong infection in most of humanity, despite eliciting strong and
stable virus-specific immune responses. EBV encodes at least 44 miRNAs, most of them with unknown function. Here, we show
that multiple EBV miRNAs modulate immune recognition of recently infected primary B cells, EBV's natural target cells. EBV
miRNAs collectively and specifically suppress release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, repress differentiation of
naive CD4+ T cells to Th1 cells, interfere with peptide processing and presentation on HLA class II, and thus reduce activation
of cytotoxic EBV-specific CD4 + effector T cells and killing of infected B cells. Our findings identify a previously unknown viral
strategy of immune evasion. By rapidly expressing multiple miRNAs, which are themselves nonimmunogenic, EBV counteracts
recognition by CD4 + T cells and establishes a program of reduced immunogenicity in recently infected B cells, allowing the virus
to express viral proteins required for establishment of life-long infection
A Super Efficiency Model for Product Evaluation
No full textThis study applies a Super Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model to evaluate the efficiency of cars sold on the German market. Efficiency is conceptualized from a customers' perspective as a ratio of outputs that customers obtain from a product relative to inputs that customers have to invest. The output side is modeled as a set of customer-relevant parameters such as performance attributes but also nonfunctional benefits and brand strength. More than 60% of the cars are efficient but the analysis shows marked differences regarding their degree of Super Efficiency. Super Efficiency indicates the extent to which the efficient products exceed the efficient frontier formed by other efficient units. Based on the parameter weights, segments of cars with a particular mix of characteristics can be identified; cars with a comparative advantage relative to their competitors who provide the same mix are characterized as the reference points within a given segment.Customer Value, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Marketing Efficiency, Product Marketing, Super Efficiency Model
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